African Civilizations 1500 BC-AD 700
Setting the Stage Africa spreads across the equator. It includes a broad range of Earth s environments-from coastal plains to mountains. Some parts of Africa suffer from constant drought, while others receive over 200 inches of rain a year! Vegetation varies from sand dunes and rocky wastelands to dense green rain forests. Interaction with the African environment has created unique cultures and societies. Each group found ways to adapt to the land and the resources that it offers.
Africa s Geography Africa is the 2 nd largest continent; it stretches 4600 miles from east to west and 5000 miles from north to south, it occupies 1/5 of Earth s land surface. Each African environment offers its own challenges: Desert-Sahara and Kalahari are largely unsuitable for human life and hamper movement. Rain forest-partly uninhabitable because of the dense forests and the tsetse fly. Savanna-grassy plains where most people live; support abundant agricultural production. See p.214
Migration Migration is a permanent move from one country or region to another. Migration is usually caused by push-pull factors-what pushes people out of one area or pulls them to another? Migration falls into 3 main categories: Environmental Economic Political Look at p.221 Chart
Migration Early Africans made some of the greatest migrations in history, settling throughout the continent and spreading their languages and culture. The Bantu-speaking peoples originally lived south of the Sahara and moved further south and east. The Bantu peoples were farmers, nomadic herders, iron workers, etc.
Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Benin http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/um/painting06.jpg
Many trade routes crossed the savanna through the region farmed by the Soninke people. The Soninke called their leader Ghana, or war chief. By the 700s, Ghana was a kingdom, and its rulers were growing rich by taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory. The two most important trade items were gold and salt. Gold came from a forest region between the Niger and Senegal Rivers. Salt came from the Sahara Desert. By 800, Ghana had become an empire. The king of Ghana: Controlled trade by storing large amounts of gold and salt that only he had the power over. Commanded a large army Demanded taxes and gifts from chiefs of surrounding lands, and would allow them to live in peace if payments were made, And acted as a religious leader and the chief judge
http://www.nevadasurveyor.com/africa/web/pages/niger_river.htm Ghana developed in West Africa between the Niger and the Gambia Rivers. It was an important kingdom there from about AD 300 to about 1100. The rivers helped Ghana to grow rich because they were used to transport goods and develop trade. Ghana also collected taxes from traders who passed through the kingdom. The people called their nation Wagadu; we know it as Ghana --that was the word for war chief.
The kingdom of Ghana probably began when several clans of the Soninke people of west Africa came together under the leadership of a great king named Dinga Cisse. Ghana had few natural resources except salt and gold. They were also very good at making things from iron. Ghanaian warriors used iron tipped spears to subdue their neighbors, who fought with weapons made of stone, bone, and wood. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/mm_rs_01.htm
"The King...(wears)... necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms and he puts on a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a turban of fine cotton. He (meets people) in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials and on his right, are the sons of the (lesser) kings of his country, wearing splendid garments and their hair plaited with gold. This is a primary source that describes the court of one king of Ghana. At the door of the pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree. Round their necks they wear collars of gold and silver, studded with a number of balls of the same metals." 10th century geographer Al-Bakri, quoted in Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History.
Ghana became a rich and powerful nation, especially when the camel began to be used as a source of transport. Ghana relied on trade and their trade was made faster and better with the use of the camel. http://es.encarta.msn.com/media_461532998_761558787_-1_1/caravana_de_camellos.html news.nationalgeographic.com/.../salt/photo6.html
Islamic Mosque in Ghana blankbluesky.com/ travel/ghana/ After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. Followers of this religion are called Muslims. Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-islamic people there. Local warriors then decided to break away from the power of Ghana and form their own local kingdoms. This ended many of the trade networks and eventually weakened the civilization of Ancient Ghana.
http://www.btsadventures.com/img/mosque.jpg
By 1235 the kingdom of Mali had emerged. Its founders were Mande-speaking people, who lived south of Ghana. Mali s wealth was also built on gold.
A powerful king named Sundiata ruled Mali from around 1230-1255 AD. He became known as a mansa, or emperor. He led the people in conquering and expanding his kingdom to be as great as Ghana had been. Mali had 7 rulers in the 50 years between Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Perhaps the greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa (1312-1337). He developed the gold and salt trade of Mali and his kingdom became very Mansu Musa: Lord of the Negroes of Guinea. (Photo courtesy of History of Africa) powerful and rich.
Mansa Musa was a Muslim; he built many beautiful mosques, or Islamic temples in western Africa as well as attending public prayers, and supporting holy men. http://travel.u.nu/pic/ml/djenne.jpg
In 1324 Mansa Musa made a hajj, or pilgrimage ( a journey to a holy place) to Mecca, which is a holy city in Arabia. He traveled with 60,000 servants and followers and 80 camels carrying more than 4,000 pounds of gold to be distributed among the poor. Of the 12,000 servants 500 carried a staff of pure gold. This showed his power and wealth to the other people he visited. After returning he ordered mosques to be built in the major cities of Timbuktu and Gao. http://bseleck.bei.t-online.de/timbuktu/img_tim/mansamusag.gif
When Mansa Musa died there were no kings as powerful as he was to follow. The great kingdom of Mali weakened. Eventually a group of people known as Berbers came into the area and other people came up from the south to claim territory that was once part of the kingdom. Although Mali fell, another advanced African kingdom took its place, the kingdom of Songhai. http://www.uchicago.edu/docs/mp-site/plaisanceplan/graphics/berbers.jpg The Berbers still live in North Africa. This picture, taken in 1893, shows a Berber group.
http://www.exzooberance.com
As Mali declined in the 1400s, people under its control began to break away. Among these were the Songhai people to the east. They built up an army, extended their territory to the Niger River, and gained control of important trade routes. The Songhai had two very important leaders, Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad.
The picture above is one artist s idea of what the great Songhai leader, Sunni Ali might have looked like. Sunni Ali saw that the kingdom of Mali was weakening and he led his soldiers to conquer the area. He began the kingdom of Songhai. He also set up a complex government to rule all the lands he had conquered. http://www.abcorpaffairs.com/gallery/
Sunni Ali died in 1492. His son took over the rule of Songhai but he did not accept Islam as a religion. One of Sunni Ali s generals, named Askia Muhammad, overthrew the new king and made himself king of Songhai. He was a follower of Islam and continued with Islam as the religion of his kingdom. This is a photo of a mosque, or place of worship for Muslims, in western Africa. Many mosques were built of local materials. http://www.thewoz.ca/ghana/_larabanga1.jpg
Songhai remained a rich and strong kingdom under Askia Muhammad s rule. It had a complex government centered in the city of Gao, and great centers of learning. In the late 1500s, Morocco invaded Songhai to take its rich trade routes. Moroccans had a new weapon, the gun, and the army of Songhai did not. This led to the fall of Songhai. (Photo courtesy of African Origin of Civilization by Cheikh Anta Diop)
To the south and west, was the kingdom of Benin. The oba or kings of Benin date from the 1200s and the rulers based their right to rule on descent from the first kings of Africa. In the 1400s the oba made Benin into a major western state. The oba built up a powerful army, walled cities, and huge palaces with magnificent artwork. In the 1480s Portuguese trading ships began to sail into Benin s ports, trading for pepper, animal skins, ivory, and slaves. This began centuries of European interference in Africa.
By 1100, Bantu peoples had migrated to the eastern coast of Africa. Slowly the coastal villages grew into major seaports; trading with Arabia, Persia, and India. As trade increased, many Muslim Arabs and Persian traders settled in these port cities. Arabic blended with the Bantu language, creating the Swahili language. By 1300, there were more than 35 major port cities along the eastern coast
In 1331, Ibn Battuta, a traveler and historian from N. Africa, came to the city of Kilwa. He admired the great wealth of the Muslim merchants and their families.
In 1488, the first Portuguese ships rounded the Southern tip of Africa, looking for a route to India. Instead they found the port cities of Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa; the Portuguese conquered these cities and re-established them as their own ports.
Muslim traders introduced Islam to the East African coast, and the growth of commerce caused the religion to spread. A Muslim sultan or ruler governed most cities, and most gov t officials and wealthy merchants were Muslim as well. Most Africans kept their traditional religious beliefs, however. Along with luxury goods, Muslim merchants exported enslaved persons to India and China.
[...] Owing to the native abundance of cheap labor in Asia, Asian demand for East African slaves always remained low. So, unlike the trans-atlantic slave trade, Indian ocean slave traffic was sporadic and small in volume with two exceptions during the eighth to ninth centuries and the nineteenth century. During the 8th and 9th centuries labor demands increased with the reclamation of marsh land in Southern Iraq. In the 19th century the volume of slave traffic began to rise due to the demand for slaves on plantations on Zanzibar, Pemba, Reunion, Mauritius and Madagascar. In contrast to the trans-atlantic slave trade the documentation for the total amount of slaves taken out of East Africa is fragmentary and uneven with the exception of the nineteenth century trade. Consequently, estimates for the total period are at best educated guesses. Some scholars estimate the total volume of the trade at four million with a constant yearly traffic of about five hundred to seven hundred. These figures spiked during the 7th and 9th centuries and the 19th century. During the 19th century the yearly traffic ranged from 3,000 to twenty thousand per year.[...]
In southeastern Africa the Shona people established a city called Great Zimbabwe, which grew into a gold-trade empire. Around 1000, the Shona gained control of many trade routes with the ability to tax whoever traveled through. Great Zimbabwe soon became the economic, political, and religious center of the empire. By 1450, Great Zimbabwe was abandoned. All we know of the culture comes from the city s amazing ruins. Look at p.426
According to Shona tradition, a man named Mutota left Great Zimbabwe around 1420 in search of a new source of salt. He founded a new state, which became known as the Mutapa Empire. Gradually, the Portuguese began to interfere here as well.