Americn-Eursin Journl of Scientific Reserch 8 (1): 24-30, 2013 ISSN 1818-6785 IDOSI Pulictions, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejsr.2013.8.1.6671 Smllholder Cttle Milk Production, Utiliztion nd Mrketing Pttern in Different Agro-Ecologicl Districts of Ilu A Bor Zone, Southwestern Ethiopi Teshger Aylew, Bely Dugum nd TyeTolemrim Deprtment of Animl Science, College of Agriculture nd Veterinry Medicine, Jimm University, P.O. Box 307, Jimm, Ethiopi Astrct: The im of this study ws to ssess trditionl milk production, utiliztion nd mrketing systems in the three districts of Ilu A Bor Zone of Oromi Regionl Stte, South western Ethiopi. A strtified rndomly smpling technique ws dopted to smple nd dminister pre-tested, structured questionnires to totl of 180 (60 from ech gro-ecologicl zone) households. Dt were nlyzed using descriptive sttistics such s mens, percentile nd GLM ANOVA. The study show tht the overll verge milk produced per household (HH) per dy for the three districts ws 2.78±0.14 liters nd reveled significnt (P<0.05) difference etween districts. Of the totl milk produced per HH per dy, 45.5, 44 nd 10%% ws used for home consumption, processing nd sle. Milk processing ws sed on sour milk. Trditionl milk processing mterils identified in the study re were cly pot (wciti in Afn Oromo-locl lnguge), ottle gourd (ro oo/diroo in Afn Oromo-locl lnguge) nd jr cne. Aout 26.9, 36.9 nd 36.2% of the respondents used Urgeess (Premnschimperi), Bkrii (unidentified) nd Ejers (Olefricn), respectively, for smoking trditionl milk utensils. It ws oserved tht 64.4% of the respondents in the study re mrket milk nd milk products. There ws significntly (P<0.05) difference in the mount of milk mrketed etween districts. Milk nd diry products mrketing chnnels were frmers-to-consumers nd frmers-to-retilers-to-consumers. Fctors ffecting price of milk nd its products were seson distnce to mrket, religious nd ntionl festivities nd fsting. Key words: Agro-Ecology Milk Mrketing Milk Processing Milk Utiliztion INTRODUCTION 2,591.186 million Liters. According to Getchew [4], out 97 nd 3% of the totl milk production is from Demnd for niml products in Su-Shrn Afric indigenous nd improved diry cows, respectively. The nd generlly in the developing countries is likely to smllholder diry frmers contriute 97% of the totl rise significntly s result of popultion growth, ntionl milk production of Ethiopi [5]. urniztion nd rising income in the fce of reltively low Milk nd milk products form prt of the diet for mny levels of consumption t present [1]. Demnd for milk Ethiopins. Both rurl nd urn people fondly relish nd diry products hs incresed in the tropicl res diry products. They consume diry products either s where people s incomes hve een growing [2]. However, fresh milk or in fermented or soured form. In Rurl despite milk's contriution to gross domestic product Ethiopi, 68% of the totl milk produced is used for humn nd its vlue s food, su-shrn Afric hs filed to consumption in the form of fresh milk, utter, cheese ttin self-sufficiency in diry production [3]. nd yogurt while the rest is given to clves nd wsted Dt of the Ntionl Agriculturl Smple Enumertion in the process [6]. The Ntionl Agriculturl Smple Results indicted tht thetotl milk production in Enumertion Results of 2001/2002 CSA, [7] indicted Ethiopi for the yer 2003/2004 ws estimted to e tht t ntionl level 48.2% of the milk is consumed s Corresponding Author: Bely Duguum, Deprtment of Animl Science, College of Agriculture nd Veterinry Medicine, Jimm University, P. O. Box 307, Jimm, Ethiopi. 24
whole fresh milk or in fermented form (ergo) wheres vegetles, spices nd rice. Humn popultion of the 46.6% is used for utter mking nd only 5.2% mrketed zone is 1,492,183 people. Out of the totl popultion, 88% [7]. In most peri-urnres, 74.6% of the milk produced live in the rurl res. Annul precipittion rnges from is either used t home or mrketed in liquid formwhile 1500-2200mm with 6 to 9 months of rin fll [14]. 17.5% fed to clves, 8% churned nd mrketed in to utter Bcho, Algie nd Chewk re the three districts of oil stte nd 0.3% is wsted [8]. the zone selected for this study sed on vrition in Thus, the milk produced in the rurl res is either ltitude nd potentil for cttle resource. Bcho, Algiend used for direct consumption t home or soured nd Chewk districts represented high, medium nd Low processed into utter nd cottge cheese (Ayi) to e lnd, respectively. Bcho, Algie nd Chewk districts re sold to frther res nd urn centers [6]. Aout 85, 38.5 locted t distnce of 640, 654 nd 560 km, respectively nd 19% of the milk produced in Wolit, Arsi nd from Addis A. Bcho, Algie nd Chewk districts Gojmis converted into utter ndmrketed. However, in were situted t n ltitude rnging from 1650 to 2500, Addis A, 94.5% of the milk produced in intr-urn 1139 to 2165 nd 900 to 1400 meters ove se level, nd peri-urn res ismrketed in fresh milk form. respectively, with re coverge of 49,249, 94,344 nd Diry mrketing system in Ethiopi cn e clssified 54,220 h, respectively. Bcho, Algie nd Chewk in to two susystems: forml nd informl mrketing districts receives n verge nnul rinfll rnging system [9]. The min mrketing chnnels in Ethiopi re from 1500 to 2200, 1371.6 to 2275 nd 1000 to 1200 mm, the informl sectors where mjor milk nd diry products respectively nd the minimum nd mximum dily trnsctions tkes plce chrcterised y rw whole milk temperture of 12 nd 25 C, 14.9 nd 25.1 C nd 36 nd nd utter/ghee sle eing predominnt [4]. In the 41 C, respectively. Humn popultion of Bcho, Algie informl mrketing system, the smllholder sells their nd Chewk ws estimted to e 42,335, 90,290 nd surplus supplies to neighors, in the locl mrket to 92,027 people [14]. itinernt trders or individuls either s liquid milk or in the form of utter or cottge-type cheese (Ayi) [10, 11]. Smpling Procedure: A strtified smpling technique In the peri-urn res of Ethiopi, out 20% of ws used sed to otin the respondents for the verge income ws derived from diry products [12]. purpose of this study sed on the gro-ecologicl According to ILCA [13], sles of diry products, zone (high, medium nd low) ltitude. Bcho, Algie Schi especilly utter, contriute to 20% of the rurl household nd Chewk districts represented high, medium nd income in the Ethiopin highlnds. Low lnd, respectively. A totl of 180 households, 60 In the study re, milk production to mrketing is the from ech district were rndomly selected using indequtely ddressed issue nd drw the ttention of systemtic rndom smpling method. ll those ssocited with diry development under smllholder production. The ojective of this study is, Sources of Dt nd Anlyticl Technique: Informl nd therefore, to ssess the milk production, utiliztion nd forml survey tools were employed togther primry dt mrketing system in three districts of Ilu A Bor zone. for this study. These were otined y using pre-test, well-structured questionnires. The respondents were MATERIALS AND METHODS smllholder cttle producers. The dt collected were collected on sex, ge, eductionl level, household size, Study Are: The study ws conducted t three districts lnd holding nd utiliztion, crop production, purpose of (nmely Bcho, Algie nd Chewk) of Ilu A Bor zone keeping cttle, sources of income nd sources of lour in Oromi Regionl Stte, south western Ethiopi. Ilu A nd its lloction for cttle production. The primry dt Bor zone hs 1633156.56 hectres (h) of lnd of which collected for this survey were nlyzed using descriptive 10% is high lnd, 67% medium lnd nd 23% low lnd. sttistics such s mens, frequency distriution, rnge The ltitude of the zone rnges from 500-2575 meter ove nd percentges nd GLM ANOVA using SPSS softwre se level. It is mostly known for its vegettion coverge, version 16. Indices were clculted for mjor constrints suitility for coffee, crop, livestock nd ee production. nd mjor diseses ffect cttle production in the study The dominnt crops eing Mize, Teff, Coffee, Sorghum, res. Lest Significnce Difference ws employed to Brley, Whet, different pulse crops, finger millet, fruits, seprte mens hving sttisticlly significnt difference. 25
Sttisticl Model: mking nd only 5.2% mrketed [7]. Lower mount of milk Y ij = µ + A i + ij (10%) ws mrketed in Bcho nd Chewk, while higher proportion ws used for household consumption nd processed to utter nd cottge cheese. where Y ij = The vlue of the respective vrile mentioned Milk Mrketing: According to respondents in Algie th ove pertining to the i district (i=3, Bcho, district, trditionlly selling of rw milk ws considered s AlgieSchi or Chewk) too nd none of the respondents were involved in µ = Overll men of the respective vrile selling rw milk. However, higher numer of respondents th A i = The effect of i district (i=3, Bcho, AlgieSchi or in Chewk district ws involved in mrketingof rw milk. Chewk) on the respective vrile They generte the csh needed to meet household s ij = Andom error term necessities minly from the sle of live nimls nd niml products, prticulrly diry products. According to the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respondents in the study res, milk nd milk products re consumed lone or with mels prepred in different forms. Milk nd Milk Products Utiliztion: Production nd The different forms of diry products consumed y utiliztion pttern of milk nd milk products in the study households were rw milk (Annn), nturlly fermented res re shown in Tle 1. The overll verge milk whole milk (Itittuu), cottge cheese (ittoo), utter milk produced/hh/dy for the three districts ws 2.78±0.14 (duu) nd utter (Dhdh). liters with rnge of 0.5 to 10 liters. Bcho district showed significntly (P<0.05) higher milk production (3.72±0.28) Milk Processing: The study reveled tht the mjority thn the other two districts. This ws ttriuted y higher (72.2%) of the respondents in the study re verge numer milking cows in Bcho thn Algie nd processmilk into utter nd other trditionl diry Chewk districts. Contrry to our study, higher men products. Significntly (P<0.05) higher numer of milk production per dy per household ws reported y respondents in Bchodistricts process the milk they Tesfy [15] nd Lemm et l. [16] in Metemdistrict nd produced. Milk processing frequency ws every three Est Sho Zone of Oromi, respectively. dys (45.4%) nd every two dys (38.5%) nd it depends Of the totl milk produced per dy, 45.5% ws used on the numer of cows in milk per household. The milk for household consumption, 44% ws reserved for produced in the rurl res is either used for direct susequent processing nd the remining 10% ws consumption t home or soured nd processed into utter mrketed. In Rurl Ethiopi, 68% of the totl milk nd cottge cheese (Ayi) to e sold to frther res nd produced is used for humn consumption in the form urn centers [6]. of fresh milk, utter, cheese nd yogurt while the rest Trditionl milk processing mterils identified in the is given to clves nd wsted in the process [6]. study re were cly pot (wciti in Afn Oromo-locl The Ntionl Agriculturl Smple Enumertion Results of lnguge),ottle gourd (ro oo/diroo in Afn Oromo-locl 2001/2002 CSA, [7] indicted tht t ntionl level 48.2% lnguge) nd jr cne. Cly pot hs doule function, for of the milk is consumed s whole fresh milk or in churning milk into utter nd for mking cheese. Similr fermented form (ergo) wheres 46.6% is used for utter results were reported in Metem [15]. Tle 1: Milk production nd utiliztion pttern Districts of the study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bcho Algie Chewk --------------- --------------- --------------- Vriles Men (SE) Men (SE) Men (SE) Overll Men (SE) TMP/d/HH 3.72±0.28 2.42±0.02 2.13±0.14 2.78±0.14 Milk utiliztion (%) For home consumption 41.7 50 47.7 45.5 For processing 47.5 50 31.1 44 For sle 2.8-22.2 10.5 Mens with the sme superscript within the sme row re not significntly different t 5% level of significnce. SE= stndrd errors, HH= Households, TMPrd= Totl milk produced 26
Tle 2: Milk processing prctices in the study re Districts of the study --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bcho Algie Chewk Totl -------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------- Vriles N % N % N % N % Households processing milk 55 91.7 41 68.3 34 56.7 130 72.2 Frequency of processing Every one dy 3 5.5 3 7.3 0 0 6 4.6 Every two dys 33 60 14 34.1 3 8.8 50 38.5 Every three dys 17 30.9 20 48.8 22 64.7 59 45.4 Every four dys 2 3.6 2 4.9 8 23.5 12 9.2 Every five to seven dys 0 0 2 4.9 1 2.9 3 2.3 Smoking plnts/hers Urgeess (Premnschimperi) 17 30.9 12 29.3 6 17.6 35 26.9 Bkrii (lef prt) 19 34.5 16 39 13 38.2 48 36.9 Ejers (Olefricn ) 19 34.5 13 31.7 15 44.1 47 36.2 N= Numer of households In the study re, frmers used different hers or een reported in est Show nd est Wolleg [16, 18]. plnts for smoking nd wshing milking equipment. The study oserved tht only informl system of milk The hers imprt distinct flvor nd hve cteriosttic mrketing ws found in the study; these involved direct effect. Severl types of plnts/hers were used in the delivery of rw milk nd milk products y producers to study re for smoking milking equipments, out of which consumers in the immedite neighorhoods. This is in line three plnts were predominntly used for smoking with previous reports in different prts of the country purposes. Aout 26.9, 36.9 nd 36.2% of the respondents [15, 19, 20]. Mjorities (91.9%) of the respondents used Urgeess (Premnschimperi), Bkrii sellutter to retilers, while very few slesdirectly to (unidentified) nd Ejers (Olefricn), respectively. individuls. The min mrketing chnnels in Ethiopi re Before smoking, the mterils re thoroughly wshed with the informl sectors where mjor milk nd diry products hers like kusye nd dried well which mkes the milk to trnsctions tkes plce chrcterized y rw whole milk hve plesnt flvor nd tste. According tolemm et l. nd utter/ghee sle eing predominnt [4]. In the nd Coppock [16, 17], Ejers (Ole Africn) is the informl mrketing system, the smllholder sells their most frequently used plnt for smoking milk vessels surplus supplies to neighors, in the locl mrket to followed y Juniperousprocernd Ociumhrdienes in itinernt trders or individuls either s liquid milk or in different regions of Ethiopi. the form of utter or cottge-type cheese (yi) [10, 11]. The usul wys ofdetermining the qulity of milk nd its Mrketing of Milk nd Milk Products: The study products on mrket ws y tsting, smelling nd oserved tht mjority (64.4%) of the respondents in the color/ppernce of the product. study re mrket milk nd milk products.respondent in Highest numer of the respondents in Bcho nd Bcho district sell significntly (P<0.05) higher proportion Algie indicted tht they fced prolems in mrketing milk of milk nd milk products thn Algie nd Chewk nd milk products during fsting months of Ethiopin districts. This is my e due to more numer of milking Orthodox Church followers, while respondents in cows in the district. In ddition, frmers in Bocho district Chewk district did not fce prolem in mrketing milk re more mrket oriented thn the two study res. nd milk products, ecuse the mjority of respondents in Among the diry products, frmers predominntly sell Chewk district re Muslims. utter (95.7%) followed y fresh whole milk (22.4%) nd cheese (11.2%). This result is in greement with findings Price of Butter nd Distnce to Mrket: The overll of Tesfye, [15]. verge price of utter for the three districts ws Out of the totl numer of respondents mrketing 60.99±0.71 Ethiopin Birr (ETB) with rnged of 45-70 diry products, 22.4% in Bcho nd Chewk were ETB per kilogrm.price per kilogrm of utter ws involved in sellingfresh whole milk. Respondents in Algie significntly different mong the study sites (P<0.05). stted tht the reson for not mrketing fresh whole milk On the other hnd, cheper price of utter ws reported in ws restricted y culturl toos. Similr results hve Metem re (22.5 to 25.0 ETB in wet seson nd 24.0 to 27
Tle 3: Mrketing of milk nd milk products in the study res Districts of the study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bcho Algie Chewk Totl ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------ Vriles N % N % N % N % Respondents mrketing diry products 42 70 37 61.7 37 61.7 116 64.4 Type of diry product mrketed Rw milk 6 14.3 0 0 20 54.05 26 22.4 Butter 42 100 37 100 32 86.5 111 95.7 Cheese 13 30.9 0 0 0 0 13 11.2 Resons for selling diry products To generte income 21 50 9 24.3 17 45.9 47 40.5 To meet HH necessities 21 50 28 75.7 20 54.1 69 59.5 Types of uyers (utter) Consumers 1 2.4 0 0 8 25 9 8.1 Retilers 41 97.6 37 100 24 75 102 91.9 Mens of mrket delivery On foot 34 81 37 100 37 100 108 93.1 Pck nimls 8 19 0 0 0 0 8 6.9 N= Numer of households, HH=households Tle 4: Price of utter (ETB) nd distnce (Km) to mrket milk nd milk products in the study res Vriles Districts N Men ± SE Minimum Mximum Price of utter Bcho 42 53.33±058 45 60 Algie 37 70.00±0.00 70 70 Chewk 32 c 60.62±0.29 60 65 Overll men 111 60.99±0.71 45 70 Distnce to mrket Bcho 42 8.55±0.38 4 13 Algie 37 13.81±0.28 9 15 Chewk 37 8.73±0.28 5 11 Overll men 116 10.28±0.29 4 15 -c Mens within column with different superscript differ significntly (P<0.05). N= Numer of households, SE= stndrd devition. 27.0 ETB in dry seson) [15]. According to respondents, CONCLUSION the price of utter ws higher duringdry seson, religious nd ntionl festivities nd decrese during the fsting The study showed tht smllholder frmers in the monthsprcticed y the followers of the Ethiopin study re produce milk for home consumption, Orthodox Church in which these refrin from eting food processing into utter nd cottge cheese (yi) nd sle. of niml origin. During dry seson cows produce Milk processing ws sed on nturlly fermented (sour) reltively less milk due to feed nd wter shortge, milk. Mjority of the respondents mrket milk nd milk whichresults to rise in price of diry products. products. Milk nd diry products mrketing chnnels in The overll verge distnce trveled to mrket milk the study re were frmers-to-consumers nd frmers-tond milk products for the three study sites 10.28±0.29 km, retilers-to-consumers chnnel. Seson, distnce to with rnge of 4-15 km. A significnt (p<0.05) difference mrket, religious nd ntionl festivities nd fsting ws oserved in distnce trvelled to mrket etween the periods were identified to fluctutethe price of diry study districts.contrry to the results of this study, in products. Cows produce low milk in the dry seson due Mieso, on verge women trvel to sell milk 5.89 ± 0.19 to shortge of feed nd wter nd this resulting in km, with rnge of 1 to 12 km [21]. incresed price of diry products. It cn e concluded tht Milk nd milk products were trnsported to mrket frmers in the study re would like to produce more milk sites on foot (93.1%), while the rest used pck nimls. for sle. Thus, introduction of crossred genotypes According to Siegfried nd Berhn [22], milk nd milk together with improved feeding nd niml helth product is trnsported to towns on foot, y donkey, y technologies is very importnt. Improving mrket horse or y pulic trnsport. infrstructures nd developing pproprite nd low cost 28
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