Famil: Cucurbitaceae Taxo: Sechium edule Som: Chaota edulis Jacq. [= Sechium edule subsp Sicos edulis Jacq. [ Sechium edule subsp. e Commo Name: chaote cho-cho vegetable-pear Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Patti Clifford Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Patti Clifford WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 1 of 7
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 7 Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 101 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 102 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 103 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 201 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 202 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 203 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 204 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 205 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 301 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 301 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 302 2008. Biodi, D./Pedrosa-Macedo, J.H.. Platas ivsoras ecotradas a area urbaa de Curitiba (PR) [Ivasive plats observed i the urba area of Curitiba - Brazil. Floresta. 38: 129-144. [Is the species highl domesticated? Yes] "From the ethohistorical record, we kow that, at least i Mexico, chaote has bee cultivated sice pre-colombia times. The first descriptio of chaote was probabl that of Fracisco Herádez, who was i Mexico from 1550 to 1560." [Is the species highl domesticated? Yes] Chaote cultivars do ot breed true. Commerciall grow chaote cosists of two tpes: oe with a medium-sized, pale gree, smooth, pear-shaped fruit ad oe with a small, white, smooth, globular fruit. [Has the species become aturalized where grow? Yes] Naturalized i Hawaii o Kauai, Oahu, Maui ad Hawaii Islads. [Does the species have weed races? Ukow] [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"? 2 - high] Native distributio: Mexico - Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Veracruz. [Qualit of climate match data? 2 - high] Native distributio: Mexico - Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Veracruz. [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "The widest variet of cultivated chaote is foud i souther Mexico, Guatemala ad Costa Rica, at altitudes of 500-1500 m." It is a medium- to high-altitude crop (300-2000 m as), it requires a high relative humidit (80-85%), well-distributed aual precipitatio of at least 1500-2000 mm ad 12 hours dalight to iitiate flowerig. [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] I West Africa Sechium edule produces fruit well at 350-2500 m altitude. I the Atilles, chaote produces fruit at sea-level ol durig the cool seaso, at medium elevatios the whole ear, ad at 1600 m altitude ol durig the warmest moths. [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Native distributio: Mexico - Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Veracruz. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] Sechium edule is widel cultivated throughout the Americas. It was itroduced to South America durig the 18th ad 19th ceturies. Durig the same time it was itroduced ito Europe ad take to Africa, Asia ad Australia. It was itroduced to the Uited States at the ed of the 19th cetur. I 1978 chaote was the fifth most importat commercial crop i Brazil. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] Naturalized i Hawaii o Kauai, Oahu, Maui ad Hawaii Islads. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] I Reuio ad Mauritius Sechium edule is locall aturalized. [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed?] I this surve of a radom sample of areas i the cit of Curitiba, Brazil Sechium edule was recorded as oe of the ivasive species. 302 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] Scored as a evirometal weed. 303 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece. Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 3 of 7
304 2011. Zei, R.D./Ziller, S.R.. A overview of ivasive plats i Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botâica. 34(3): 431-446. 305 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 401 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 404 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 404 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 405 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 405 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 406 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 407 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 407 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 408 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 409 1994. Ram, J./Glover, N.. Chaote, vegetable pear, choko - Sechium edule. Pacific Islads Farm Maual - Tropical Pereial Vegetable Leaflet. 11:.CTAHR, Uiversit of Hawaii, Hoolulu 410 1994. Ram, J./Glover, N.. Chaote, vegetable pear, choko - Sechium edule. Pacific Islads Farm Maual - Tropical Pereial Vegetable Leaflet. 11:.CTAHR, Uiversit of Hawaii, Hoolulu [Evirometal weed? Yes ] Sechium edule is listed as a ivasive species i the Phsiogomic-ecological class of the Alto Paraá Atlatic forests, Araucaria moist forests, Serra do Mar coastal forests Ecoregios is Brazil. [o impacts are metioed] [Cogeeric weed? No] No evidece. [Produces spies, thors or burrs?] "Stems climbig to 40 ft. high; rootstock tuberous. Leaf petioles to 6 iches log; blades broadl ovate, to 10 iches x 10 iches, 3- or 5-agled or shallowl lobed, shortl-rough-hair, base cordate, lobe apexes taperig. Ifloresceces (stamiate) to 10 iches log. Flower corolla ±0.5 iches i diameter, gree; pistillate flower stalks ±0.5 iches log. Fruit pear-shaped, 3-8 iches log, gree to white, smooth, furrowed, or sparsel ad softl spi. Seed large, cligig to flesh, protrudig from fruit apex" [Parasitic? No] Curcurbitaceae. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] I Idia ad the Americas, the fruit ad roots are used as fodder for cattle. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] Fruits, shoots, ad tubers are used as fodder for pigs, poultr ad cattle. [Toxic to aimals? No] I Idia ad the Americas, the fruit ad roots are used as fodder for cattle. [Toxic to aimals? No] Fruits, shoots, ad tubers are used as fodder for pigs, poultr ad cattle. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? ] Sechium is i geeral ot ver susceptible to pests ad diseases, but is ofte heavil attacked b root-kot ematodes. The plats sometimes suffer from mosaic virus. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] The leaves ad roots are used for food. The stems are used to make baskets ad hats. Leaves, seeds ad fruits are used mediciall. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] Fruits, shoots, leaves ad seeds are used as food sources. Reuio had a home idustr i the 19th ad 20th cetur usig the fibers for hats. Sechium leaves ad tubers are used mediciall. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] Herbaceous climber. [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] Sechium edule grows i both full ad light shade. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? No] Well-draied sad loams are preferred, but cla soils are suitable. It does ot tolerate waterlogged soils. Soil ph of 5-6 is most appropriate. Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 4 of 7
410 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 411 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 411 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 412 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 501 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 502 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 503 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 504 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 504 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 601 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? No] Chaote productivit is greater i deep soil with plet of orgaic matter but is affected egativel b cla or sad soils. O commercial platatios, lime is ofte applied as are ematicides ad fertilizers rich i itroge ad orgaic matter. [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes] "The chaote is a herbaceous, pereial, mooecious, vigorous creeper or climbig plat. It grows from a sigle, thick root, which produces advetitious tuberous roots. The stems are agular-grooved ad glabrous, ad several grow simultaeousl from a sigle root, at least i the cultivated plats." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes] "Stems climbig to 40 ft. high; rootstock tuberous." [Forms dese thickets? No] Climbig vie. [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial. [Grass? No] Curcurbitaceae. [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Pereial climber. Curcurbitaceae. [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? Yes] "The chaote is a herbaceous, pereial, mooecious, vigorous creeper or climbig plat. It grows from a sigle, thick root, which produces advetitious tuberous roots. [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? Yes] "Stems climbig to 40 ft. high; rootstock tuberous. [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] There are wild populatios of Sechium edule i souther Mexico. [widel cultivated species] 601 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece. 602 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 602 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads [Produces viable seed? Yes] "The seed is ovoid, compressed ad smooth, ad germiates withi the fruit; i cultivated plats the seed germiates whe the fruit is still o the plat, while i wild plats ol oce the fruit becomes detached." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "The seed germiates i the ripe fruit while still o the mother plat. The stem of the seedlig grows out from the fruit apex ad curves upwards. It produces roots which abort whe the do ot make cotact with the soil." Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 5 of 7
603 1991. Newstrom, L.E.. Evidece for the origi of chaote, Sechium edule (Curcurbitaceae). Ecoomic Bota. 45: 410-428. 603 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 603 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] 604 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 605 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 605 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 606 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital [Hbridizes aturall?] "Circumstatial evidece for hbridizatio supports the affiit of Sechium compositum to Sechium edule. I 1984, a putative hbrid populatio appeared spotaeousl i the compost heap o a steep riverbak at the margi of the chaote gee bak at C.A.T.I.E. Its itermediate flower ad fruit characters suggested that the hbrid arose from S. compostitum plats ad chaote cultivars. [Hbridizes aturall?] Based o the morphological variatio foud i wild populatios (Veracruz)ad their proximit to cultivated areas the populatios could be of hbrid origi. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] Additioall, there appears to be o differece i fruit productio rates betwee plats with ope polliatio ad those which are self- or cross-polliated." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The fact that chaote polliatio depeds o isects ma be oe of the reasos wh it has spread so successfull, but it also makes it ver difficult to preserve pure strais, which is importat ot ol for commercial or traditioal platatio, but also for geebaks. The relative importace of chaote polliators has bee observed to icrease ot just with ecogeographical ad evirometal factors such as altitude ad latitude, but also with the use of pesticides. Thus, some species of bees of the geus Trigoa that have bee idetified as ver efficiet chaote polliators are foud mostl at medium to high altitudes, which are pesticide-free. I cotrast, other importat polliators, such as Apis mellifera, are most commol foud mail i commercial platatios, where pesticides are frequetl used. Secodar polliators of chaote iclude wasps from the geera Polbia, Soeca ad Parachrataegus as well as other smaller species of Trigoa." [Requires specialist polliators? No] Flowers are polliated b isects. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? ] The mai method of propagatio is b platig the seeds/fruits. Vegetative propagatio b platig basal shoots is sometimes used. 606 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Ukow] 607 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] Flowerig starts oe to two moths after germiatio. Plats start productio of fruit 3-5 moths after platig. 701 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Ukow] 702 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 702 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Sechium edule is widel cultivated throughout the Americas. It was itroduced to South America durig the 18th ad 19th ceturies. Durig the same time it was itroduced ito Europe ad take to Africa, Asia ad Australia. It was itroduced to the Uited States at the ed of the 19th cetur. I 1978 chaote was the fifth most importat commercial crop i Brazil. [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Widel cultivated for its fruit ad shoot tips. 703 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece. Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 6 of 7
704 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 705 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 706 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 707 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 708 1935. Docters va Leeuwe, W.M.. The dispersal of plats b fruit-eatig bats. Gardes Bulleti. 9: 58-63. 801 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 801 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 802 1996. Saade, R.L.. Chaote. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 8. Istitute of Plat Geetics ad Crop Plat Research, Gaterslebe/Iteratioal Plat Geetic Resources Istitute, Rome, Ital 802 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H. (ed.). Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] Fruit pear-shaped 3-8" log. [Propagules water dispersed? Ukow] [Propagules bird dispersed? No] Fruit 3-8". [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] Fruit pear-shaped 3-8" log. [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] Fruit-eatig bats have bee observed to feed o Sechium edule. [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] Oe plat ca produce more tha 300 fruits per ear. Each fruit has oe seed. [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] Aual ields ma rage from 75-300 or more per plat. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] Sechium edule has edocarpic ad precocious germiatio. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] Seed caot be stored for much loger tha oe moth sice it is viviparous ad has o dormac. 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] 804 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 10/12/2012 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) Page 7 of 7
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk: Naturalized i Hawaii, Reuio ad Mauritius Evirometal weed i Brazil Disturbace weed (urba) i Brazil Shade tolerat Smotherig growth form (creeper/climber) Geophte (udergroud tuber) Self-compatible (oe plat ca reproduce) Reproduces i less tha oe ear Widel cultivated b humas Possibl bat dispersed Low Risk: Domesticated (limited dispersal mechaisms) Uarmed (o spies, thors, burrs) Palatable to aimals No-toxic to humas or aimals Itolerat of ma soil tpes Not a prolific seed producer No seed bak