Empires of the Early Modern Era The Emergence of a New World Order 1450-1750
Agenda Mongol Essay wrap-up Aztec vs Inca Essay? European Empires discussion
Learning Targets Explain what s new about the empires of the modern era. Explain the forces of change in Europe that are driving the new empires. Compare the nature of European colonies around the world.
A Short History of Empire Why do empires exist? Compare the different styles of empire building: Collected city-states (Greece and Mesopotamia and Maya) Live and let live (Persia and Rome) Full Assimilation (Islam(sorta), China)
What s new about these empires? Overseas colonies Gunpowder New religious and cultural conflicts within empires New motivations for empire building
The New European Empires Why Europe? Predictable Atlantic wind patterns made seafaring travel pretty easy Motivation Intense and age-old rivalries Wanted to bypass the Ottoman Empire when trading Desire for wealth and technology The Renaissance Inferiority complex The Protestant Reformation
What helped the Europeans? New seafaring technology Faster boats, better navigation, more guns Organization The dominance of the merchant class Social mobility Divisions within American groups Guns, germs, horses, and steel Diseases Plague, smallpox, etc.
Early Explorations 1. Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca 2. A New Player Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. 3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming Treasure Fleet
New Maritime Technology Astrolabe Better Maps Mariners Compass Sextant
New Weapons
Portuguese Exploration 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2. Sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator 3. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 4. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. 5. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigates the Globe (early 16 th c)
Atlantic Explorations
The Columbian Exchange Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony!
New Colonial Empires It s the European nations on the Atlantic coast Portugal starts exploration Spain competes for shortcuts to Asia Britain and France try to catch up The Netherlands gets in on this as well, just in a smaller way
Spain What makes Spain Spain? Reconquista New religious identity New economic needs What do they want? Money Power Glory for God
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The Death of Montezuma II
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
Treasures from the Americas!
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3. Papal agreement.
The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission
Portugal Less of a religious motive than Spain The original European explorers Portugal s motivation is almost exclusively financial Focused mainly on the Indian Ocean, the colony in Brazil was an accident.
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
The Colonial difference. While still Catholic and rather religious, missionaries had less support from the Portuguese crown, and less overall impact. While Spain exploited the whole territory, the Portuguese presence was primarily coastal. The Americas were the whole of the Spanish empire, while Portugal remained focused on its Asian interests.
France Coming out of the Hundred Years War, the King of France was the most powerful monarch in Europe. Beat the British. French kings had wrestled power away from the French nobility French kings had even managed to check the power of the Pope Other schism
France France began by looking for a northern passage to Asia. Like Spain, the French believed in mercantilism Kings had total control over New France Who could go Economic control Even religious restrictions New France just had less than New Spain Mostly furs
England England had just lost the Hundred Years War, and was giving up on the dream of conquering Europe itself English kings were relatively weak Magna Carta (1215) Parliament More or less pwned by the Pope The Protestant Reformation and its political turmoil created a greater degree of change in England than in other European empires (except the HRE)
English colonies Jamestown (Virginia) Founded privately, with the crown s permission Filled by those leaving England in search of economic opportunity Small farmers Plantations of cash crops The Massachusetts Bay Colony Founded privately Settled by Calvinist pilgrims seeking a new religious home Why does Calvinism matter?
European Colonies
New Colonial Empires
New Colonial Rivalries 1494-Spain and Portugal both claim the new world for themselves. Turn to the Pope to settle it The treaty of Tordesillas divides the world Line of Demarcation
The Line of Demarcation
Territorial skirmishes Competition causes England to fund privateers to raid Spanish Galleons leaving the Caribbean Leads to a big fight between the English navy and the Spanish Armada Over the 16th and 17th centuries, rivals stole some Spanish holdings England- Jamaica, Guyana, Bahamas, VI France- Haiti, Fr. Guiana Netherlands- Suriname
The Seven Years War 1756- Rivalries between England and France blow up. They fight in India, Africa, the Caribbean, and here. For 7 years, British troops, colonists, and Indian allies fight against French troops, colonists, and their Indian allies. 1763- Treaty of Paris Grants France benefits in Europe and Africa Grants England India, Canada, and the northwest territory.