Recent Advances in Winegrape Variety and Clonal l Evaluations in Temperate Climates Jim Wolpert Viticulture Extension Specialist Department of Viticulture and Enology University it of California, i Davis Ohio Grape and Wine Conference p February 11-12, 2008
Varieties 4 varieties account for about 80% of all varietal labeled bottled wine: Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Zinfandel (including White Zin ) First three are referred to as the International Varieties
Sources of Variety Information in California California Grape Acreage http://www.nass.usda.gov/ca/ Grape Crush Report http://www.nass.usda.gov/ca/ Grape Trends http://www.mkf.com Gomberg-Fredrikson Report info@gombfred.com Market Update Newsletter, Turrentine Wine Brokerage http://grapes-wine.com/ p Unified Symposium (late January) http://www.unifiedsymposium.org/ Wine Institute http:wineinstitute.org/
Ruby Caberne net 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 California Red Wine Grapes bearing nonbearing varieties accounting for 90% of the total Sauvigno on Me erlot Zinfan ndel Pinot noi oir Sy yrah Rubi bired Barbe bera Grenac ache Cabern rnet Total Total Acres in 2006
California Red Wine Grape Bearing Acres 300000 Total red wine variety acres 200000 100000 cres A 0 Barbera Cabernet Sauvignon 60000 Zinfandel Pinot noir Merlot 40000 Rubired Syrah 20000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
A Short Sidebar: A date to remember Of what significance is the date: November 17 th, 1991?
A date to remember Of what significance is the date: November 17 th, 1991? Hint: it was a Sunday.
A date to remember Of what significance is the date: November 17 th, 1991? Hint: it was a Sunday. ANSWER: On 60 Minutes Morley Safer introduced Americans to the French Paradox And wine sales, mostly red, increased by 40%+
200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 California White Wine Grapes bearing nonbearing varieties accounting for 90% of the total Chardonn nnay Frenc ch Colomba ard Sauvign gnon blanc Che enin blanc Pinot gris Muscat of Alexandr dria Ries sling Total Total Acres in 2006
California White Wine Grape Bearing Acres 300000 200000 100000 California Red Wine Grape Acerage Acres 100000 80000 60000 Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc French Colombard Chenin blanc 40000 20000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year
Table 1. Varieties listed in California statistics in 1982 but not in 2003 (includes correct primary name, if learned since 1982) White Emerald Riesling Feher Szagos Flora Folle Blanche Grey Riesling Green Hungarian Pedro Ximenes Sauvignon vert St Emilion Sylvaner Red Early Burgundy = Abouriou Grand Noir Muscat Hamburg Napa Gamay = Valdiguie Pinot St. George = Negrette Red Veltliner Salvador St Macaire Tinta Madeira
Table 2. Varieties listed in California statistics in 2003 but not in 1982 White Catarratto Grenache blanc Marsanne Pinot gris (Grigio) Roussanne Tocai Friulano Viognier Red Counoise Dolcetto Lagrein Lambrusco Petite Verdot Pinot Meunier
New Varieties: Is There a Role? Interest in New Varieties Consumer interest excitement of discovery of new varieties/regions Core consumers say ABC: Anything but Chardonnay Winemaker interest t Capture new consumers Blend new varieties with traditional varieties to add richness and interest: flavor, color, tannin SJV winemakers are skeptical of new varieties as stand alone wines because names not recognizable by consumers
New Varieties They are traditional varieties, but new to California Southern Europe focus P t l S i F d It l ibl Portugal, Spain, France and Italy, possibly Greece
Alternative Varieties - Italian North Teroldego (R) Freisa (R) Sagrantino (R) Gargagena (W) Timorasso* (W)
Alternative Varieties - Italian South Nero d Avola (R) Negroamaro (R) Aglianico (Taurasi, Vulture) (R) Montepulciano d Abruzzo (R) Malvasia Nera (R) Inzolia (W) Cattarrato (W) Falanghina (W) Fiano (W)
Alternative Varieties - Portuguese Trincadeira Touriga Nacional Touriga Francesca Tinta Cao Tinta Roriz
Alternative Varieties - France Grenache blanc/gris Tannat Carmenere Malbec (Cot) Cepages of Rhone
Alternative Varieties - Spanish Tempranillo (R) Graciano (R) Monastrell (R) Mencia (R) Verdejo (W) Verdehlo (W) Albariño (W)
Information on Alternative Varieties Bastianich, Joseph and David Lynch. 2002. Vino Italiano: The Regional Wines of Italy. Mitchell Beazley, London, 528 p. Belfrage, Nicolas, 1999. Barolo to Valpolicella: The Wines of Northern Italy. Faber and Faber, London, 368p. Belfrage, Nicolas. 2003. Brunello to Zibibbo: The Wines of Tuscany, Central and Southern Italy. Mitchell Beazley, London, 493 p. Mayson, Richard. 2003. The Wines and Vineyards of Portugal. Mitchell Beazley, London, 354 p. Radford, John. 1998. The New Spain: A complete guide to contemporary Spanish wine. Mitchell Beazley, London, 224p.
Current Work Variety Trial (est. 2003) Kearney Ag Center, Parlier (near Fresno) Aglianico Carmenere Cabernet Sauvignon Cinsaut Durif Freisa Grenache noir Malbec Montepulciano Petit Verdot Ruby Cabernet Souzao Syrah Tannat Tempranillo Tinta Amarella Tinta Francisca Tinta Madeira Tinto Cao Touriga Nacional
25 20 15 10 5 0 Yield of 20 Red Wine Varieties, 2006 (Separated into sound grapes and grapes that were unusable) harvested shrivel or rot Car CS Cin Dur Fre Grn Mal Mont PV Ref Sou Syr Tan Temp TAm TFran TMad TCao TNac Ag Yield (p otential to ns acre -1 )
Future Activities Import more varieties selectively - $$, clones Request name approval from the TTB Coordination of Evaluation NE-1020 National Variety and Clone y Evaluation Project (NY, VA, OH, PA, IN, IL, IA, MO, MI, CO, TX, CA, ID)
Opportunity for Ohio Winegrowers Variety list is growing Proprietary names are increasing Consumers are more adventurous, and more likely l to try a new variety that t they have not heard before Opens the door wider for Traminette or Chardonnel or other Eastern varieties
Evaluation of Winegrape Clones A sign of maturation of an industry No longer asking what variety; that has already been answered, the question is not whether to plant Chardonnay or Riesling but which Chardonnay or Riesling to plant Clonal evaluation is more difficult because differences are often more subtle Some differences are not objective and absolute, but are subjective and a matter of taste or winery style
Definition of a clone A group of genetically identical plants arising from a single mother vine by vegetative propagation.
How clones arise Mutations take place in buds and are retained at pruning time
How clones arise If shoots arising ii from the mutated buds are unique and desirable, they can be saved through propagation.
How clones arise Vines propagated from mutants will carry the original, desired characteristic
Clone in Industry Field Selection(s) Budwood from many vines in a vineyard, probably from multiple clonal origins French term massale selection Local names are difficult to trace: FPS clone goes to Mr. Smith s vineyard; Mr. Jones gets budwood and calls it the Smith Clone
Examples of clonal differences Cluster size Berry size Cluster architecture (rot susceptibility) Vine growth habits Grape color Mutation of noir gives rise to blanc and gris, i.e. Pinot noir, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris Flavor (Chardonnay musque) Wine quality attributes
How many clones are there? How readily does a variety mutate How long has it been grown How diligently have clones been looked for How many selections have been made
Clonal Studies in CA Completed Chardonnay Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Malbec Pinot noir Sparkling (2) Chardonnay Sparkling
Clonal Studies In progress Zinfandel Heritage Vineyard w/zap Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Under discussion Pinot noir (red) Petite Sirah
Chardonnay clones: FPMS 4 (left) and 16 (right)
Pinot noir growth habit contrast: Esp 374 (foreground, upright) vs FPMS 13 (background, downward)
Oakville Station Merlot Clones d (kg vine -1 ) 12 9 6 FPS 1 FPS 3 FPS 6 FPS 8 FPS 9 Yiel 3 0 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 Year
Oakville Station Merlot Clones er -1 Ber rry Cluste 150 100 50 0 FPS 1 FPS 3 FPS 6 FPS 8 FPS 9 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 Year
Oakville Station Malbec Clones vine -1 ) Yield (kg 20 15 10 5 0 FPS 4 FPS 6 FPS 8 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00
Oakville Station Malbec Clones eight (g) 300 200 FPS 4 FPS 6 FPS 8 Cluste er W 100 0 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00
Oakville Station Malbec Clones le Solid ds ( 캛 rix x) Solub 25 24 23 22 0 '97 '98 '99 '00 Yield (kg vine -1 ) 15 10 5 0 '97 '98 '99 '00 Year FPS #4 Year FPS #6 FPS #8 FPS #8 Thinned
10 Chardonnay Clones Sonoma County Yie eld (kg Vin ne -1 ) 8 352 75 6 121 78 96 4 76 118 124 132 130 131 4 WEN 4 132 96 4 118 121 130 352 124 131 75 76 78 118 121 96 124 130 131 132 352 76 78 75 352 4 75 96 118 121 124 132 130 131 76 78 WEN WEN WEN 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year
Yield : Prun ning Weight 6 4 2 0 1 3 6 8 9 FPS Merlot Clone Oakville Station Merlot Clones Yield (kg vine -1 ) 10 8 1 9 3 6 6 8 0 0.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 Pruning Weight (kg vine -1 )
Pruning Weight (k kg vine -1 ) (g cluster -1 ) Cluste ers Vine -1 Cluster Wt. Cabernet Sauvignon Clones 5 O6 A 4 O2 3 L6 L2 O8 2 L8 1 H6 H2 H8 0 100 B L6 L2 L8 O2 80 O6 O8 60 H6 H2 H8 200 C O8 150 H8 100 O6 O2 H2 L8 L2 H6 L6 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Yield (kg vine -1 ) Influence of pruning weight (A), cluster number per vine (B) and cluster weight (C) on yield of three Cabernet Sauvignon clones from Foundation Plant Materials Service: 2, 6 and 8, in three locations: Howell Mountain (H), Lodi (L) and Oakville (O).
Pruning Weight (kg vine -1 ) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 521 870 13 22 872 17 927 4 743 779 665 668 31 06 0.6 780 r 2 = 0.19 32 Relationship of yield and pruning 666 weight ratio 33 for 20 clones of 389 2A Pinot noir grown for sparkling wine 871 0.0 0 5 6 7 8 9 Yield (kg vine -1 )
Relationship of yield: pruning weight ratio and delay of harvest for 20 clones of Pinot noir grown for sparkling wine (Yield: r 2 = 0.42, Pwt: r 2 = 0.36)
Sources of Cabernet Sauvignon in test in Oakville, Napa Valley Clone ID Clone Source FPS 02 CA, Oakville FPS 04 Argentina, Mendoza FPS 06 CA, Jackson FPS 08 CA, Concannon FPS 14 Chile FPS 24 CA, Laurel Glen FPS 26 Italy, Conegliano FPS 27 Italy, Conegliano FPS 29 CA, from LV8901 Niebaum-Coppola FPS 30 CA, from LV8909 Disney Silverado FPS 31 CA, from LV8914 Mondavi, To-Kalon LV8901 CA, Niebaum-Coppola? ORIGINAL VIRUS LV8909 CA, Disney Silverado - ORIGINAL VIRUS LV8914 CA, Mondavi, To-Kalon - ORIGINAL VIRUS ENTAV ENTAV via Sunridge Nursery
Clone Yield Clusters Cluster Berries per Vine Weight per (kg vine -1 ) (g) Cluster FPS 02 28 2.8 ± 01 0.1 28 ± 2 100 ± 5 111 ± 7 FPS 04 2.4 ± 0.2 28 ± 1 91 ± 5 92 ± 5 FPS 06 1.8 ± 0.2 23 ± 1 80 ± 6 98 ± 8 FPS 08 2.8 ± 0.1 27 ± 2 105 ± 6 106 ± 6 FPS 14 3.4 ± 0.3 31 ± 1 112 ± 6 105 ± 5 FPS 24 2.5 ± 0.2 27 ± 0 92 ± 7 102 ± 8 FPS 26 2.5 ± 0.1 26 ± 0 98 ± 5 100 ± 4 FPS 27 35 3.5 ± 0.2 28 ± 1 126 ± 5 129 ± 4 FPS 29 3.1 ± 0.2 29 ± 1 109 ± 6 108 ± 6 LV8901 1.6 ± 0.2 20 ± 2 80 ± 5 85 ± 8 FPS 30 3.0 ± 0.3 28 ± 1 107 ± 6 115 ± 7 LV8909 2.9 ± 0.2 28 ± 1 102 ± 6 101 ± 3 FPS 31 1.7 ± 0.1 21 ± 1 79 ± 6 78 ± 9 LV8914 1.2 ± 0.0 21 ± 1 57 ± 2 58 ± 1 ENTAV 169 32 3.2 ± 04 0.4 30 ± 1 108 ± 9 103 ± 7
Clone Yield Brix (kg/v) FPS 29 31 3.1 24.22 LV8901 1.6 19.9 FPS 30 3.0 24.8 LV8909 29 2.9 22.0 FPS 31 1.7 24.8 LV8914 1.2 19.9
Conclusions for Clones Yield is driven primarily il by cluster weight. Low-yielding clones compensate with higher growth, sometimes but not always. Insufficient research information is currently available to choose clones on a basis of wine quality Selection of clone is an important t consideration, particularly as the bottle price of wine increases, especially above $20. Preference of clone is often winery- dependent