Famil: Phllathaceae Taxo: Phllathus reticulatus Som: Kirgaelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill. Commo Name: Potato bush Roast potato plat Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0? 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 1 of 8
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 2 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 12 Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 2 of 8
Supportig Data: 101 2002. Maadhar, N.P.. Plats ad people of Nepal. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 101 2007. Va Wk, B./va Wk, P.. How to Idetif Trees i Souther Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Phllathus reticulatus - Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.arsgri.gov/cgi-bi/pgs/html/tax 202 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Phllathus reticulatus - Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.arsgri.gov/cgi-bi/pgs/html/tax 203 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 203 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 204 2002. Maadhar, N.P.. Plats ad people of Nepal. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 205 1989. Fl, T.. Specime Details for Phllathus reticulatus Poir. [BISH 548241]. Bishop Museum, http://sdb.bishopmuseum.org/iclude/cpop.asp? catum=21740196 205 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Phllathus reticulatus - Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.arsgri.gov/cgi-bi/pgs/html/tax 301 1991. Kawasaki, A.. Specime Details for Phllathus reticulatus Poir. [BISH 50402]. Bishop Museum, http://sdb.bishopmuseum.org/iclude/cpop.asp? catum=21576415 [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2 -high] "Native: AFRICA Norther Africa: Egpt Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; Somalia; Suda East Tropical Africa: Kea; Tazaia; Ugada West-Cetral Tropical Africa: Cameroo; Cetral Africa Republic; Zaire West Tropical Africa: Bei; Cote D'Ivoire; Ghaa; Guiea; Mali; Niger; Nigeria; Seegal; Sierra Leoe South Tropical Africa: Agola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe Souther Africa: Botswaa; Lesotho; Namibia; - Cape Provice, KwaZulu-Natal, Trasvaal; Swazilad ASIA-TEMPERATE Chia: Chia - Fujia, Guagdog, Guagxi, Guizhou, Haia, Hua, Jiagxi, Sichua, Yua Easter Asia: Taiwa ASIA-TROPICAL Idia Subcotiet: Bhuta; Idia; Nepal; Sri Laka Ido-Chia: Cambodia; Laos; Mamar; Thailad; Vietam Malesia: Idoesia - Celebes, Iria Jaa, Java, Kalimata, Lesser Suda Islads, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malasia; Philippies" [Qualit of climate match data? 2-high] Broad ative distributio i tropical regios. [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "Ope forests, scrub; 200 800 m. Fujia, Guagdog, Guagxi, Guizhou, Haia, Hua, Jiagxi, Sichua, Taiwa, Yua [Bhuta, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Nepal, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam; W Africa, NE Australia]." [Temperate to tropical distributio] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "It is foud i Idia ad Taiwa up to 2000 m altitude...altitude: 800-2 000 m" [elevatio rage >1000 m, exhibitig potetial evirometal versatilit] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Distributed i cetral ad easter Nepal to about 800 m; also i orther Idia, Bhuta, Sri Laka, souther Chia, Southeast Asia, ad tropical Africa." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Ukow] "Localit: USA, Polesia, Hawaiia Islads, Kauai,& Koloa District. Lawai Valle. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde. Medicial area Remarks: NTBG ass. #830341001. Coll. S. Lucas (1071), Sri Laka: Dambulla, Aralakill. Medicial." [Plated o Kauai i botaical garde] [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Ukow] Broad ative distributio, with ot much evidece of itroductio outside ative rage. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Escape from cultivatio] "Localit: USA, Polesia, Hawaiia Islads, Hawaii, & Maulua Gulch Remarks: It could be a escape from cultivatio." Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 3 of 8
301 2004. Mito, T./Uesugi, T.. Ivasive Alie Species i Japa: The Status Quo ad the New Regulatio for Prevetio of their Adverse Effects. Global Evirometal Research. 8(2): 171-191. 301 2011. Parker, J.. BIISC Earl Detectio Botaist. Pers. Comm. 18 Ma 2011. 302 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 303 1994. Burkill, H.M.. The Useful Plats of West Tropical Africa: Volume 2. Kew Publishig, Surre, UK [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Table 1 Alie species recogized to be established i Japa or foud i the Japaese wild (as of October 27, 2004)" [Icludes P. reticulatus] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "ew shrub see aturalizig o hillsides i Niole. Phllathus reticulatus" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] "The utid shape is best used is a bush clump or to fill a urul corer. Growth is rampat ad a moud 3 m high ad 5 m i diameter forms after three ears." [No evidece. However, descriptio of growth ad habit similar to that of weed plats] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "The plat ca become a ivasive weed of cultivated lad. It is reported i Gabo to be toxic to poultr (22, 23), but the part(s) of the plat is ot idicated." 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Phllathus reticulatus [Olie [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "agricultural weed, aturalised, weed" Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phllathus_retic ulatus/ 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Phllathus reticulatus [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phllathus_retic ulatus/ [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece 305 1995. Norcii, J.G./Stamps, R.H./Aldrich, J.H.. Preemerget Cotrol of Log-Stalked Phllathus (Phllathus teellus) ad Leafflower(Phllathus uriaria). Weed Techolog. 9(4): 783-788. 401 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 402 2010. Natioal Biodiversit Istitute. PlatzAfrica.com - Phllathus http://www.platzafrica.com/platop/phllathusr 403 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Phllathus reticulatus - Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.arsgri.gov/cgi-bi/pgs/html/tax 404 1993. Msagi, R.B.R./Hardest, L.H.. Forage Value of Native ad Itroduced Browse Species i Tazaia. Joural of Rage Maagemet 46(5): 410-415. 46(5): 410-415. 404 1997. Va Wk, B./Va Wk, P.. Field guide to trees of Souther Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 405 1993. Msagi, R.B.R./Hardest, L.H.. Forage Value of Native ad Itroduced Browse Species i Tazaia. Joural of Rage Maagemet 46(5): 410-415. 46(5): 410-415. [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Leafflower (also kow as chamberbitter or gripeweed) ad log-stalked phllathus, members of the Euphorbiaceae, are becomig major problems i urseries, ladscape platigs, ad turf i some areas of the southeaster U.S. (4). Phllathus teellus is a aturalized pereial that reportedl occurs as far orth as Sumter, SC (13). It ca become ivasive due to its rapid flowerig ad explosivel dehiscet fruit. Phllathus uriaria, a aual primaril foud i the Gulf coast states to the Carolias, spreads less rapidl (4, 13). Both species are cosidered warm seaso weed problems. These species have the potetial to spread throughout USDA hardiess zoes 8a ad higher." [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Usuall a dese deciduous shrub or small tree to 10 m, sometimes climbig ito trees Mai stem: larger brachlets brow, leticels ma be preset; sometimes agular; braches arch dow to the groud if ot supported; bark pale reddish-brow, logitudiall fissured. Leaves: leaves bore o deciduous side braches to 150 mm log, alterate; simple, appearig to be compoud due to attachmet to the base of deciduous side braches; oval to elliptic (11-65 x 5-30 mm); apex ad base broadl taperig to rouded; margi etire; dark gree above, paler below; hairless; petiole 1-4 mm." [Allelopathic? No evidece] "Potato bush grows best i deep moist soil, but ca also tolerate sad but ot too dr coditios. This plat is best plated together with other taller bushes where it ca scramble." [Parasitic? No] "Phllathaceae subfamil: Phllathoideae tribe: Phllatheae. Also placed i: Euphorbiaceae " [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Phllathus reticulatus was the most frequet browse plat i diets throughout the stud ad goats cosumed relativel costat amouts of it " [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Browsed b game ad stock." [Toxic to aimals? No] "Phllathus reticulatus was the most frequet browse plat i diets throughout the stud ad goats cosumed relativel costat amouts of it " [No evidece of toxicit metioed i stud] Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 4 of 8
405 1997. Va Wk, B./Va Wk, P.. Field guide to trees of Souther Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 406 1995. Shivas, R.G.. New records of plat pathoges i the Kimberle regio of orther Wester Australia. Australasia PlatPatholog. 24: 188-201. 406 2007. Thaug, M.M.. Powder mildews i Burma with referece to their global host fugus distributios ad taxoomic comparisos. Australasia Plat Patholog. 36: 543 551. 407 1997. Va Wk, B./Va Wk, P.. Field guide to trees of Souther Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 407 2006. Begum, T./Rahma, M.S./Rashid, M.A.. Phtochemical ad Biological Ivestigatios of Phllathus Joural of Pharmacological Sciece. 5(1-2): 21-23. 407 2010. Natioal Biodiversit Istitute. PlatzAfrica.com - Phllathus http://www.platzafrica.com/platop/phllathusr 408 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 409 2007. Va Wk, B./va Wk, P.. How to Idetif Trees i Souther Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, [Toxic to aimals? No] "Browsed b game ad stock." [No evidece] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Ukow] "New records of microorgaisms, mail fugi, that cause or are associated with diseases of plats i the arid tropics of orther Wester Australia are listed...phllathus reticulatus Poiret Raveelia brevispora (PERTH750875) - Leaf rust" [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Ukow. Importace of pathoges ukow] "Abstract. Powder mildews i lowlad cetral Burma were collected, idetified ad classified followig a traditioal taxoomic approach. The totalled 54 o 31 host-plat families ad beloged to the geera Blumeria, Ersiphe (Uciula), Goloviomces, Leveillula, Phllactiia, Podosphaera (Sphaerotheca), Oidiopsis ad Oidium. A host idex is icluded. Collectios are held i Herbariums IMI ad UC (=LAM) ad also o deposit at the the Istitute of Agriculture, Madala, Burma...Oidium phllathi J.M. Ye 1967 ( Oidium phllathi Naraaas. ad K. Ramakr. 1971,O. ramakrishaii Hosag. 1991) o leaves of Phllathus aus Hook.f., Madala, 10 Apr 1973, as well as Idia, Taiwa ad Thailad o Phllathus spp. icludig P. reticulatus Poir. Cf. Ersiphe phllathi (Taada ad U. Brau) U. Brau ad S. Takam. 2000...Oidium phllathi var. reticulatus, i Ahmad et al. (2005), o leaves of Phllathus reticulatus Poir, Ragoo, 10 Ja 1974 (LAM 2208530). Cf. Oidium spp. I Africa, Australia, Chia, South ad South-East Asia, Ersiphe sp. i Japa, Goloviomces orotii (Castage) V.P. Heluta 1988 ( Ersiphe orotii Castage 1851) i, Goloviomces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta 1988 var. cichoracearum ( Ersiphe cichoracearum DC. 1805) i Idia, ad Leveillula taurica (L ev.) G. Araud 1921 i South Asia ad Suda o Phllathus sp." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Ukow] "Leaves ad fruit used mediciall. The fruit produce a black de." [No metio of toxicit] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Ukow] "The leaves are emploed as a diuretic ad coolig medicie. The juice of the leaves is used to care diarrhoea i ifats. The stems are used to treat sore i ees ad the powdered leaf is used i sores, burs, suppuratios ad chafig of the ski." [Multiple medicial uses suggests that poisoig or toxicit could result with improper cotact or admiistratio of doses] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Ukow] "From Zambia, it is reported that the plat is used as a remed for aaemia ad itestial haemorrhage while roots ad fruit are reported to have bee used for crimial poisoig i Zambia. Several tribes as well as the Europea farmers use the powdered leaf as a local applicatio for sores, burs ad veereal sores. The bark ad leaf are used as a diuretic." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No evidece] "occurrig i bushveld, particularl riverie thicket ad i the shade of bush clumps." [No idicatio that this species is adapted to fire proe ecosstems, or is highl flammable, but if able to form a thicket or climb ito other vegetatio, fuel loads, ad subsequetl fire hazards, ma be icreased] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "occurrig i bushveld, particularl riverie thicket ad i the shade of bush clumps." 409 2011. Hde, M.A./Wurste, B.. Flora of Zimbabwe: Idividual record o: 21653: [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Habitat: I riverie forest shade" Phllathus http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/spec ies-record.php?record_id=21653, retrieved 20 Ma 2011 410 2010. Natioal Biodiversit Istitute. PlatzAfrica.com - Phllathus http://www.platzafrica.com/platop/phllathusr [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Ukow] "Potato bush grows best i deep moist soil, but ca also tolerate sad but ot too dr coditios." 410 2011. Wester Australia Herbarium. FloraBase - The Wester Australia Flora - Phllathus Departmet of Eviromet ad Coservatio, http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/46 84 Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Ukow] "Sad soils, rock loam,, sadstoe." Page 5 of 8
411 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 411 2010. Kawakita, A.. Evolutio of obligate polliatio mutualism i the tribe Phllatheae [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes. Depedig o where it is growig] "Usuall a dese deciduous shrub or small tree to 10 m, sometimes climbig ito trees " [capable of climbig] [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes. If supportig vegetatio is preset] "Phllathus reticulatus is a scadet shrub that asceds b cligig to the (Phllathaceae). Plat Species Biolog. 25: 3-19. surroudig vegetatio." 412 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 412 2007. Va Wk, B./va Wk, P.. How to Idetif Trees i Souther Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 501 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 502 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Phllathus reticulatus - Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.arsgri.gov/cgi-bi/pgs/html/tax 503 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Phllathus reticulatus - Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.arsgri.gov/cgi-bi/pgs/html/tax 504 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 601 1981. Air Shaw, H. K.. The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulleti. 36(2): 239-374. 601 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 601 2010. Natioal Biodiversit Istitute. PlatzAfrica.com - Phllathus http://www.platzafrica.com/platop/phllathusr 602 2002. Maadhar, N.P.. Plats ad people of Nepal. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 603 1996. Pope, G.V. (ed.). Flora Zambesiaca Vol 9 (4). Euphorbiaceae (excludig Euphorbieae). Kew Publishig ad Flora Zambesiaca Maagig Committee, Richmod, Surre, UK 604 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 604 2009. Kawakita, A./Kato, M.. Repeated idepedet evolutio of obligate polliatio mutualism i the Phllatheae - Epicephala associatio. Proceedigs of the Roal Societ B. 276: 417 426. [Forms dese thickets? Possibl] "It occurs i deciduous woodlad, ofte i thickets ad o termite mouds." [Forms dese thickets? Possibl] "occurrig i bushveld, particularl riverie thicket ad i the shade of bush clumps." [Ukow if plat forms mootpic thickets i these areas] [Aquatic? No] "Usuall a dese deciduous shrub or small tree to 10 m, sometimes climbig ito trees " [Grass? No] "Famil: Phllathaceae subfamil: Phllathoideae tribe: Phllatheae. Also placed i: Euphorbiaceae" [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Famil: Phllathaceae subfamil: Phllathoideae tribe: Phllatheae. Also placed i: Euphorbiaceae" [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Usuall a dese deciduous shrub or small tree to 10 m, sometimes climbig ito trees " [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Phllathus reticulatus is listed o the Red List of plats 2009 as of Least Cocer. A taxo is of Least Cocer whe after beig evaluated agaist the IUCN criteria, does ot qualif for the categories Criticall Edagered, Edagered, Vulerable ad Near Threateed, or the categories Criticall Rare, Rare or Decliig. Widespread ad abudat taxa are tpicall listed i this categor." [No evidece] [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Propagated b seeds." [Hbridizes aturall? Yes] "Phllathus reticulatus var. glaber hbridizes with P. ovalifolius to produce the hbrid P. collium-misuku" [Self-compatible or apomictic? Ukow] "Flowers: o short braches stalks i the leaf axils; sexes i the same iflorescece; small, white tiged with red or purple; smells like mashed potato towards eveig." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Ukow. Possibl] "Traits possibl associated with Epicephala polliatio iclude floral morpholog, polle to ovule ratio, ectar productio, self-compatibilit, extet of polle/resource limitatio ad floral odor chemistr" Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 6 of 8
605 2010. Kawakita, A.. Evolutio of obligate [Requires specialist polliators? Possibl] "Probabl most, if ot all, of the polliatio mutualism i the tribe Phllatheae species i this sectio, together with the morphologicall similar ad closel (Phllathaceae). Plat Species Biolog. 25: 3-19. related sectio Floribudi, share the Epicephala polliatio sdrome (Kawakita & Kato 2009). Moth eggs are laid withi the pedicels or i the ovar tissue, thus damagig the flowers. A sigle Epicephala larva cosumes all of the seeds i each fruit i P. reticulatus (Luo 2006), but the proportio of seeds cosumed per larva ma var amog host species (A. Kawakita, pers. obs., 2009)." 606 2010. Natioal Biodiversit Istitute. PlatzAfrica.com - Phllathus http://www.platzafrica.com/platop/phllathusr 607 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 701 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 702 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 703 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 704 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 705 1994. Burkill, H.M.. The Useful Plats of West Tropical Africa: Volume 2. Kew Publishig, Surre, UK 705 2000. va Coller, A.L./Rogers, K.H./Heritage, G.L.. Riparia Vegetatio-Eviromet Relatioships: Complimetarit of Gradiets versus Patch Hierarch Approaches. Joural of Vegetatio Sciece. 11(3): 337-350. 705 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 706 1956. Webster, G.L.. A moographic stud of the West Idia species of Phllathus. Joural of the Arold Arboretum. 37: 217-268. 706 1981. Air Shaw, H. K.. The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulleti. 36(2): 239-374. 706 2002. Maadhar, N.P.. Plats ad people of Nepal. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 706 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 706 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "P. reticulatus grows easil from seeds...there is a ver low success rate i growig potato bush through cuttigs." [No evidece] [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 2] "Flowerig commeces at two ears ad the flowerig period is log, if irregular: up to eight moths i total durig the ear." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? Ukow] "Fruit a berr, globose to oblate, 4 6 mm wide, black ad dark purplish at maturit, 4 12 celled, 8 16-seeded. Seeds trigoous, 1.6 2 mm, brow." [No evidece, but seeds are small ad could be dispersed uitetioall i soil] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Phllathus is resposible for the strog smell of bakes potatoes characteristic of a hot, late afteroo i the Lowveld Phllathus ca hardl be described as beautiful but is a must for those who love the smell of the Lowveld.: [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "The flowers are followed b a prolific crop of black berries, relished b birds." [Geerall ot grow with produce, ad dispersal method ot coducive to produce cotamiatio] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "Fruit: roud berries, i dese clusters; red to black whe mature; +/- 5 mm i diam Birds ad game eat the fruit despite reports that the are poisoous." [No adaptatios for wid dispersal] [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl] "A shrub to 3 m high, of the savaa forest, ofte o river-baks, throughout the Regio from Seegal to N ad S Nigeria, ad widespread elsewhere i tropical Africa." [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl] "The riparia vegetatio withi the stud area has bee classified ito six vegetatio tpes (va Coller et al. 1997). The are the Phragmites mauritiaus, the Phllathus reticulatus, the Breoadia salicia, the Combretum erthrophllum, the Diospros mespiliformis ad the Spirostachs africaa tpes." [part of riparia vegetatio commuit, but abilit to be water dispersed ukow] [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl] "occurrig i bushveld, particularl riverie thicket ad i the shade of bush clumps." [distributio suggests fruits or seeds ma occasioall be water dispersed] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "I others the exocarp ever dries up. ad the fruit is either baccate or drupaceous. depedig o the degree of scleriflcatio of the edocarp. I P. reticulatus (sect. Aisoema). which has a baccate fruit, the edocarp is ot ol teuous but is ot clearl differetiated from the exocarp " [Presumabl es, Flesh-fruited] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruit a small berr, 3-5 mm diam.; leaves thi, membraaceous or chartaceous, to 5 x 1-5 cm; flowers axillar (Aisoema)." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Ripe fruits are edible." [I cotrast to Schmidt et al. 2002] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "The flowers are followed b a prolific crop of black berries, relished b birds." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruit: roud berries, i dese clusters; red to black whe mature; +/- 5 mm i diam Birds ad game eat the fruit despite reports that the are poisoous." Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 7 of 8
707 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 708 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McClelad, W.. Trees ad shrubs of Mpumalaga ad Kruger Natioal Park. Jacaa Media, Johaesburg, 708 2010. Natioal Biodiversit Istitute. PlatzAfrica.com - Phllathus http://www.platzafrica.com/platop/phllathusr 801 2002. Nichols, G.. Dow to Earth: Gardeig with Idigeous Shrubs. Struik Publishers, Cape Tow, 801 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 802 2005. Perera, G.A.D.. Spatial heterogeeit of the soil seed bak i the tropical semideciduous forest at Wasgomuwa Natioal Park, Sri Laka. Tropical Ecolog. 46(1): 79-89. 802 2008. Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/ [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Fruit a berr, globose to oblate, 4 6 mm wide, black ad dark purplish at maturit, 4 12 celled, 8 16- seeded. Seeds trigoous, 1.6 2 mm, brow." [Theoreticall possible due to small seed size, but o evidece, ad ulikel as there are o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Presumabl es] "Fruit: roud berries, i dese clusters; red to black whe mature; +/- 5 mm i diam Birds ad game eat the fruit despite reports that the are poisoous." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "The purplish-black fruits are eate b vervet mokes, birds ad small browsers. There are reports from Tazaia that the fruits ad the leaves ma cause poisoig whe browsed i large quatities." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ukow] "Flowerig commeces at two ears ad the flowerig period is log, if irregular: up to eight moths i total durig the ear...the flowers are followed b a prolific crop of black berries, relished b birds." [Log reproductive period, ad "prolific" crop of fruit suggest that high seed desities might be produced] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ukow] "Fruit a berr, globose to oblate, 4 6 mm wide, black ad dark purplish at maturit, 4 12 celled, 8 16-seeded. Seeds trigoous, 1.6 2 mm, brow." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Table 3. Abudace of seeds of wood species i the soil seed bak alog trasects, the ecolog of seeds ad their major dispersal aget" [Icludes Phllathus reticulatus, but logevit of seeds i soil seed bak ukow] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Storage Behaviour: Orthodox" 803 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o chemical cotrol or herbicide efficac was foud 804 2011. Scogigs, P.F./Johasso, T./Hjalte, J./Kruger, J.. Resposes of wood vegetatio to exclusio of large herbivores i semi-arid savaas. Austral Ecolog. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02249.x:. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] "Table 2. Proportio (%) of plats i 2002 that were uprooted, felled, pollarded, debarked or had broke braches amog species comprisig 83% of all wood plats at the Nkuhlu large-scale log-term exclusio experimet i Kruger Natioal Park" [Phllathus reticulatus is oe of the plats that is subjected to damage b foragig elephats, which simulate the effects of mutilatio & cultivatio, but there is o idicatio of how well the plats tolerate this damage] 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 5/20/2011 Phllathus reticulatus (Phllathaceae) Page 8 of 8