Myths About Sorghum Grain as a Feed dstuff Chris Reinh hardt, Ph.D Kansas State University
Greater protein content isa negative For F rumin nants
The N has to comefrom somew where!!!
Lower conte ent and availability of nutrients sorghum un nsuitable for use in diets for nonruminants
Corn vs Sorghum as % of NRC, 0-3wk a wk utrient Requirement, % Corn Sorghum rotein 23.0 38 41 rginine 125 1.25 31 29 ly + Ser 1.25 57 58 istidine 0.35 67 65 soleucine 0.80 37 45 eucine 1.20 85 98 ysine 1.10 et + Cys 0.90 he + Tyr 1.34 roline 060 0.60 hreonine 0.80 ryptophan p 0.20 aline 0.90 24 20 41 38 52 62?? 37 37 31 41 46 50 a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.
Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein 38 41 Arginine 31 29 Gly + Ser 57 58 Histidine 67 65 Isoleucine 37 45 Leucine 85 98 Lysine 24 20 a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.
Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein 38 41 a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.
Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein 38 41 Arginine 31 29 a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.
Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein 38 41 Arginine 31 29 Gly + Ser 57 58 a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.
Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein 38 41 Arginine 31 29 Gly + Ser 57 58 Lysine 24 20 a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.
ME of Cereals in Broiler kcal/kg 4600 3,593 Chicks 3,829 3,307 3300 2000 Corn ronze vs yellow (P < 0.07) SE 180 Bronze Yellow
Sorghum mhas more of some AAs and vits Less of other AAs and vits
Sorghug um is full of tannins and/or mycotox xins
Tannins & BW Gain in 480 460 g 479 Broilerr Chicks 476 456 440 420 400 Corn org vs Tannin Sorg (P < 0.10) SE 4 Sorghum Tannin Sorghum
U.S. sorghum is notoriously low in tannins and mycotoxins: except bird resistant sorghums Sorghum regions are too dry? Conditions for mold growth? Physical traits of sorghum head? Genetic predispos sition?
Sorghum is too variable feeding f value >100% to < 90 0% vs corn
Test Weight & MEn in Broiler r Chicks kcal/kg 3,600 3535 3,535 3,478 3300 3,300 3,268 3,000 Normal (55 lb/bu) (45 Me edium lb/bu) Light (35 lb/bu)
Light Wt Milo - ADG Growing Rations 3 2.5 2 AD DG 15 1.5 1 05 0.5 0 55 45 35 KSU: 1991; Corn silage & alfalfa hay; 37% grain
Light Wt Milo F:G Growing Rations F: :G 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 55 45 35 KSU: 1991; Corn silage & alfalfa hay; 37% grain
Light Wt Milo - ADG Dry Rolled - Finishing Rations 3 2.5 2 AD DG 15 1.5 1 05 0.5 0 55 45 35 KSU: 1992; 1991 Dry rolled
Light Wt Milo F:G Dry Rolled - Finishing Rations F: :G 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 55 45 35 KSU: 1992; Dry rolled
Light Wt Milo - ADG SF - Finishing Rations 3.5 3 2.5 AD DG 2 1.5 1 05 0.5 0 55 45 35 KSU: 1991 1992
Light Wt Milo F:G SF - Finishing Rations 7 6 5 F: :G 4 3 2 1 0 55 45 35 KSU: 1992
Light Milo ADG Finishing Diets 35 3.5 3 25 2.5 ADG 2 15 1.5 1 05 0.5 0 45 58 KSU - 1971
Light Milo F:G Finishing Diets F:G 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 45 58 KSU - 1971
Light tes t wt Milo For Cattle: 40# = 60# More variable Extensive pro ocessing needed
Even with e xtremes in growing con nditions Only O l a 10% difference in feeding value of sorghum grain
Why the Discount? Cost of Processing Trash Non-uniform size Inconsistent nutrient content
Sorghum is difficult to process
Particle Size of Corn and 37.0 g Sorghum & ADG in Broilers 33.5 30.0 -size quad (P < 0.01) vs S x P-size lin (P < 0.02) 900 700 SE 0.3 Corn Sorghum 500 300
Particle Size of Milo ADG Grower die ets in Cattle 3.7 3.65 36 3.6 ADG 3.55 3.5 3.45 3.4 DRC Coarse Med Fine KSU, 1997 35% Grain
Particle Size of Milo F:G Grower diets in Cattle 8 b ab 7.5 a a F:G 7 6.5 6 DRC Coarse Med Fine KSU, 1997 35% Grain
Particle Size of Milo F:G Grower diets in Cattle 16 14 % Imp proveme ent 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Coarse Med Fine KSU, 1997 35% Grain
What s It Worth? 16% 20 lbs/ /d 2.84/cwt 150 days = $13.63 / head Or = 45 / cwt Sorghum
Wh hy? Starch is surrounded with a tight protei n web Starch Protein Enzyme/ Bacteria
advantage a e in feeding val lue for corn vs so rghum improper (t too coarse) grinding of fthe sorghum grain
An advantage
An advantage Ruminal Digestion = Acid Pro oduction
An advantage Wheat Barley HM Corn Flaked Corn DR Corn Flaked Milo Whole Corn DR Milo Fastest WDG? Slowest
Blending DR Milo with HMC Finishin g Diets 3.25 3.2 ADG 315 3.15 3.1 3.05 3 100 HMC 70-30 50-50 100 DRM UN-L 1987
Blending DR Milo with HMC 7.4 7.2 7 6.8 66 6.6 Finishin ng Diets 6.4 6.2 100 HMC 70-30 50-50 100 DRM F:G UN-L 1987
Steam Flaking Extremely effe ective in sorghum-base ed diets for ruminants Feedlot DairyD i
Effects of Steam Flaking on ADG: Corn vs Sorghum 2.8 2.7 AD DG 2.6 Corn Sorgum 2.5 Dry Rolled Flaked ale, 1980
Effects of Steam Flaking on F:G: Corn vs Sorghum 7.5 7 6.5 6 Corn Sorgum 5.5 5 Dry Rolled Flaked ale, 1980
Effects of Corn vs Sorghum Finishin g cattle 5.5 5 4.5 4 SF Corn SF Milo 3.5 ADG FG F:G SU, 1992
Effects of Corn vs Sorghum Da airy 76 75 FCM 3.5% 74 73 72 71 70 SF Corn SF Milo Z, 1999
If Steam Flaked: No performance difference in Feedlot or Dairy
Poor nut tritional value of coproducts
Nutrient Conten of DDGS from Corn and Sorghums Corn Bronze Yellow Item Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Dry matter, % 91.9 90.3 91.9 90.4 91.9 88.9 CP, % Crude fat, % Crude fiber, % GE, Mcal/kg 8.0 3.9 3.2 4.00 23.9 8.1 11.0 4.555 9.8 3.0 2.6 4.20 26.6 8.1 8.5 4.53 9.3 3.0 2.4 3.98 25.6 8.0 9.5 4.33 Lysine, % Threonine, % Met + Cys, % 029 0.29 0.28 0.42 059 0.59 0.777 0.95 021 0.21 0.24 0.32 060 0.60 0.87 1.00 025 0.25 0.29 0.35 055 0.55 0.79 0.93
Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Corn DD DGS Bronze DDGS Dry matter, % 90.3 90.4
Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Dry matter, % Corn DD DGS 90.3 Bronze DDGS 90.4 CP, % 239 3.9 26.66
Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Corn DD DGS 90.3 239 3.9 8.1 Bronze DDGS 90.4 26.66 8.1
Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Corn DD DGS 90.3 239 3.9 8.1 Bronze DDGS 90.4 26.66 8.1 Crude fiber, % 11.0 8.5
Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and dsorghum C orn Bronze Item DDGS DDGS Lysine, % 059 0.59 060 0.60 Threonine, % 0.77 0.87 Met + Cys, % 0.95 1.00
MEn of DDGS in Broiler kcal/kg Chicks 2,866 2,677 2,238238 2000 Corn Bronze Yellow orn vs sorghums x grains vs DDGS (P < 0.10) SE 180
Feeding Value of Co-products Sorghum DDGS similar to corn DDGS for MEn in broilers lower lysine availabilit ty No negative effects on growth performance: nursery pigs 20 to 30% DDGS finishing pigs 60% DDGS
Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silages* Silage type DM % CP % Corn, well eared Corn, droughty Grain sorghum NEg Mcal/lb *Relative Energy Value 33 81 8.1.47 100% 30 9-10.35-.43 75-90% 38 9.5.42 89% * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.
Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silages* Silage type DM % CP % Forage Sorghums: NEg Mcal/lb *Relative Energy Value High grain 32 7.8.38 81% Med. Grain 29 7.2.34 72% Low grain 26 62 6.2.28 60% Sorghum Sudan 30 10.0.28 60% * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.
Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silage type CP % Corn, well eared Corn, droughty Grain sorghum Silages* *Relative Energy Value 81 8.1 100% 9-1 0 75-90% 95 9.5 89% * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.
Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silage type Forage Sorghums: High grain Med. Grain Low grain Silages* CP % *Relative Energy Value 78 7.8 81% 7.2 72% 6.2 60% * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.
Resources poured into improving corn
NGSPA and State Commodity Commissions Loyalists in industry INTSORMIL programs Public research Sorghum g Impro vement Center at KSU
Summary: Sorghum has equal perf. to corn: Ruminants, Swin ne, and Poultry Extensive Processing needed >40# test weigh t = 60# for feedlot cattle Higher processin ng cost and mgmt By-products have equal value to corn by-products Ruminants, swine,,poultry