VILLAGE PLANTING GUIDE

VILLAGE PLANTING GUIDE

Table of Contents Introduction... 1 How to Use This Guide... 2 Tall Trees (>30 ft)... 3 Small Trees/Shrubs (10-30 ft) 5 Small Shrubs (<10 ft). 7 Vines and Groundcover. 10 Ferns... 11 Herbs and Wildflowers 12 Ornamental Grasses. 15 Bulbs. 16 Perennials.... 17 Summer Annuals. 18 References 19

Introduction Settled in 1895, Pinehurst has become well known for its picturesque landscapes. From the beginning, the Tufts family worked closely with renowned landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr. and Warren Manning to create a naturalistic and romantic approach to Pinehurst s landscape design. While Olmsted created the original design for Pinehurst, Manning implemented it. Space was designed informally with plants, rather than structures, to give a landscape its character and appeal through color, texture, and seasonal change. Interestingly, of the ninety-six plant species that Manning originally ordered, collected, or propagated for Pinehurst, only 25% were native to North Carolina. The rest were exotics from around the world, including Japan, China, Chile, North Africa, Algeria, and the Pacific. Relying primarily on exotic species, in Pinehurst Manning created the appearance of a wild garden, choosing shrubs with loose, coarse, mounding and/or sprawling habits. Warren Manning continued to work with the Tufts family as Pinehurst s single landscape architect for forty-six years, establishing Pinehurst as an example of resort and community planning. Manning s sustained involvement, along with the continued use of native hollies, magnolias, cedars, and other evergreen trees and shrubs in later developed areas, has preserved the integrity of Olmsted s original vision. This attention to preservation enabled Pinehurst to receive National Historic Landmark designation in 1996. Manning s sand and clay pedestrian path with a wild garden buffer, Pinehurst, ca 1910. Source: Tufts Archives. 1

How to Use This Guide Warren Manning s designs gave the Village and resort year-round appeal. While it is not necessary to recreate Manning s landscape designs in modern-day Pinehurst, it is important to maintain historical integrity and show respect for the wisdom of Manning s life work. Accordingly, landscapes in Pinehurst should recognize Pinehurst s history and capture Manning s design philosophy using a naturalistic, romantic approach. This guide, derived from Manning s original plant list and the Plant Database created by the NC State University Cooperative Extension, is divided into sections including tall trees, small trees/shrubs, small shrubs, vines and groundcover, herbs and wildflowers, ornamental grasses, bulbs, and summer annuals. The guide provides the common names of plants as well as their Latin names, and provides information about soil/light requirements and value to wildlife as a food source. The guide also indicates whether the plants are deer resistant, drought tolerant, evergreen, and/or native to the. Plants from Manning s original plant list are marked with an asterisk (*). Planting Guide Key Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant In addition, when planning streetscape plantings in the Village of Pinehurst, please consider the following: Landscape Character Refer to the list contained in this guide for suggested plant selections. The selected plant materials should also fit the existing landscape. Visibility/Safety Plantings within site triangles or that could otherwise pose safety risks should be avoided. In these situations, low plantings should be used so that drivers sight lines are not obscured. Maintenance Plants should be manageable from both a fiscal and a man-power perspective. 2

Tall Trees (> 30') Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to American Fagus M P-S S Beech grandifolia American Elm Ulmus M F-P S,L americana American Ilex opaca W-D F-S C,F,N,L Holly* Arizona Cupressus M-D F-P C cypress arizonica Atlantic Chamaecyparis W-M F-P C,L White Cedar thyoides Atlas Cedar* Cedrus M F-P C atlantica Bald Cypress* Taxodium W-D F-P S distichum Basswood Tilia americana M F-S S,N,L Black Cherry Prunus serotina M-D F F,N,L Black Locust Robinia M-D F-P S,L pseudoacacia Black Oak Quercus M-D F-P S,L velutina Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica M F-P F Cherrybark Quercus M F-P S,L Oak pagoda Chinese Fir* Cunninghamia W-M F-S lanceolata Deodar Cedar Cedrus deodora M-D F-P Eastern Red Juniperus D F C,F,L Cedar* virginiana Green Ash Fraxinus W-M F-P S,L pennsylvanica Honeylocust Gleditsia W-D F triacanthos Live Oak* Quercus W-D F S,L virginiana Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda W-D F C,S,L Longleaf Pine* Pinus palustris M-D F C,S Mockernut Carya D F-S S,L Hickory tomentosa or C. alba Persimmon Diospyros M-D F-P F virginiana Pignut Carya glabra D F-S S,L Hickory Pond Pine Pinus serotina W-M P C,S Post Oak Quercus D F S,L stellata Red Maple Acer rubrum W-D F-P S 3

Tall Trees (> 30') Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Red Oak Quercus rubra M F-P S,L River Birch Betula nigra W-D F S,L Scarlet Oak Quercus D F-P S,L coccinea Shagbark Carya ovata M-D F-S S Hickory Shortleaf Pinus echinata D F-P C,S,L Pine Sourwood* Oxydendrum D F-S N arboreum Southern Magnolia M P-S C,S Magnolia* grandiflora Southern Red Quercus falcata M-D F-P S,L Oak Southern Acer M F-S S Sugar Maple floridanum Sugarberry Celtis laevigata M F-S F,L Swamp Quercus M F-P S,L Chestnut Oak michauxii Sweetbay* Magnolia W-M F-P S,L virginiana Sweetgum Liquidambar W-M F-P S styraciflua Sycamore Platanus W-M F-P S occidentalis Water Oak* Quercus nigra M-D F-P S,L White Oak Quercus alba M-D F-P S,L Willow Oak* Quercus W-M F-P S,L phellos Yellow Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera M F-P S,H,N,L Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant 4

Small Trees/Shrubs (10-30 ft) Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Alder Alnus serrulata W-M F-P S,L Black Haw Viburnum M F-S F,L prunifolium Black Willow Salix nigra W-M F-S L Buckwheat Cliftonia W-M F-P F,N Tree, Titi monophylla Carolina Prunus M-D F-P C,F,N Laurel Cherry* caroliniana Carolina Halesia M P-S N Silverbell carolina Carolina Salix W-M F-S L Willow caroliniana Chickasaw Prunus D F F,N,L Plum angustifolia Chinese Holly Ilex cornuta W-D F N Chinquapin Castanea D F-P S pumila Crepe Myrtle Lagerstroemia M-D F-P indica Devil's Aralia spinosa M F-P F,N Walking Stick Eastern Cercis M-D F-P S,N redbud canadensis Elderberry Sambucus W-M F-P F canadensis Flowering Cornus florida M-D F-P F,N,L Dogwood Fortune s Tea Osmanthus x M F-S Olive* fortunei Fragrant Tea Osmanthus M F-P Olive* fragrans Goldenrain Koelreuteria W-D F-P Tree paniculata Hackberry Celtis laevigata D F-P F,L Hawthorn Crataegus spp. M F-S F,H,N,L Hophornbeam Ostrya M-D F-S F,L virginiana Ironwood Carpinus W-M P-S S,L caroliniana Juneberry/ Amelanchier W-D F-P F,N,L Serviceberry canadensis Kousa Cornus kousa M-D F-P Dogwood Mountain Ash Sorbus americana M F-P F 5

Small Trees/Shrubs (10-30 ft) Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Painted Aesculus M P H Buckeye sylvatica Pawpaw Asimina triloba M F-S F,L Possumhaw Ilex decidua W-D F-P F,N,L Red Buckeye Aesculus pavia M P H Red Mulberry Morus rubra M-D F-S F,L Redbay Persea W-M F-S C,F,L borbonia Rusty Viburnum D F-S F,L Blackhaw rufidulum Sassafras Sassafras M-D F-P F,L albidum Serviceberry Amelanchier M-D F-S F,N,L arborea Silky Cornus W-M P-S F,N,L Dogwood amomum Smooth Rhus glabra M-D F-P F,N,L Sumac Sweetleaf/ Symplocos M-D F-S S,N,L Horsesugar tinctoria Titi Cyrilla W-M F-S C,N racemiflora Wax Myrtle Myrica cerifera W-D F-P C,F,L Wild Plum Prunus M-D F F,N americana Winged Rhus copallina M-D F-P F,N,L Sumac Winterberry Ilex verticillata W-M F-S F,N,L Witch-hazel Hamamelis M F-S S virginiana Yaupon Ilex vomitoria W-D F-S C,F,N,L Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant 6

Small Shrubs (< 10 ) Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Anise shrub* Illicium W-D F-P parviflorum Banana Michelia figo M-D F-P Shrub* Beautyberry Callicarpa M-D F-S F americana Blackberry/ Rubus spp. M-D F-P C,F,S,N Dewberry* Boxleaf Lonicera nitida M F-P F honeysuckle* Butterfly Buddleia M F N,L Bush davidii Buttonbush Cephalanthus W-M F-P S,H,N occidentalis Cleyera Ternstroemia M-D F-P (japonica)* gymnanthera berry Vaccinium D F-P F,N,L stamineum Deutzia Deutzia M-D F-P crenata Doghobble Leucothoe W-M F-P C,N axillaris Dwarf Azalea Rhododendron W-D F-P H,N atlanticum Dwarf Gardenia M-D F-P gardenia* jasminoides Radicans Dwarf Gaylussacia M-D F-P F,N,L Huckleberry dumosa Dwarf Locust Robinia nana D F-P C,S,L Elegans Cryptomeria M F-P cryptomeria* japonica Elegans Nana Fetterbush Lyonia lucida M P-S C,N Flowering Chaenomelea W-D F-P quince speciosa Glossy abelia Abelia x M F-P grandiflora Hazelnut Corylus M F-S S americana Highbush Vaccinium M F-P F,N,L Blueberry corymbosum Holly Tea Osmanthus M F-P Olive heterophyllus Huckleberry Gaylussacia M F-P F,N,L frondosa Inkberry Ilex glabra M F-P C,F,N,L 7

Small Shrubs (< 10 ) Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Japanese Illicium M P Anise Tree anisatum Japanese Berberis M-D F-P barberry thunbergii Japanese Camellia M P C Camellia* japonica Japanese Cephalotaxus M-D P-S C Plum Yew* harringtonia Junipers Juniperus spp. M-D F Large Ilex coriacea M F-P C,F,N,L Gallberry* Leatherleaf Mahonia bealei M P F,N Mahonia* Leucothoe Leucothoe M P-S C,N,L racemosa Littleleaf Cotoneaster M-D F-P cotoneaster* microphyllus Loropetalum Loropetalum M F-P chinense Lowbush Vaccinium D F-P F,N,L Blueberry vacillans Mountain Kalmia latifolia M-D F-S H,N Laurel New Jersey Ceanothus M-D P-S S,N,L Tea americanus Oregon Mahonia M P Grape Holly* aquifolium Pinxter Rhododendron W-M F-P H,N Azalea/ Wild Azalea/Pink Azalea* periclymenoides Red Aronia W-M F-S F,L Chokeberry arbutifolia Sandankwa Viburnum D F-P C,F viburnum* suspensum Sparkleberry Vaccinium D F-P C,F,N,L arboreum Spicebush Lindera M-D F-S F,L benzoin Spirea Spirea spp. M F-P Staggerbush Lyonia mariana M P-S C,L Strawberrybush Euonymus M P-S S americanus Swamp Rhododendron M P-S C,H,N Azalea Sweet Pepperbush viscosum Clethra alnifolia W F-S F,H,N 8

Small Shrubs (< 10 ) Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Sweet shrub Calycanthus M F-P floridus Virginia Itea virginica W-M P-S S,N Willow/ Sweetspire Wild Hydrangea M P-S S,N Hydrangea arborescens Wild Raisin Viburnum W-M F-S F,L nudum Winter Jasminum M-D F-P Jasmine* nudiflorum Wintergreen Berberis W-D F-P barberry julianae Yucca Yucca spp. W-D F-P Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant Manning s sand and clay path with wild garden buffer, Pinehurst, ca 1910. Source: Tufts Archives 9

Vines and Groundcover Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Ajuga Ajuga reptans M P-S C,N Big Leaf Vinca major M-D P-S C Periwinkle* Butterfly Pea Clitoria D F-P S,N,L mariana Carolina Gelsemium M F-P H,N Jessamine* sempervirens Cherokee Rosa laevigata W-D F-P Rose* Confederate Trachelospermum M P Jasmine jasminoides Coral Lonicera M F-P H Honeysuckle sempervirens Crossvine* Bignonia M-D F-P H capreolata Dwarf Vinca minor M-D P-S C Periwinkle* Five Leaf Akebia quinata D F-P Akebia* Grape Vitis spp. W-D F-P F Greenbrier Smilax spp. W-D F-P C,F Monda grass Ophiopogon M-D F-S japonicus Naked Ticktrefoil Desmodium D F-P S,N,L nudiflorum Pachysandra Pachysandra M-D P-S terminalis Passionflower Passiflora M-D F-P H,N,L incarnata Peppervine Ampelopsis W-M F-P F arborea Pine Barren Desmodium D F-P S,N,L Tick-trefoil strictum Rosemary Rosmarinus M F-P officinalis Spurred Centrosema D F-P S,N,L Butterfly Pea virginianum Tick-trefoil Desmodium D F-P S,N,L tortuosum Trumpet- Campsis M-D F-P H creeper Virginia Creeper radicans Parthenocissus quinquefolia M-D F-S F 10

Ferns Southern Maidenhair Fern Lady Fern Latin Adiantum capillus-vereris Soil/Light M P-S Evergreen Native to Athyrium filixfemina M P-S Holly Fern Cyrtomium M P fortunei Royal Fern Osmunda W P-S regalis Tassel Fern Polystichum M P-S ployblepharum Southern Shield Fern Thelpteris kunthii M-D S-P Christmas Polystichum M S-P C Fern acrostichoides Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea W-M S-P C,L Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant Manning s sand and clay path with wild garden buffer, Pinehurst, ca 1910. Source: Tufts Archives 11

Herbs and Wildflowers Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Beggarlice Desmodium M-D F-P S,L spp. Bird-foot Viola pedata D F-P L Violet Black-eyed Rudbeckia hirta M-D F S,N Susan Blazing Star Liatris spicata W-M F N Blue Lobelia Lobelia W-D F-P H,N puberula Blue Phlox Phlox M P-S N divaricata Blue Ridge Liatris D F-P N,L Gayfeather regimontis Bluets Houstonia M-D F-S N caerulea Butterfly Asclepias D F-P N,L Weed tuberosa Cardinal Lobelia W-M F-S H,N Flower cardinalis Carolina Phlox carolina W-D F-P N Phlox Clasping Asclepias D F-P N,L Milkweed amplexicaulis Columbine Aquilegia M-D P-S S,H,N canadensis Ipomea D F S,H,N Morning Glory purpurea Crested Iris Iris cristata M P-S H Dwarf Iris Iris verna M-D F-P H Eared Coreopsis M F-P S,N Coreopsis auriculata Fire Pink Silene virginica M-D P-S S,H,N Flowering Euphorbia M-D F-P S,N Spurge corollata Goat s Rue Tephrosia D F-P S,L virginiana Goldenrod Solidago spp. M-D F-P S,N Grass-leaf Liatris D F-P N,L Gayfeather graminifolia Hairy Penstemon M-D F-P H,N,L Beardtongue canescens Hemp Apocynum M-D F-P N Dogbane Horsemint cannabinum Monarda punctata D F-P H,N 12

Herbs and Wildflowers Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Jack-in-the- Arisaema W-M P-S F Pulpit triphyllum Jewelweed Impatiens W-M P-S H,N capensis Joe-pyeweed Eupatorium M F S,N,L fistulosum Lance-leaved Coreopsis D F S,N Coreopsis lanceolata Lyreleaf Sage Salvia lyrata M-D F-S H,N Moss Pink Phlox subulata D F N Narrowleaved Coreopsis M F-P S,N Coreopsis angustifolia Orange Rudbeckia M F S,N Coneflower fulgida Ox-eye Heliopsis M-D F-P S,N helianthoides Partridge Pea Chamaecrista M-D F S,L fasciculata Partridgeberry Mitchella M F-S F repens Pine Barrens Gentiana D F-P N Gentian autumnalis Pokeweed Phytolacca M-D F F,S americana Prairie Phlox Phlox pilosa D F-P N Primroseleaved Viola D F-P N,L Violet primulifolia Queen s Root Stillingia D F-P S,N sylvatica Red Morning Ipomea D F S,H,N Glory coccinea Rose Mallow Hibiscus M F-P H,N moscheutos Asclepias D F-P N,L Milkweed tomentosa Cirsium M-D F-P S,H,N,L Thistle repandum Sandy-woods Carphephorus D F-P N,L Chaffhead bellidifolius Smooth Penstemon M F-S H,N,L Beardtongue laevigatus Speedwell Veronica M-D F-P St. Andrew s Cross persica Hypericum hypericoides D-M F-P S,N 13

Herbs and Wildflowers Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Standing Ipomopsis D F H,N Cypress rubra Sundrops Oenethera M-D F-P S,H,N fruticosa Swamp Asclepias W-M F-P N,L Milkweed incarnata Swamp Helianthus W-M F S,N Sunflower angustifolius Threadleaf Coreopsis D F-P S,N Coreopsis verticillata White Asclepias M-D F-P N,L Milkweed variegata Wood Vetch Vicia D F-P S,L caroliniana Yellow Thistle Cirsium M-D F S,H,N,L horridulum Yellow Wild Indigo Baptisia tinctoria D F-P L Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant General Plan for the Village of Pinehurst from Olmsted, Olmsted, & Eliot, ca 1895. Source: Tufts Archives 14

Ornamental Grasses most ornamental grasses are considered deer resistant Latin Soil/Light Evergreen Native to Brushy Andropogon M F C,S,L Bluestem glomeratus Fountain Pennisetum M-D F-P grass alopecuroides Indiangrass Sorghastrum M-D F C,S nutans Maiden grass Miscanthus M-D F-P sinensis Gracillimus Pampas grass Cortaderia W-D F-P selloana Pink Muhly Muhlenbergia M-D F-P Grass capillaris Splitbeard Andropogon D F C,S,L Bluestem ternarius Switchcane Arundinaria W-D F-S C,S,L gigantea Switchgrass Panicum M F-P C,S,L virgatum Wiregrass Aristida stricta D F-P C,S Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant Manning s sand and clay path with wild garden buffer, Pinehurst, ca 1910. Source: Tufts Archives 15

Bulbs Amaryllis African Lily (Summer bulb) Crinum Lily (Perennial Bulb) Crocosmias (Summer bulb) Daffodils Oxalis (Summer bulb) Scillas Latin (Perennial, Spring and Summer options) Soil/Light Light Wildlife Agapanthus M F-P H Crinum spp. M F-P Crocosmia M F-P (Perennial, Spring and Summer options) Oxalis M F-P Evergreen Native to (Perennial and Spring options) Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant Sketch for Manning s article Wild Garden in Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, 1906. Source: John Milner Associates, Inc. 16

Perennials Latin Soil/Light Artemisia Artemisia spp. D F Aster Aster spp. M-D F Bee Balm Monarda W-M F-P H,N didyma Blanket Gaillardia x D F Flower Blue Star grandiflora Amsonia tabernaemonta na Evergreen Native to M F-P Butterflyweed Aesclepias M-D F-P N tuberosa Catmint Nepeta spp. M-D F Dianthus Dianthus spp. M-D F Gaura Gaura M-D F-P lindheimeri Lambs Ear Stachys byzantina M-D F-P Lantana Lantana spp. M F N Lenten Rose Helleborus M P-S orientalis Mint Mentha spp. M F-P Peony Paeonia spp. M F-P Purple Echinacea M-D F-P Coneflower purpurea Red Hot Kniphofia M-D F Poker uvaria Rose Lychnis M-D F-P Campion coronaria Rosemary Rosemarinus officinalis M-D F-P Russian Sage Perovskia atriplicifolia M-D F Speedwell Veronica M-D F-P persica Yarrow Achillea spp. M-D F Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant 17

Summer Annuals Latin Soil/Light Ageratum Ageratum M-D F-P N houstonianum Begonia Begonia M-D F-P Coleus Coleus M F-P Dusty Miller Centaurea M-D F-P cineraria Flowering Nicotiana x W-D F Tobacco sanderae Marigold Tagetes spp. M-D F Melampodium Melampodium M-D F paludosum Ornamental Capsicum M F-P peppers annuum Pentas Pentas M-D F lanceolata Petunias Petunia x M-D F-P hybrida Scarlet Sage Salvia W-D F-P splendens Verbena Verbena spp. M-D F Vinca Catharanthus M-D F-P roseus Zinnias Zinnia elegans M-D F Evergreen Native to Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = hard mast, seed or catkin; H = Hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant 18

References, An Oasis in the Desert, The Pinehurst Outlook, December 4, 1909. http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn91068725/1909-12-04/ed-1/seq- 14/print/image_622x817_from_0,0_to_4791,6291/ Hood, David Foard. National Historic Landmark Nomination, Pinehurst Historic District, 1993. Milner, John & Associates. Historic Consultant Services for the Village of Pinehurst, Task #2 Report, 2012. NC State University Cooperative Extension. Plant Database, 2015. http://plants.ces.edu/ Tufts Archives, Given Memorial Library, Pinehurst, NC. 19

Manning s Plant List, The Pinehurst Outlook, December 4, 1909. 20

Contact Information: 395 Magnolia Road Pinehurst, NC 28374 Phone: 910.295.1900 www.vopnc.org www.facebook.com/vopnc History, Charm, and Southern Hospitality 21