Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/sept-2013/21.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Effects of prtil replcement of soyen mel with rosted gur korm nd supplementtion of mnnnse on performnce nd crcss trits of commercil roiler chickens Ahijit Mishr, Smir Kumr Srkr, Suhsish Ry nd Sudipto Hldr Deprtment of Reserch nd Development, Amrit Feeds Ltd., Infinity Benchmrk Block EP nd GP, Sector V Slt Lke, Kolkt - 700091, West Bengl, Indi Corresponding uthor: Sudipto Hldr, emil: sudipto.hldr@mritgroup.net Received: 28-03-2013, Revised: 23-05-2013, Accepted: 25-05-2013, Pulished online: 20-07-2013 doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.693-697 How to cite this rticle: Mishr A,Srkr SK, Ry S nd Hldr S (2013) Effects of prtil replcement of soyen mel with rosted gur korm nd supplementtion of mnnnse on performnce nd crcss trits of commercil roiler chickens, Veterinry World 6(9): 693-697 Astrct Aim: To evlute the effects of inclusion of rosted gur mel, lso known s gur korm, s prtil replcement for deoiled soyen mel (SBM) in commercil roiler diets, on production performnce nd crcss trits of Co-400 roiler chickens. Mterils nd Methods: 1600 one-dy-old Co-400 roiler chicks were rndomly ssigned into four dietry tretments, ech with four replictes (n = 100 chicks per replicte). The diets were iso-nitrogenous nd iso-cloric nd included the sl diets composed of mize nd SBM (T0), T0 + β-mnnnse (T1) nd the tretment diets in which SBM ws prtilly replced (20 g/kg in pre-strter, 50 g/kg in strter nd finisher) with gur korm (T2) nd T2 + β-mnnnse (T3). Results: Live weight ws unffected y the dietry tretments (P > 0.05). Gur korm incresed feed intke when compred with the SBM fed groups (P = 0.01). Feed conversion ws etter (P = 0.01) when SBM ws fed to the chickens irrespective of mnnnse supplementtion. As consequence the performnce index score ws superior (P = 0.04) in the SBM fed groups when compred to the gur korm fed groups. Across the diets, feed conversion ws superior (P < 0.05) in the T1 group suggesting eneficil effect of β-mnnnse in the mize-sbm diet. Dressed yield showed trend to improve (P = 0.08) upon β-mnnnse supplementtion. Conclusion: It ws concluded tht prtil replcement of SBM with gur korm my not yield ny sustntil enefits in terms of performnce nd crcss trits nd tht supplementtion of β-mnnnse my lso not e worthwhile in lleviting the negtive effects of gur korm. Keywords: β-mnnnse, roiler chickens, crcss trits, gur korm, performnce Introduction Gur (Gymopsis tetrgonolo) is drought resistnt nnul legume predominntly grown in Indi nd Pkistn [1]. The plnt is primrily grown for its glctomnnn polyscchride gum which hs numerous industril nd food processing pplictions [2]. Gur mel is the min y-product of gur gum production with protein content of pproximtely 380 g/kg [3]. It is mixture of germs nd hulls t n pproximte rtio of 25 % germ to 75 % hull [4]. The high mino cid content of the gur mel protein mkes it useful protein supplement for roilers nd lyers. Since the germ frction of gur mel contins energy, protein, methionine nd phosphorus in higher levels thn tht in soyen mel (SBM), ddition of gur mel s prtil replcement (< 10%) of SBM in poultry diets my e useful economic strtegy for decresing feed costs without ny negtive effects on production [5]. However, some of the nti-nutritionl gents (trypsin inhiitors, gum residue, sponins) present in gur mel limit its usge t high levels in roiler diets This rticle is n open ccess rticle licensed under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriution License (http://cretivecommons. org/licenses/y/2.0) which permits unrestricted use, distriution nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the work is properly cited. [6]. The deleterious effects ttriuted to the trypsin inhiitors [7], hve een n issue of contrdiction ecuse it ws reported tht gur mel contined lower levels of trypsin inhiitor thn processed SBM [8, 9]. Therefore, growth inhiition tht follows the ddition of gur mel in diet my e ttriuted to the residul gum content of the mel [10, 11]. The residul gum, due to its sticky nture, increses intestinl viscosity nd decreses nutrient sorption from the smll intestine [12, 13]. One of the methods to meliorte the negtive effects of the glctomnnn content of gur mel is to supplement the diet with the β-mnnnse enzyme. β-mnnnse hydrolyses the glctomnnn complex of gur mel. As result the gur gum induced viscosity in digest is reduced, which increses the digestiility of strch [14,15] nd improves the metolizle energy of gur mel. In this wy β- mnnnse supplementtion helps in chieving superior feed conversion nd etter growth performnce in roilers fed with gur mel [16,17]. The ojective of our current reserch ws to evlute the effects of inclusion of rosted gur mel, lso known s gur korm, s prtil replcement for SBM in commercil roiler diets on production performnce nd crcss trits of Co-400 roiler chickens. Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 693
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/sept-2013/21.pdf Tle-1. Composition of the sl nd experimentl diets (in g/kg unless stted otherwise). Pre strter Strter Finisher T0/T1 T2/T3 T0/T1 T2/T3 T0/T1 T2/T3 Dry mtter 905 910 904 909 912 907 Energy kcl/kg* 3002 3000 3112 3115 3141 3147 Crude protein 222 222 203 202 185 188 Ether extrct 36 39 53 50 44 46 Crude fire 44 46 43 45 41 44 Slt 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.2 Clcium 9.1 9.1 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.5 Aville P* 5.2 5 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 *Clculted vlues T0, control diets contining mize nd soyen mel; T1, T0 + β-mnnnse (32 million units/kg of feed); T2, Soyen mel replced y gur korm t the rte of 20 g/kg in the pre strter nd 50 g/kg in the strter nd finisher diets; T3, T2 + β-mnnnse (32 million units/kg of feed) Mterils nd Methods Ethicl pprovl: This reserch work ws crried out s per the guidelines in force t the time of crrying out the experiment. Bird husndry: A stright run flock of one-dy-old Co-400 roiler chickens (N=1600) with n verge ody weight of 43.5 (±1.19) g were ssigned to four dietry tretments for 35 dys. Ech tretment group hd four replictes with 100 irds in ech replicte. The replictes were housed in pens (3.2m x 3.2m) on litter composed of sw dust nd wood shvings. All irds were vccinted ginst Newcstle disese (on dys 5 nd 20) nd Infectious ursl disese (on dy 13). Bird mngement ws ccording to the recommendtions of Co Mngement Guide [18]. The chicks received the designted tretment diets within 12 h of their htching. The dietry ingredients included mize, SBM, met nd one mel, de-oiled mustrd cke, vegetle oil, lime stone powder, di-clcium phosphte, common slt, vitmin premix, trce minerls nd other dditives which re normlly used in stndrd commercil roiler diets. The diets were ctegorized s pre-strter (dy 1-14), strter (dy 15-28) nd finisher (dy 29 till hrvesting). The composition of the diets is presented in Tle-1. All chickens hd d liitum ccess to feed nd drinking wter. Dietry tretments: The dietry tretments were s follows: mize nd de-oiled SBM sed control diet (T0), T0 supplemented with the β-mnnnse enzyme (T1) nd tretment diets in which SBM ws replced prtilly (20 g/kg in pre-strter nd 50 g/kg in strter nd finisher diets) with rosted gur korm (T2) nd T2 supplemented with the β-mnnnse enzyme (T3). The ctivity of the supplementl β-mnnnse enzyme ws 32 million units/kg feed. The diets were formulted on n iso-nitrogenous nd iso-cloric sis. Performnce nd crcss trits: The irds were monitored every dy for signs of ny disese nd mortlity. Live weight (LW) of individul chickens ws recorded t 14, 28 nd 35 dys of ge nd the dt were pooled pen-wise. Dily feed consumption ws recorded pen-wise nd terminl feed conversion (corrected to 2 kg LW) ws clculted for ech pen on the sis of cumultive (1-35 dy) feed consumption. Mortlity, if ny, ws recorded nd liveility of the experimentl flock ws clculted for ech experimentl group. On dy 35, 4 irds (2 mles nd 2 femles) hving LW close to the men LW of the pen were selected for determintion of crcss trits. The chickens were mechniclly stunned followed y exsnguintion. The crcsses were defethered nd eviscerted. The dressed crcss weight ws determined fter complete removl of orgns nd gstro intestinl (GI) trct. Internl orgns (hert, liver nd spleen) nd gizzrd were severed out nd wshed with phosphte uffered sline to remove lood nd tissue deris. Gilet weight ws expressed s the comined weight of hert, liver nd gizzrd. Liver nd spleen were lso weighed seprtely. The entire GI trct ws removed, soked in phosphte uffered sline to remove the lood nd tissue deris, weighed nd the length ws mesured. All the mesurements were expressed s g/kg of LW except the length of the GI trct which ws expressed in cm. dy 35, 4 irds (2 mles nd 2 femles) hving LW close to the men LW of the pen were selected for determintion of crcss trits. The chickens were mechniclly stunned followed y exsnguintion. The crcsses were defethered nd eviscerted. The dressed crcss weight ws determined fter complete removl of orgns nd gstro intestinl (GI) trct. Internl orgns (hert, liver nd spleen) nd gizzrd were severed out nd wshed with phosphte uffered sline to remove lood nd tissue deris. Gilet weight ws expressed s the comined weight of hert, liver nd gizzrd. Liver nd spleen were lso weighed seprtely. The entire GI trct ws removed, soked in phosphte uffered sline to remove the lood nd tissue deris, weighed nd the length ws mesured. All the mesurements were expressed s g/kg of LW except the length of the GI trct which ws expressed in cm. The Performnce Index Score (PIS) ws clculted using the following formul. Chemicl nlysis: Feed smples were nlyzed for dry mtter, crude protein (N x 6.25) crude fire nd Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 694
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/sept-2013/21.pdf Tle-2. Effect of gur korm nd β-mnnnse on performnce. Live weight (g) Feed intke (g) Feed conversion Performnce Dy 14 Dy 28 Dy 35 (1-35 dys) index score Min effect of gur korm No gur korm 526.9 1432.1 1866.5 3151.3 1.785 284.5 + Gur korm 539.9 1440.5 1863.1 3361 1.934 258.5 Min effect of mnnnse No β-mnnnse 529.8 1439 1875.8 3316.4 1.882 271 + β-mnnnse 537 1433.6 1853.8 3195.9 1.837 271.9 Dietry effects T0 529.4 1440 1872.2 3191.1 1.812 286.2 T1 544.7 1442.9 1879.4 3111.6 1.759 282.8 T2 524.4 1427.1 1853.6 3441.8 1.953 255.9 T3 535.2 1437.1 1854.1 3280.2 1.914 261.1 Pooled SEM 2.05 7.67 16.92 33.83 0.03 5.61 Coefficient of vrition % 1.5 2.1 3.5 4 4.9 7.5 Min effects (P vlues) Gur korm 0.01 0.59 0.92 0.01 0.01 0.04 Mnnnse 0.10 0.73 0.53 0.10 0.37 0.94 Gur korm x mnnnse 0.59 0.77 0.91 0.56 0.89 0.71 (P vlues) Mens ering different superscripts in column differ significntly (P<0.05) T0, control diets contining mize nd soyen mel; T1, T0 + β-mnnnse (32 million units/kg of feed); T2, soyen mel replced y gur korm t the rte of 20 g/kg in the pre strter nd 50 g/kg in the strter nd finisher diets; T3, T2 + β-mnnnse (32 million units/kg of feed) ether extrct s per AOAC [19]. Metolizle energy feed conversion ws superior (P < 0.05) in the T1 group (ME) ws clculted from stndrd tles of NRC [20]. when compred with the T2 group. However, there ws Clcium nd ville phosphorus content of the no interction etween gur korm nd β-mnnnse experimentl diets were estimted s per the methods (P > 0.05). Keeping prity with the performnce dt, descried in IS: 7874 [21] nd IS: 1374 [22], respec- the PIS ws negtively ffected y supplementtion of tively. gur korm in diet (min effect of gur korm P = 0.01). There is mple evidence in the literture to show the Sttisticl nlysis: All dt were pooled replicte negtive effects of gur mel on roiler performnce wise for nlysis. The dt were nlyzed in 2 x 2 [5,23,24] lthough Tygi [25] reported no dverse fctoril design where the levels (sence nd presence) of gur korm nd supplementl β-mnnnse were effects of gur korm on roiler performnce even t considered to e the two fctors. The min effects s levels s high s 10%. The lower LW t dy 14 ws due well s the interction etween these fctors were to the fct tht the growth depressing effect of gur determined. A multivrite nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) mel is more pronounced in young chicks thn in the ws performed for nlysing the dt nd the results older irds [26, 27]. It hs een reported erlier tht the were expressed s mens nd pooled stndrd error of high glctomnnn content of gur mel increses mens. The dt were lso sujected to one wy digest viscosity nd suppresses nutrient digestiility ANOVA for differentiting the effects of the diets. to cuse growth depression in roiler chicken [28]. In P<0.05 ws considered sttisticlly significnt nd P < the present study the gur korm fed groups consumed 0.1 ws considered s exhiiting trend. Coefficient of significntly higher mount of feed nd this ws the vrition (%) for ech prmeter ws determined y reson for n inferior feed conversion in these groups. multiplying 100 with the rtio of stndrd devition to Interestingly, the effect of β-mnnnse ws more men. conspicuous when supplemented to the mize-sbm sed control diet. Apprently, the ctivity of the β- Results nd Discussion mnnnse used in this study ws not sufficient to Performnce evlution of the irds (Tle-2) meliorte the negtive impct of the high mount of β- indicted tht t 14 dy, LW of the gur korm fed glctomnnn in gur korm ut could digest the groups ws inferior to the SBM fed ones (min effect of sme from SBM nd lierte more energy y gur korm P = 0.01) nd tht mnnnse improving the digestiility of strch [15]. Looking into supplementtion did not revert this effect. Cumultive the dt from nother ngle, it cn e inferred tht gur feed conversion deteriorted when SBM ws prtilly korm depressed the digestiility of strch nd replced with gur korm (min effect of gur korm P deprived the irds of the ville energy [29]. As = 0.01) nd in this cse too supplementtion with β- compenstory mechnism, feed intke in gur korm mnnnse filed to elicit ny discernile eneficil fed irds incresed. The glctomnnn content of gur effect (min effect of mnnnse P > 0.05). It is worth korm might hve incresed intestinl viscosity noting tht when SBM ws prtilly replced with gur leding to impired metolism of mjor metolites korm, feed consumption incresed (min effect of like strch, protein nd glucose nd this my e the gur korm P = 0.01). plusile explntion for the poorer FCR in the T2 When comprisons were mde etween the diets, group. Leeds [30] reported tht gur gum decresed Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 695
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/sept-2013/21.pdf Tle-3. Effect of gur korm nd β-mnnnse on crcss trits (in g/kg unless stted otherwise). Attriutes Dressed weight Orgn Intestinl Weight Intestinl Length (cm) Liver Spleen Gilet Min effect of gur korm No gur korm 615.9 31.9 2.49 68.8 77.5 184.6 + Gur korm 614.2 31.7 2.72 7045 79.3 166.6 Min effect of mnnnse No β-mnnnse 610.4 31.7 2.61 69.5 76.3 178.6 + β-mnnnse 619.4 31.9 2.60 69.7 80.4 172.7 Dietry effects T0 611.7 32.0 2.56 69.0 75.6 172.1 T1 620.1 31.8 2.42 68.6 79.4 161.1 T2 609.6 31.5 2.66 69.9 77.1 185.1 T3 618.7 32.0 2.78 70.9 81.5 184.2 Pooled SEM 0.23 0.71 0.07 1.6 1.9 1.76 Coefficient of vrition % 1.19 8.41 3.88 8.43 9.09 3.29 Min effects (P vlues) Gur korm 0.71 0.88 0.17 0.61 0.65 0.01 Mnnnse 0.08 0.89 0.95 0.93 0.31 0.12 Gur korm x mnnnse (P vlues) 0.94 0.79 0.43 0.84 0.95 0.16 Mens ering different superscripts in column differ significntly (P<0.05) T0, control diets contining mize nd soyen mel; T1, T0 + ß-mnnnse (32 million units/kg of feed); T2, Soyen mel replced y gur korm t the rte of 20 g/kg in the pre strter nd 50 g/kg in the strter nd finisher diets; T3, T2 + β-mnnnse (32 million units/kg of feed) glucose metolism nd retrded insulin secretion Authors' contriutions rtes in swine. Possily, suppression of insulin AM designed the study nd formulted the diet. SR secretion impired the intestinl uptke nd utiliztion contriuted in cquisition of the experimentl dt nd of glucose nd mino cids nd resulted in poor feed drfted the mnuscript. SH nlyzed nd interpreted efficiency s reported erlier y Jckson [31]. the results. SKS revised the mnuscript for criticl Overll mortlity did not show ny regulr pttern scientific corrections. All uthors red nd pproved nd rnged from 4% in the T0 group to 6.75% in the T3 the finl mnuscript. group. Mortlity ws not relted to the dietry tretments nd there ws no significnt vrition oserved Acknowledgements etween the groups. The uthors express their grtitude to the There ws sutle effect (P > 0.05) of feeding Mnging Director, Amrit Feeds Ltd, Kolkt, Indi for gur korm nd β-mnnnse supplementtion on providing the fcilities for conducting this experiment. crcss trits (Tle-3). This is contrdictory to the findings of Kmrn [5] who reported decresed Competing interests dressing percentge in irds fed with diets contining The uthors declre tht they hve no competing gur mel. Intestinl length ws higher in the irds fed interests. This reserch ws crried out y the reserch with gur korm (min effect of gur korm P = 0.01). nd development deprtment of Amrit Feeds Ltd., Incresed intestinl viscosity induced y the solely for the development of feed formultions of the glctomnnn of gur my e the reson for the longer compny. GI trct [32]. References Conclusion 1. APEDA (2011) Agri Exchnge Redy Reckoner It is concluded from the present study, tht Series Commodity: GUARGUM, http://griexchnge. replcing SBM with gur korm t the rte of 20 g/kg in ped.gov.in. Accessed on Jnury 18, 2013. 2. Hssn, S. M., El-Gyr, A. K., Cdwell, D. J., Biley, C. A. the pre-strter nd 50 g/kg in strter nd finisher diets nd Crtwright, A. L. (2008) Gur mel meliortes Eimeri with or without β-mnnnse supplementtion resulted tenell infection in roiler chicks. Veterinry Prsitology, in poorer feed conversion nd inferior performnce 157: 133 138. index score. Plusily, the residul indigestile 3. Ngpl, M. L., Agrwl, O. P. nd Bhti, I. S. (1971) Chemicl nd iologicl exmintion of gur-mel polyscchrides, such s pectin nd β-glctomnnn (Cympsis tetrgonolo L.). Indin Journl of Animl present in the gur korm incresed the intestinl Science, 4: 283 293. viscosity nd inhiited the performnce of roilers. In 4. Lee, J. T., Conner-Appleton, S., Hq, A. U., Crtwright, A. summry gur korm s replcement for SBM t the nd Biley, C. (2004) Quntittive mesurement of levels tested in this study my not e eneficil under negligile trypsin inhiitor ctivity nd nutrient nlysis of gur mel frctions. Journl of Agriculturl nd Food prcticl conditions nd tht further reserch is Chemistry, 52: 6492 6495. wrrnted to determine more ccurte level of 5. Kmrn, M., Psh, T. N., Mhmud, A. nd Ali, Z. (2002) inclusion of gur korm for etter performnce nd Effect of commercil enzyme (Ntugrin) supplementtion crcss yields of irds. on the nutritive vlue nd inclusion rte of gur mel in roiler rtions. Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science, 1 (6): 167 173. Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 696
Aville t www.veterinryworld.org/vol.6/sept-2013/21.pdf 6. Anderson, J. O. nd Wrnick, R. E. (1964) Vlue of enzyme Frnkin Sttion, Wshington, DC. supplements in rtions contining certin legume seed mels 20. Ntionl Reserch Council. (1994) Nutrient Requirements of or gums. Poultry Science, 43:1091 1097. Poultry. 9th Rev. Edition. Ntionl Acdemic Press, 7. Couch, J. R., Bkshi, Y. K., Ferguson, T. M., Smith, B. E. nd Wshington, DC. Creger, C. R. (1967) The effect of processing on the 21. BIS. (1975) Bureu of Indin Stndrds (IS 7874: 1975). nutritionl vlue of gur mel for roiler chicks. British Methods of tests for niml feeds nd feeding stuffs: Prt 2 Poultry Science, 8:243 250. Minerls nd trce elements. 8. Bochers, R. And Ackerson, C. W. (1950) The nutritive vlue 22. BIS. (2007) Bureu of Indin Stndrds (IS 1374: 2007). of legume seeds. Journl of Nutrition, 41: 339 345. Poultry Feeds Specifiction. (Fifth Revision). 9. Conner, S. (2002) Chrcteriztion of gur mel for use in 23. Brhm, T. C. nd Siddiqui, S. M. (1978) A preliminry study poultry rtions. Ph.D. Disserttion. Texs A&M University, on the utiliztion of tosted gur mel in roiler rtions. College Sttion, TX. Indin Poultry Gzette, 62: 133 138. 10. Vohr, P. nd Krtzer, F. H. (1964) Growth inhiitory effect 24. Lrhng, R. A. nd Torki, M. (2011) Evluting Performnce of certin polyscchrides for chickens. Poultry Science, of Broilers Fed Gur Mel-incuded diet Supplemented y 43:1164 1170. Enzyme. Reserches of the first interntionl conference 11. Lee, J. T., Connor, S., Crtwright, A. nd Biley, C. (2005). (Bylon nd Rzi Universities): 243 247. Effects of Gur Mel By-Product with nd without ß- 25. Tygi, P. K., Mndl, A. B. nd Tygi, P. K. (2011) Utiliztion mnnnse Hemicell on Broiler Performnce. Poultry of rosted gur (Cymopsis tetrgonolo) korm in the diet Science, 84: 1261 1267. of roiler chickens. Indin Journl of Poultry Science, 46: 12. Slih, M. E., Clssen, H. L., nd Cmpell, G. L. (1991) 326 329. Response of chickens fed on hull-less rley to dietry β- 26. Verm, S. V. S. nd McN, J. M. (1982) Gur mel in diets glucnse t different ges. Animl Feed Science for roiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 23: 95 105. Technology, 33: 139 149. 27. Lee, J. T., Biley, C. A. nd Crtwright, A. L. (2003) ß- 13. Lee, J. T., Biley, C. A. nd Crtwright, A. L. (2003) Gur mnnnse meliortes viscosity-ssocited depression of mel germ nd hull frctions differently ffect growth growth in roiler chickens fed gur germ nd hull frctions. performnce nd intestinl viscosity of roiler chickens. Poultry Science, 82: 1925 1931. Poultry Science, 82: 1589 1595. 28. Almirll, M., Frncesch, M., Perez-Vendrell, A. M., Brufu, 14. Zngidi, H. R. nd Torki, M. (2010) The effect of β- J. nd Esteve-Grci, E. (1995) The difference in intestinl mnnnse-sed enzyme on growth performnce nd viscosity produced y rley nd ß-glucnse lter digest humorl immune response of roiler chickens fed diets enzyme ctivities nd ilel nutrient digestiilities more in contining grded levels of whole dtes. Tropicl Animl roiler chicks thn in cocks. Journl of Nutrition, 125: Helth nd Production, 42: 1209 1217. 947 955. 15. Ehsni, M. nd Torki, M. (2010) Effects of dietry inclusion 29. Edwrds, C. A., Johnson, I. T. nd Red, N. W. (1988) Do of gur mel supplemented y β-mnnnse on performnce viscous polyscchrides slow sorption y inhiiting of lying hens, egg qulity chrcteristics nd dicriticl diffusion or convection. Europen Journl of Clinicl counts of white lood cells. Americn Journl of Animl nd Nutrition, 42: 306 312. Veterinry Sciences, 5 (4): 237 243. 30. Leeds, A. R., Kng, S. S., Low, A. G. nd Smrook, I. E. 16. McNughton, J. L., Hsio, H., Anderson, D. nd Fodge, D. (1980) The pig s model for studies on the mode of ction of W. (1998) Corn/soy/ft diets for roilers, β-mnnnse nd gur gum in norml nd dietic mn. The Proceeding of the improved feed conversion. Poultry Science, 77(Suppl. 1): 153. Nutrition Society, 39: 44A. 17. Dskirn, M., Teeter, R. G., Fodge, D. W. nd Hsio, H. Y. 31. Jckson, M. E., Fodge, D. W., Hsio, H. Y. (1999) Effects of (2004) An evlution of endo-β-d-mnnnse (Hemicell) β -mnnnse in corn-soyen mel diets on lying hen effects on roiler performnce nd energy use in diets performnce. Poultry Science, 78:1737 1741. vrying in β-mnnn content. Poultry Science, 83: 662 668. 32. Smits, C. H. N., Veldmn, A., Verstegen, M. W. A. nd 18. Co (2004) Co 400 Broiler Mngement Guide. Co- Beynen, A. C. (1997) Dietry croxymethylcellulose with Vntress Inc. Silom Springs, Arknss. high insted of low viscosity reduces mcronutrient th 19. A.O.A.C. (2005) Officil Methods of Anlysis. 18 Ed. digestion in roiler chickens. Journl of Nutrition, 127: Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemist, Benjmin 483 487. ******** Veterinry World, EISSN: 2231-0916 697