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d]/f] /]8qm; syf prr lziff cwoogkzrft\ s]xl ;do cfˆgf] lhnnfdf ;]jf u/f}f egg] ;f]rsf ;fy pko'qm ;+:yf vf]lh/x]sf] lypf. o;} qmddf ;fylx af6 yfxf kfpf ls d]/f k"j{kl/lrt cfb/0flo JolQmTj :jode"nfn >]i7 g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'fbf] /x]5. d pxff;fu e]6\g hffbf pxffn] /]8qm;sf] af/]df s]xl hfgsf/lx dnfo{ lbg'eof]. To;dWo] klg cgt/f{li6«o /]8qm; cleofgdf hf x]g/l 8\o"gfn] v]n]sf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf ljifon] dnfo{ 5f]of]. :jode"nfnhlaf6} d /]8qm;df nfug clek ]l/t epf / pxffs} k ]/0ffaf6 g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf ;~hlj yfkf pbok'/ klg u x0f u/]f. of] lj=;+ @)#( ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf]. ;f]xl lbgaf6 d]/f] /]8qm; hljgsf] cf}krfl/s ofqf z'? eof]. pxff PsrfnL; ;fnlt/ pkfwoif tyf k"jf{~rn If]qLo ;+of]hssf] x}l;otn] pbok'/ lhnnfdf /]8qm;sf] tby{ ;ldlt u7g ug]{ lznlznfdf cfpg'epsf] lyof]. tby{ ;ldltdf d klg ;b:odf dgf]gog epf. pqm tby{ ;ldltsf] d'vo lhdd]jf/l ;ª\u7g lj:tf/ Pj+ lhnnf zfvf u7g ug'{ lyof]. lj=;+= @)$@ ;fndf ljlwjt\ kdf lhnnf zfvfsf] u7g eo{ d pbok'/ lhnnfsf] klxnf] lgjf{lrt ;efklt x'g] df}sf kfpf. lj=;+ @)$% ;fndf pbok'/ g} s]gb ljgb' /x]/ upsf] e"sdksf] sf/0f w]/} hgwgsf] Iflt eof]. /]8qm; ;efkltsf] x}l;otn] ;lqmo kdf ufpfufpfdf uo{ ljkb\ k efljtx nfo{ /fxt ;xof]u ubf{ dnfo{ o;}af6 cfltds ;Gt'li6 ldnof]. d}n] dfgjlo ;]jfsf ljljw ultljlwx df em08} tl; jif{egbf a9l pj{/ ;do ljtfpsf] 5'. dnfo{ cfh;dd klg phf{zln 9ª\un] nflu/xg k ]l/t u/]sf] 5. -yfkf, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] cwoif x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 1

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d]/f] syf @)#% ;fn a}zfv @@ ut] d]/f] w'gr]df /x]sf tlg j6f 3/x df cfunful eof]. To;a]nf /]8qm;sf dfg5]x cgo lgsfox egbf klxn] dnfo{ /fxt lbg cfp. /]8qm;af6 sk8f / sdan kfpkl5 lhnnf k zf;gaf6 klg /fxt lbg5 egg] ;'emfj / ;Nnfx kfpf. of] ;xof]un] dnfo{ w]/} g} /fxt eof]. To;kl5 /]8qm; ;+:yf s:tf] /x]5 eg]/ o;f] a'e\mb} hffbfv]l/ of] dfgjlo ;]jfdf, b'mv kg]{ 7fpFdf o;n] sfd ug]{ /x]5 egg]dcfk"mnfo{dgdfnfu]kl5/]8qm;df nfu]sf] x'f. /]8qm;df d}n] rf/ jif{ lhnnf sfo{;ldltdf a;]/ sfd u/]+. ;a} ;fylx sf] ;xdltdf PsrfnL; ;fnb]lv /]8qm;df ;lqmo ep/ nfu]sf x'f / of] lg/gt/ 5. afa'nfn tfdfª, /;'jf -tfdfª, g]/];f] /;'jf lhnnf zfvfsf] ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ $_ d]/f] /]8qm; syf gf/fo0fk ;fb zdf{, kfnkf cwoog l;wofo;s]kl5 d ljbfnodf sfo{/t lypf. Tof] a]nfdf Pp6f d]/f] ufpfsf] glhs} 7"nf] l8hf:6/ eof]. kfgl k of]. klx/f] uof]. To;n] d]/f] dgnfo{ 5f]of]. ToxfF w]/} gf]s;fg eof]. To;nfO{ s;/l arfpg ;lsg5 / k efljtnfo{ s;/l ;xof]u ug{ ;lsg5 eg]/ d]/f] dgdf Pp6f 56k6Lx sf] cfef; ldnof]. o;}sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d of] ;+:yfdf ljbfnodf lzifs gfossf] kdf /x]f. To;/L g} dnfo{ /]8qm;k lt cfslif{t u of]. b'mvdf s]xl ug{ ;Sg'k5{ egg] lsl;dsf] efjgf ljsf; eof]. To;cg' k d}n] lg/gt/ kdf /]8qm;df nfu]/ dfgj lxtsf] lgldq ;]jf k bfg ul//fv]sf] 5'. lj=;+= @)@& ;fnsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df 36gf eof]. To;df xfdl s]xl o'jfx ldn]/, s]xl ;fylx ldn]/ /]8qm;sf] 8s'd]G6x lnp/ uof}+. Tof] lnp/ up/ 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 /]8qm;sf] lhnnf zfvf lj=;+= @)@& ;fndf z' eof]. ToxfFb]lv g} d ;+:yfks :jo+;]jssf] kdf d ToxfF /x]+. ->L zdf{, g]/];f] kfnkf zfvfsf] dgql x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 3

d]/f] /]8qm; syf ;'/]Gb l;+x P]/ 88]nw'/f d}n] /]8qm;df lzifs gfoss} kdf @)%@ ;fndf k j]z u/]sf] x'f. lzifs gfosdf k j]z ul/;s]kl5 ;aegbf klxn] /]8qm; d'ed]g6df nfugnfo{ jf:tjdf dnfo{ kmi6p8n] g} df]6le]6 u/]sf] xf]. kmi6p8sf] Pp6f 6]«lgªaf6} d ;fx } k efljt ep/ cufl8 a9]+. To;}sf] lznlznfdf @)%* ;fndf d 88]nw'/f lhnnf zfvfsf] ;efklt ep/ clxn];dd klg 5' / To;kl5 s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltdf x'fb} h'lgo/ ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] kdf sfd ul//fv]sf] 5'. - P]/, g]/];f]sf] pkfwoif x'g'x'g5_ 4 d]/f] syf /]8qm; vf]ng kfpm /fdagw' /]UdL, :ofª\hf g'jfsf]6af6 ;b/d'sfd :ofª\hf ;bf{v]l/ ;ffu'/f] 7fpF epsf] x'gfn] ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf epsf]n] d To;sf] ;lrj lypf. To;sf] k'lgt cj;/df l;l8of] ;fj k sfz af]x/fn] kf]v/fdf cwoif lk G;]k zfx ;/sf/sf] ;jf/l epsf] 5 hfpmf /]8qm;sf] s'/f klg u/f}+ / sfd klg u/f}+ eg]/ cfof}+. bz{g e]6 kfof}+. e]6df :ofª\hf lhnnf Jofks kdf z}lifs / ;fdflhs If]qdf ctogt cufl8 epsf] lhnnf xf] ;/sf/ egof}+. :ofª\hf 7"nf] lhnnf epsf]n] /]8qm;vf]Ng kfpfm eg]/ lk G;]k zfx ;/sf/df Psbd ljgd tfk"j{s d}n] ljgtl r9fpf. dnfo{ Psbd ;Demgf 5, x'g5 eg]/ 6fpsf] xnnfp/ To; a]nfsf dxfdgql h]=pg= lu/lnfo{ lgb]{zg as:of]. kl5 n 7Ls 5 eg]/ kmf/db]lv lnp/ ;a} s'/fx ep. dnfo{ ce}m ;Demgf 5 Tof] a]nfdf ;ft k}offn] ;b:otf agfogyof]. :ofª\hfdf Jofks kdf ;b:otf agfof}+. To;kl5 lhnnf k~rfotsf] sf]7fdf a;]/ d /fdagw' /]UdLsf] cwoiftfdf ufoql clwsf/l dgql, ;b:ox df ef]nfgfy nd;fn, b]j; dfof sf]o/fnf, 1fgaGw' sf]o/fnf, s':df l;+x, lktfda/ g]kfnl, lnnfw/ pkfwofo;lxtsf] xfdl s/lj s/lj b; P3f/ hgfsf] Pp6f P8s sldl6 u7g u/]/ xfdln] To;nfO{ cleofgs} kdf rnfof}+. ljz]if u/l jflnª If]q / :ofªhf If]qdf s/lj s/lj ;ft ;o ;b:o xfdln] agfof}+. Pp6f lhnnf clwj]zg ug]{ tof/l eof]. ttsfnlg ;dodf s] eof] eg] :ofª\hfsf] afoffkm}bl egg] 7fpFdf 7"nf] klx/f] uof]. lgs} 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt eof]. To;a]nf cfjfaf6 s'/f x'gyof]. h]=pg= lu/l dxfdgql

kf]v/f cfpg] sfo{qmd /x]5. pxffn] af]nfpg'eof] / /]8qm;sf] tk{maf6 cfly{s ;xof]u tlg xhf/ k}off lbg'eof]. To; a]nfsf] tlg xhf/ k}offn] oxff lgs} 7"nf] sfd u of]. xfdln] l;nf]6sf ttsfnlg eff8fs'f8fx / ttsfnlg vfbfgg nufotsf s]xl ;fdfgx lsg]/ /fxt ljt/0f ug{ xfd f] P8s sldl6, lktfda/ g]kfnl, lnnfw/ zdf{, z]/hª clwsf/lnufot up/ tl ;fdfgx klx/f] kll8tx nfo{ ljt/0f u of}+. kmf]6f]x lvr]/ jl/]gb ;/sf/sf] kf]v/fdf ;jf/l x'fbf ttsfnlg klx/f]] kll8tnfo{ /fxt lbg'k5{ egg] s'/f ljgtl /fvof}+. /]8qm;n] h'g kdf ;kmntf kfpsf] 5, ;fdflhs If]qnufot x/]s If]qdf cufl8 5. ;a} h'lgo/ /]8qm;x, o'jf /]8qm;x ;a}af6 oxff /fd f] sfd epsf] s'/f dnfo{ yfxf 5. d}n] lstfadf k9]sf] /]8qm;n] Tof] a]nfdf ln8/;lk ljsf;egbf klg dfgjtfsf] nflu b}jlk sf]kdf kll8tx nfo{ /fxt lbg5 / ;fgf]ltgf] påf/ x'g5 egg] efjgf lyof]. ttsfnlg lhnnf k~rfotsf] ;efklt zf]efsfgt cof{n / xfdln] klxno} ;Nnfx u/]sf lyof}+. lhnnf k~rfotsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf ttsfnlg /]8qm;sf] nflu xfdln] clkm; kfof}+. To;af6 xfdln] :ofª\hfdf lhnnfjofkl kdf /]8qm;nfO{ cufl8 a9fof}+. dnfo{ uf}/j nfu5 slxn] sffxl xfdlnfo{ klg af]nfpf5g\, ;Ddfg klg ul//fv]sf 5g\. bf];nnf klg cf]9fpf5g\. d]/f] kmf]6f] klg ;+:yfks ;efklt eg]/ clkm;df /flvpsf] 5. dnfo{ clxn] s] v'zl nfu5 eg] /]8qm;n] h'g kdf :ofª\hfdf ljsf; u of] h'lgo/ /]8qm;, o'jf /]8qm;, x/]s xfo:s"nx df /]8qm;n] Pp6f sfd ul//fv]sf] 5, Tolt dfq gep/ clxn] b'u{d If]qx df vfg]kfglsf] ;d:ofx ;dfwfg ul//fv]sf] 5. ;/;kmfodf Wofg lbo/fv]sf] 5. dnfo{ w]/} v'zl nfu]sf] 5. -/]UdL, :ofª\hf /]8qm; zfvfsf ;+:yfks x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 5

b]jlk ;fb uf}td Onfd ;]jf ug]{ /fd f] Kn]6kmd{ @)#% ;fndf d}n] :gfts tx;ddsf] cwoog ;s]/ lhtk'/ xfnsf] prr df=lj=df lzif0f k]zfdf ;+nug ep. d}n] s'g} g s'g} ;fdflhs ;+:yfdf klg a:g] Pp6f OR5f ul//x]sf] lypf. o;}alr ljbfnosf] sfdn] @)#^ ;fnlt/ Onfd upf. Toltv]/ lhnnfdf /]8qm;sf] ejg agfpg], k rf/ k ;f/ ug]{ sfd ev{/ rfn' lyof]. ToxL cj:yfdf dnfo{ Onfdsf] To; a]nfsf] sfo{;ldltsf ;fylx n] cg'/f]w ug'{eof] n tkfo{+ klg /]8qm;sf] ;b:o agg'k5{ eg]/. To;a]nf cfhljg / ;fwf/0f ;b:o agfpg] Pp6f cleofg lyof]. clg dnfo{ ljbfyl{ hljg x'fb}b]lv d}n] slxn] ;flxto, slxn] ;+:s[lt If]qdf sfd ubf{v]l/ pxffx ;Fu ;fdfgotof kl/ro epsf] sf/0fn] tkfo{+ o:tf] dfg5] /]8qm;df a:g'k5{ egg'eof]. d ;b:o ag]+ / TolQs} ;b:o algof]. vf;df sxff Toqf] /]8qm;sf] dlxdf a'e\ mg ;lspsf] /x]g5. @)$@ ;fndf up/ d cfhljg ;b:o klg ag]+. clg Onfd lhnnfdf klxnf] k6s :jo+;js ljlgdo sfo{qmd lnp/ s]gb Lo sfof{nosf] Pp6f of]hgfcgtu{t u'ndlsf] uf]kfn kgyl egg] Ps hgf ;fyl xfd f] lhnnfdf hfg'eof]. ToxfF Ps dlxgf;dd pxff;u ;+ut u/]/ h'lgo/sf] ultljlwdf lxf8\b} 6]«lgª ub}{ ubf{v]l/df h'lgo/sf] af/]df cfbf]kfgt hfgg] cj;/ k fkt eof]. To;kl5 /]8qm;k lt ctogt} rf;f] a9]/ uof] / /]8qm;sf] ;]jf ug{ nfluof]. Toltv]/} lhnnf:t/lo h'lgo/ ;ldltsf] ;b:osf] kdf a;]/ @)$@ b]lv @)%@ ;Dd sfd ug]{ cj;/ ldnof]. of] alrdf @)$% ;fnsf] e"sdkn] Onfd lhnnfnfo{ klg lgs} Ifltu :t agfpsf] lyof]. Tof] cj:yfdf /fxt ;fdu L ljt/0f ug{sf nflu dnfo{ klg lhnnf sfo{;ldltn] Pp6f If]q / lhdd]jf/l lbof]. lhtk'/, vfgb' ª If]qsf uflj;x df up/ /fxt ;fdu L ljt/0f ub}{ uoof]. Toltv]/ tl ;+s6f;gg ;d'bfodf k'ubf sxl+ ctogt} boglo cj:yfdf epsf 3/ 3/df up/ /fxt ;fdu L ljt/0f ubf{v]l/ ltglx sf] ;xfg'e"ltsf cf+z'x n] cffvf 6NknfPsf] b]vbf jf:tjdf /]8qm; ;]jf hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf]df k'ugkbf]{/x]5 egg] d}n] dxz'; u/]+. Tof] /fxt ljt/0fkl5 cfk"mnfo{ emg\ uf9f kdf /]8qm;k ltsf] rf;f] / cfk"mnfo{ Pp6f pts[i6 ;]js ag]/ /xg'k5{ egg] emg\ k ]/0ff ldnb} uof]. To:t} u/l @)%@ ;fnb]lv pk;efklt / clxn] @)^* b]lv d ;efklt ep/ xfn;dd sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. ;]jf ug]{ /fd f] Kn]6kmd{ k fkt u/]sf] d}n] cg'ej u/]sf] 5'. - uf}td, g]/];f]sf] Onfd lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5_ 6 d]/f] syf

sfdaf6} k efljt d @)$% ;fndf ;fwf/0f ;b:oaf6 /]8qm;df k j]z u/]sf] x'f. @)$% ;fnsf] e"sdkdf /]8qm; tfkn]h'ª lhnnf zfvfn] k' ofpsf] of]ubfg ;ldemg5'. hlt klg ufpfdf e"sdkn] k efljt kl/jf/x x'g'x'gyof] pxffx n] /]8qm;df hfg'x'gyof]. /]8qm; egg'x'gyof]. dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] af/]df Tolt w]/} 1fg klg lypg. lsg /]8qm;d} hfg'x'g5 t eg]/ d /]8qm;df pxffx ;Fu} cfpf. cfo;s]kl5 ToxfF lhnnf txdf t /fxt, p4f/nufot ;"rgfsf] ;a} sfdx /]8qm;af6 eo/x]sf] kfpf. clg of] t c sf] nflu sfd ug]{ /fd f] ynf] /x]5. cfkt\ ljkb\ u0f]z clwsf/l tfkn]h'ª df sfd ug]{ /fd f] ;+:yf /x]5 egg] nfuof]. d}n] ToxfF cfp/ b'o{ lbg;dd a;]/ x]/]kl5 ttsfnlg /]8qm; lhnnf zfvfsf dgql l6sf/fd uf}tdn] ;b:otf lngnfo{ k ]l/t ug'{eof]. dnfo{ klg v'zl nfuof] ls o:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;b:o agg'df. jf:tjdf ef]lnsf] hljg ;fy{s x'g] /x]5 egg] lx;fjn] d /]8qm;df k j]z u/]sf] x'f. Tof] a]nfb]lv k j]z u/]+ / lg/gt/ kdf @)$% ;fnb]lv /]8qm;sf x/]s ultljlwx df d ;+nug x'fb} cfpf. ToxL ;+nugtfsf] qmddf @)%$ ;fndf lhnnf zfvfdf lgjf{lrt ep k5fl8 clxn];dd nuftf/ /]8qm;sf] g]t[tjdf /x]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. of] /]8qm; jf:tjdf cfkt\ ljkb\df k/]sf hxff b'mv ToxfF /]8qm; egg] pvfgnfo{ rl/tfy{ ug]{ / dfgj ep/ c sf] nflu s]xl ug'{k5{ egg] Pp6f ;+:yfsf] kdf d}n] kfpsf] x'gfn] d}n] of] ;+:yfnfo{ lg/gt/ kdf cu'jfo{ ul//fv]sf] 5'. -clwsf/l, g]/];f]sf] kffry/ lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5_ d]/f] syf 7

d]/f] /]8qm; syf ab L vgfn, pbok'/ dnfo{ Pp6f 36gf s]n] 5f]of] eg] xfd f] cu h lzifs s[i0fsfgt vgfn /]8qm;df w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv sfd ug'{x'gyof]. pxffn] lj/fdlx nfo{, rf]6k6s nfu]sfx nfo{, b'mvlx nfo{ ;xof]u u/]sf] b]vb} ubf{ dnfo{ To;af6 k ]/0ff nfuof] / /]8qm;df nfuf}+ nfuf}+ egg] efjgf hfu]sf] lyof]. ToxL+af6 /]8qm;df nfug] k ]/0ff hfuof] / d clxn] /]8qm; lzifs gfos, /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:o x'fb} pkzfvfdf sfo{/t x'gnfo{ k otg ub}{5'. ;ffrr} h;n] s]xl s'/fsf] cefj dxz'; u/]sf] 5, b'mvsf] cefj dx;'; u/]sf] 5, kl8f eo/x]sf] 5 ToxfF up/ yf]/} ;xof]u / ;xfg'e"lt lbg kfpfbf Pp6f /]8qm;sdL{sf] gftfn] v'zl nfu5. ltg} lxhf]sf kl8fn] ubf{ clxn] klg dnfo{ Totflt/ cem ;lqmo ep/ nfug k ]/0ff eo/x]sf] 5. -vgfn, hgsnof0f df=lj=, ky/ldf ;+nug x'g'x'g5._ dgf]h k ;fb pkfwofo df]/ª ;+:yfut k s[ofsf] nflu nl8/x] @)$^ ;fn lt/ d cfkm\gf] pbf]u Joj;fodf tnnlg lypf. Ps lbg af6f]df /]8qm; df]/ª lhnnf zfvfsf 1fgrGb b'u8, lzjbq pkfwofo, ldgf hf]zl, b]j]gb /fhu8lof nufotsf] 6f]nL;Fu e]6 eof]. pxffx /]8qm;sf] af/]df atfpfb} /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf ljt/0f ub}{ x'g'x'fbf]/x]5. dnfo{ klg pxffx n] ;b:otf lbg'eof]. pkzfvfsf] dfwodaf6 lgjf{rg k 0ffnL z'? ug]{ s]gb Lo ;s'{n/ ep klg lj=;+ @)%) ;fnsf] lgjf{rg k ToIf ;b:ox sf] lgjf{rg dfkm{t\ ul/psf] / To;kl5 ef}uf]lns If]qnfO{ Wofg glbo{ s'g} cfwf/ ljgf pkzfvf u7g k s[of ;'? epsf]df ;'wl/ sfkm\n], k'gd bfxfn, ;'jf]w l;+x, Zofdnfn tjbf/, ljsf; k/fh'nl, dlgf hf]zl / d nufot w]/} ;fylx sf] lrq gj'em]sf] sf/0f xfdl /]8qm;nfO{ /fd f] kl/kf6ltkm{ n}hfg'k5{ eg]/ /]8qm;sf] ;+u7gdf ;lqmo x'g yfnof}+. ;fy}, d]/f] cfkm\gf] 3/ epsf] j8f g+ ( df klg pkzfvf u7g x'g'kg]{ dfunfo{ cufl8 j9fof}+ / s]gb Lo sfof{no;dd ;+u7gsf] k4lt ;'wf/sf] nflu cg'/f]w kq k7fof}+ / s'/fsfgl j9fof}+f. 8 d]/f] syf

o;}sf] kmn:j?k df]/ª lhnnf zfvfdf dlgf hf]zlsf] ;+of]hstjdf tby{ ;ldlt u7g eof] / To;kl5 @)%% ;fndf epsf] lgjf{rgdf d lhnnf zfvfsf] ;b:o lgjf{lrt epf / dgqlsf] lhdd]jf/l lng k'u]f. To;kZrft\ d lg/gt/ /]8qm;sf] ljwfg, lgod, lxt, zfvfsf] sf]if a[l4, pkzfvf ;zqmls/0f, hgzlqmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;h:tf If]qdf lg/gt/ ;lqmo /xb} cfpf / zfvfsf] ;efklt klg /x]f. df]/ª lhnnfjf;l / j/k/sf lhnnfsf afl;gbfnfo{ /ut / /Qm ttjsf] lgjf{w ;]jf k'ug] cj:yfdf /xgsf] nflu clxn] d Wofg s]lgb t ul//x]sf] 5'. o;df ;j}n] ;fy lbo/x]sf 5g\ / lbo/xg] ljzjf; u/]sf] 5'. -pkfwofo, g]/];f]sf] df]/ª lhnnf zfvfsf k"j{ ;efklt x'g'x'g5_ hljgsf] klxnf] sdfo{ /]8qm;nfO{ sl/j @* jif{ cufl8sf] s'/f xf]. d siff cf7df lqe'jg cfbz{ df=lj, :ofëhfdf cwoog/t lypf. xfd f] ljbfnon] lhnnfjofkl lxhh] k ltof]lutftds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul//x]sf] lyof], h;df 6f]n ufpfsf cleefjsx, lhnnfsf xflsdx, c? ljbfnosf lzifs / ljbfyl{sf] 7"nf] ;xeflutf lyof]. xfd } ljbfnosf] Pp6f l;lgo/ ljbfyl{ 9fsf 6f]kL nufp/ sfo{qmddf kfx'gfx sf] alrdf al;/x]sf] b]v]+. To; sfo{qmddf l;l8cf], ljbfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif, x]8;/ af]nbf klxnf pg}nfo{ ;Daf]wg uy]{. sfo{qmdsf] ejotf / l;lgo/ ljbfyl{sf] ;Ddfg b]v]/ d]/f] dgdf lh1f;f eof] M lbjo/fh kf}8]n :ofªhf lsg Tolt w]/} 7"nf dfg5]x sfo{qmddf cfpsf clg Tof] l;lgo/ ljbfyl{sf] ;fg lsg j9]sf] < ul0ft lzifs /fd nvg ofbj;dif d}n] lh1f;f /fv]f tj yfxf kfpf ls h'lgo/ /]8qm;n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf h'lgo/ /]8qm;s} ljbfyl{n] cwoiftf u/]sf /x]5g\. clg d}n] klg h'lgo/ /]8qm;df sfd ug]{ OR5f /fv]f / ;f]xl jif{ cf?rf}/df epsf] lhnnf:t/lo uf]i7ldf efu lng kfpf. uf]i7ldf hffbf af6f]df hfkfgl 6f]nL;Fu slgs'yl af]nb} hfg kfoof]. hfkfgl ult l;sg kfoof]. uf]i7ldf l;sfopsf] /]8qm;sf l;4fgtx sf] cy{af6 t d cem}+ k efljt epf. csf]{jif{ d xfd f] ljbfnosf] h'/]; cwoif epf. lzifs gfosx sf] ;xof]udf xfdln] ljbfno xftfdf h'/];sf] ejg jgfof}f clg vfg]kfgl 6+sL dd{t ;'wf/ u of}+. Tof] 6+sLsf] pb\3f6g ug{ /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:o cfpg'epsf] lyof]. To; sfo{qmdsf] cwoiftf d}n] ubf{ d]/f] d]/f] syf 9

3/ kl/jf/ / ;fylx clg d b+u k/]sf lyof}f. P;=Pn=;L= lbpkl5 d}n] Pp6f gllh jf]l8{ªdf lzifs epf, d]/f] klxnf] sdfo{ d}n] /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf lngnfo{ vr]{sf] lypf, h'g d]/f] krf; lbgsf] tnj lyof]. ;+of]u g} dfgg'k5{ d}n] g]kfn /]8qm;df lj1fkg v'nbf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] nflu sd{rf/lsf] kdf sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpf. cem, g]/];f]sf] :j0f{hogtlsf] cj;/df ;Ddflgt klg x'g kfpf. Ifdtf clej[l4sf cj;/x? ldnof]. wgojfb 5 /]8qm;nfO{. -kf}8]n, g]/];f]sf] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf pk lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5_ 10 d]/f] syf ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt Zofd cof{n, :ofª\hf lj=;+= @)@& df dft[e"ld k':ts e08f/sf k f]= /fdagw' /]UdLaf6 /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf lnpkl5 g]h'/]; k"0ff{d[t ejfgl Jof=df=lj= jflnësf] lzifs gfos x'g k'u]f. ctogt ;/n, Jofjxfl/s Pj+ d[b[efifl 8f= g/]gb axfb'/ yfkf, b]j/tg wfvjf, lxdfnoh+u s]=;l= k sfz od >]i7 / ab L vgfnaf6 ddf ljbdfg /]8qm; efjgf c? hfuof]. ;dofgt/df g]h'/];sf] lzifs gfos, g]h'/] lhnnf pk;ldlt ;lrj, g]kfn /]8qm; lhnnf zfvf ;b:o / dgql kbsf] lhdd]jf/l ;d]t jxg ug'{k of]. /]8qm;sf ljlegg txsf tflndx n] ddf /]8qm; efjgfsf] ljsf; eof]. Tolta]nf ljbfno ;+rfns ;ldlt, k =c= / s]xl lzifs /]8qm;df x'g] ;+nugtfn] k7gkf7gdf afwf kf5{ egg] dfgl;stfaf6 u l;t lyp. k"0ff{d[t ejfgl df=lj=sf] lzifs gfos x'fbf @)$) df lk=o=kl= cgtu{t! dlxgf s~rgk'/df /]8qm;sf l; fgt, /]8qm; cleofg, h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nsf] af/]df k rf/k ;f/ / ;s{n lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;l/s /x]sf] lypf. ljbfnosf] k c ;DalGwt h'/];sf kb]g ;+/Ifs x'g] Joj:yf / k =c= n] /]8qm;sf] 1fgsf] nflu rf;f] sd /flvlbgfn] ;s{nsf ultljlw ;~rfngdf afwf kb{yof]. To;}n] d ;+nug h'/];n] k yd k c uf]i7l ;d]t /fvof]. sfnv08n] dnfo{ df=lj= k =c= agfof]. clg dnfo{ b'j}lt/ sfd ug{ cln ;xh eof]. ;/sf/sf] gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ 6f]nLdf k d'vsf] kdf sfd ul//x]sf avt d]/f] 3/df cfuf] nfuof]. 3/jf;, a:t'efp, vfbfgg tyf nqfsk8f ;a} v/fgl ep. g]kfn /]8qm;n] s]xl cfly{s ;xof]u u of]. d / d]/f] kl/jf/nfo{ arfof]. Tof] If0f :d/0f ubf{ g]kfn /]8qm;k lt

d clxn] klg efj ljx\jn x'g5'. d]/f] lhdd]jf/ln] d / d]/f] JolQmTjnfO{ p7fpsf] lyof]. d cfˆgf] sfo{if]qs} ljzjf;kfqsf] kdf ulgpsf] lypf. o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ >]o /]8qm;nfO{ hfg5. /]8qm; 1fg, ;fd'bflos :jf:yo / ;/;kmfo, b}jlk sf]k p4f/ cfwf/e"t k fylds pkrf/ tflnd tyf P8efG; km:6 P8 6]«lgË, k f]h]s6 KnflgË P08 d]g]hd]g6 6]«lgËh:tf tflndx n] xfdlnfo{ lhdd]jf/lk lt st{jolgi7 agfpsf] lyof]. lj=;= @)$) b]lv g} b]zsf y'k } lhnnfx df g]kfn /]8qm;sf] k ltlglwsf] kdf vl6o{ ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ k fkt epsf] lyof]. lj=;= @)$* sf] ;'?d} g]kfn /]8qm;n] ;fd'bflos ljsf; clws[t kbsf] lj1fkg u of]. b/vf:t lbo{ k/liff lbpf. klxnf] gda/df gfd lg:sof]. df=lj= :yfol k c= kb /fhlgfdf u/l /]8qm;k lt ;dlk{t x'g] p2]zon] ;fd'bflos ljsf; clws[tsf] lgo'lqm lno{ kfnkf vl6pf. @ jif{ kfnkfdf ;]jf/t /x]. lj=;= @)%) sf] a}zfv! ut]b]lv c3f{vffrldf goff k f]h]s6 ;'? eof]. dnfo{ ToxfF v6foof]. @ jif{sf] alrdf ToxfF ce"tk"j{ pknlaw xfl;n ul/of]. goff sd{rf/l egf{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ cfjzos k lqmof k"/f u/l tflnd, goff ejg lgdf{0f, :jls[t sfo{qmdcg';f/sf ;Dk"0f{ lkmn8js{ ;DkGg ul/p. /]8qm;n] alralrdf cfjzos k/]sf] a]nf cgoq klg v6fpfyof]. t/ cfkm"nfo{ ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt g} x'gyof]. lj=;+= @)&) df ;]jf kbsaf6 lje"lift u/]sf]df /]8qm;k lt cfef/ k s6 ub{5'. lj=;+= @)%# df nlntk'/ ;?jf epkl5 lgtfgt 3/fo;L sf/0fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng'k of]. t/ klg hljgsf] pq/fw{df /]8qm;nfO{ cfjzos k/]sf] ;Sbf] ;xof]u k' ofpg] rfxgf clejoqm ug{ rfxg5' / /]8qm;df cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx sf] kl/kfng / ;+/If0f ub}{ dxfdfgj hff x]g/l 8o"gfsf] rfxgfcg'?k ljzje/sf tdfd kll8t dfgjdfqsf] snof0f ug]{ pbfq efj af]s]sf] /]8qm;h:tf] dxfg cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] ul/df / 5lj a9\b} hfcf];\ / a9fpg ;lsof];\ egg] z'esfdgf JoSt ub{5'. d]/f] syf 11

k':tsaf6 k ]/0ff k'ik/fh kf}8]n tgx'f @)#^ ;fn sflt{ssf] clgtd ;ftf. sflnsf df=lj= tgx'f k"sf]{6sf] k wfgfwofkssf kdf sfo{/t. ljbfnosf] k':tsfno cjnf]sg ubf{ Pp6f gf}nf] nfug] k':ts klg e]l6of] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l o'jf /]8qm; sfo{k 0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)#% lyof] Tof]. zfob klxn] g;'g]sf], gb]v]sf], gk9]sf] / ga'em]sf] /]8qm; lrxgaf6 cfslif{t epf klg. k':ts cfbf]kfgt k9]+. ef]lnkn6 laxfg bf]xf] ofp/ s]nfo{s]nfo{ k9]/ ;s]+. /]8qm;sf ;ft cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx / o; cleofgsf Jofks dfgjlo cfbz{af6 t c;fwo} k efljt epf. lgb]{lzsfn] ljbfyl{x nfo{ ;]jftkm{ clek] l/t ub}{ dfgjlo ;]jf, af}l4s ljsf;, z}lifs 1fg, Jofjxfl/s ;Lk, :jf:yo ;'/Iff / g}lts ljsf; ug]{ Jofks If]q cf]u]6sf] ;fflrrs} hljgf]kof]ul /x]sf] kfpf. clgljbfnosf] cltl/qm ls ofsnksf] kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] u/l 5flgPsf sfo{qmd / ultljlwx ug{ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n ctogt pkof]ul x'g] dx;'; u/] F. k fy{gfsf] ;dok"j{ lzifs ;fylx ;Fu 5f]6f] ;dembf/l agof] xfd f] ljbfnodf klg ;s{n vf]ng]. ljbfyl{x ;dif k fy{gfsf] j]nf k :tfj /fv]+. Ps lsl;dsf] ttk/tf, pt;'stf / lh1f;fsf] nx/ rnof]. lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ /]8qm; cleofg / ;s{nsf] ljifodf To;} xktfsf] z'qmjf/ Psah]kl5 cfled'vls/0f cfof]hgf u/]+. ljbfyl{ / lzifsx ;Fu ;xsfo{, ;dgjo / ;xof]u eof]. ;s{n vf]ng ;b:otf cleofgsf nflu z'ns ;+sng / ;b:otf lj:tf/ 6f]nL u7g ul/of]. dfq Ps xktfsf] ;do lbp/ of] sfo{ ;'? / ;DkGg klg eof]. ;lhn} ;xdltk"j{s ;s{nsf] u7g ul/of]. cfa4tf z'ns;lxt ;s{nsf] :jls[ltsf nflu lhnnf zfvfdf kq k7foof]. :jls[t eof] / sfof{/de klg. cfjzostfcg';f/ ;+/Ifs / lzifs gfossf]] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ /]8qm; 1fg / k fylds pkrf/sf If]qdf tflnd lng] / lbg] ul/of]. uf]i7lx sf] ;~rfng / jflif{s sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f u/l lgoldt kdf ;s{n cufl8 a9fpg dfu{bz{g ug]{ k of; ;w}+ u/]+. oxl g} d]/f] /]8qm; syfsf] klxnf] kfonf] eof]. kl5 t qmdzm /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:o, cfhljg ;b:o / Jofj;flos /]8qm;sdL{ g} agg k'u]+. - kf}8]n, g]/];f]sf] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf k"j{ sf=d'= sfo{sf/l lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5_ 12 d]/f] syf

/]8qm;sf] bf}8df k fkt ;kmntfsf] syf @)@^ ;fndf d}n] k j]lzsf k/liff pql0f{ u/l ;f]xl jif{ prr lziff k fkt ug{ w/fgdf cfpf. ToxfF @)@* ;fn ;Ddsf] k9fo{ k"/f u/l cfˆgf] hgd:yn vffbjf/l kmls{pf. @)@* af6 g} ;fdflhs ;]jfdf nfug] OR5f hfu]/ cfof]. To;kl5 ljbfyl{ ;+u7gdf k j]z u/l lgm:jfy{ ;]jf ug]{ ceof;sf] yfngl u/]+. sl/a # jif{kzrft\ @)#! Dff g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l ;ª\v'jf;ef lhnnf zfvfsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;ª\v'jf;ef, r}gk'/sf >4]o 1fg pbf;ho"n] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l s]gb Lo sfof{noaf6 ;b:otf /l;b ;/f]h jh frfo{ ;ª\v'jf;ef lhnnf lnp/cfpg'epsf] yfxf kfpf. ljbfyl{ ;+u7gsf] sfd / d]/l >LdtLn] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;fgf] v'b f k;nnfo{ a9fpg] sfddf ;d]t ;do lbb} @)#! dª\l;/df /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:odf k j]z u/]f. @)#! Kff}if @* df ;DkGg epsf] lhnnf zfvfsf] lgjf{rgdf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt eo{ pk;efklt kbdf sfd u/+]. o;sf] g]t[tj :j=ogb jxfb'/ ;f]dofxfªn] ug'{epsf] lyof]. @)#$ j}zfvdf zfvfsf] k'gu{7g ug]{ qmddf s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7ho"sf] g]t[tjdf u7g epsf] ;ldltdf sf]iffwoif kbdf lglj{/f]w rog epf. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l, ;ª\v'jf;efn] ;b:ox af6 k fkt epsf]? %^!. nfo{ cfdbfgl jffwl >f]tsf] jl[4 u/fpg] k of;sf] yfngl ub}{ a9\b} lypf. @)#& df ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DkGg ug{ g;s]kl5 s]gb Lo sfof{nojf6 @)#& h]i7df d]/f] ;+of]hstjdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf ;+v'jf;efnfo{ tby{df /x]/ sfo{;~rfng ug{ lgb{]zg k fkt eof]. ;b:otf a9fpg] cleofg rnfpfbf ;b:otf /fd f];+fu j[l4 eof]. @)#* r}qdf zfvfsf] lgjf{rg k lt:kwf{tds tl/sfn] eof]. ;fwf/0f ;b:ox sf] ckf/ dfof k fkt u/l ;ft dt a9ln] ;efkltdf ljhol epf. lhnnfsf] /]8qm;nfO{ cufl8 j9fpg sfo{of]hgf jgfo{ cufl8 j9f]. )#* sf] nfv] hfqfdf d nfv] jg]/ gffr]f / c? ;fylx 9f]nsL ofd6f jhfpg] sfddf nfu]. $ % lbgsf] d]xgtjf6?!^,)). p7fpg ;kmn epf. ttsfnlg vffbjf/l ufpf k~rfotsf] k'/fgf] ejgsf] tnnf] sf]7f lgmz'ns k fkt epsfn] @ kml6 cunf] df6f] ;fkm u/l cfˆg} xftn] nlkkf]t u/]f. nfv]jf6 p7]sf]!^,)). jf6 s]xl j]gr, 6]jnsf] Joj:yf u/l klxnf] k6s lhnnfdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf ;+v'jf;efsf] jf]8{ /fvl sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn epf. )#( df :jl; /]8qm;af6! hgf dlxnf :jo+;]js lhnnfdf!% lbg /xg] u/l s]gb jf6 v6fopsf] lyof]. pxffaf6 zfvf ;~rfngsf nflu 1fg d]/f] syf 13

j6'nb} hfg] df}sf k fkt eof]. pxffn] lhnnfjf6 kms{g] lbgdf?!)). g]kfnl?k+}of ;xof]u lbptf klg! nfv egbf w]/} /sd k fkt epsf] dx;'; epsf] lyof]. lhnnfsf x/]s ufpfdf /]8qm; k' ofpg] ;f]rcg';f/ lhnnf zfvfn] ;j{ k yd ;b/d'sfdsf] xfo{ :s'ndf h'lgo/ /]8qm; :yfkgf u of]. @)%$ jf6 pkzfvfsf] dfwodjf6 lhnnff zfvf ;~rfng ug]{ cleofg klg k"/f u/]f. )$% sf] e"sdkdf p4f/ tyf /fxtsf] sfdnfo{ klg ;kmn kfb}{ lhnnfdf # j6f ejg agfpg ;kmn epsf] ;+v'jf;efn] ufpf,lhnnf / /fi6«e/df g} cˆgf] kl/ro u/fpg ;kmn epsf] 5. ;ª\v'jf;efdf @)#& ;fnjf6 lhnnfsf] ;efklt kbdf ;]jf u/]sf] of] bf}8 cfˆgf] ;kmntfsf] syf jg]sf] ;Dem]sf] 5'. - ah frfo{, g]/];f]sf] ;ª\v'jf;ef lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5_ hljgsf hl6n df]8x df rng l;sfpg] /]8qm; g/]gb k ;fb kf]v/]n, wgs'6f @)#% ;fnsf] s'/f] xf] d cf7 siffdf k9\y]+. Ps lbg kffrf}+ 306Ldf xfd f] ljbfnosf k wfgfwofks crfgs siff sf]7fdf cfpg'eof]. ljbfnsf] ljifout s'/f] 5f8]/ xfdlnfo{ cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g / /]8qm; cleofgsf] af/]df ;Demfpg yfng'eof]. /]8qm;sf] Pp6f xffufsf] kdf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n k To]s ljbfnodf :yfkgf ul/g5 / o;sf] nflu ;b:o agg'kb{5 eg]/ l;sfpg'eof]. To;kl5 xfdl ;a} h'/];sf] ;b:o agoff}. To;sf] & lbgkl5 ljbfnodf h'/]; u7g eof]. d klg To; ljbfnosf] h'/];sf] cwoif agg ;kmn epf. To;kl5 cfˆgf] cwoogsf ;fy;fy} /]8qm;sf ljlegg sfo{qmddf efu lng] / /]8qm;sf af/]df cwoog ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9\b} uof]. d /]8qm; cleofgdf cfpg'egbf klxnf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f d~r wgs'6fsf] cwoif lypf. cfh d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf wgs'6fsf] ;efklt epkl5 ljlegg lsl;dsf ljkb\df k/]sf JolStx sf] ;xof]udf ;l/s eo/x]sf] 5'. @)^* ;fnsf] e"sdk / o;af6 epsf] Iflt, kll8t hgtfnfo{ /fxt ljt/0f ug]{ sfd To;kl5 dxfef/tdf @ hgfsf] Hofg lng] u/l upsf] klx/f] nufot cfunful, r6\ofª, af9lh:tf k sf]ksf 36gfaf6 x'g] hlp Hofgsf] Iflt sd u/fpg] sfo{df ;+nug x'g kfpfbf uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5'. ljlegg tflnd, uf]i7lx df efu lng df}sf kfpf, h;n] /]8qm; cleofgnfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;kmn eo/x]sf] 5'. ;g\!($( sf h]]g]ef dxf;lgwx / ltglx sf k yd tyf låtlo cfn]vx x]g{ / cgo /]8qm;;DaGwL yk cwoog ug]{ df}sf kfpsf] 5'. hljgsf hl6n df]8x df dnfo{ rng l;sfpg] /]8qm; / o;sf sfo{x cfh d]/f] clegg c+uh:t} agg k'u]sf] 5. - kf]v/]n, g]/];f]sf] wgs'6f lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5_ 14 d]/f] syf

k9]n]v]sf] gep klg ;dfhdf s]xl u/]/ b]vfpg] 7fp /fdk uf; ofbj, s[i0fk'/ % l;/fxf d Tolt k9]n]v]sf] gep klg ;dfhdf s]xl u/]/ b]vfpg rfxgy]f. d]/f] ;]jf ug]{ OR5f ep tfklg s'g} 7fpF kfo/x]sf] lyog. @)^( cfiff9df d]/f] j8fdf s]xl dfg5]x e]nf eo/x]sf] a]nfdf d klg ToxfF k'u]. Toltv]/ t'naxfb'/ tdfë / pkzfvfsf ;efkltaf6 d]/f] l5d]slx nfo{ cfˆgf] j8fsf] sfuhdf gszf agfpgsf nflu elg/xg'epsf] lyof]. d]/f l5d]slx n] dnfo{ ;3fpg'eof]. d}n] j8fsf] gszf agfpf. To;kl5 tdfë ;/n] CBHFA sfo{qmdsf] af/]df hfgsf/l u/fpg'eof]. 3/w'/Lsf] cfwf/df :jo+;]js 5gf}6 ug]{ k lqmofdf d]/f] gfd klg 5gf}6 eof]. s]xl dlxgfkl5 d}n] /]8qm;, ;d'bfo kl/rfng, ;d'bfosf] n]vfhf]vf / k fylds pkrf/sf] tflnd kfpf. ha d}n] k fylds pkrf/sf] tflnd kfpf To;kl5 d]/f l5d]slx ;fgf] 3fp rf]6k6s nfubf klg :jf:yo rf}sldf sd{rf/lx sf] cefjsf sf/0f dsxff cfpg yfng'eof]. clxn] dnfo{ l5d]slx n] ;ffrr] g} /fdk uf; gfd cg';f/sf] sfd u5{g\ egl d"nofíg u/]sf]df d cfkm' w]/} v';l 5'. klxnfklxnf ufpfdf rkl{ gep/ htftt} v'nnf lb;f ug]{ kl/kf6l epsfn] af6f] lxf8\bf d'v 5f]k]/ lx8\g'kyof]{. 5f]/L, a'xf/lx nfo{ lb;f ug{sf nflu ;ffemlaxfg s'g'{kyof]{. clxn] xfd f] j8fdf o; sfo{qmdn] ;xof]u u/]/ k fom ;a}sf] 3/df rkl{ agfo;s]sf] 5. To;sf] g]t[tj klg d}n] g} ul//x]sf] 5'. s]xl ;dok5fl8 g} xfd f] j8fnfo{ v'nnf lb;fd'qm 3f]if0ff ug{ uo/x]sf 5f}F. j8fsf] ;'Gb/tf / d]/f] hljgsf] kl/jt{g CBHFA sfo{qmdn] u/]sf] x'fbf d o; sfo{qmdnfo{ wgojfb lb+b} ;bf ;xof]u ul/g} /xg] k 0f ub{5'. cwoog, cwofkg / :j+o;]jfsf] efjgfn] lgvfl/ b} /fdlszf]/ ofbj d >L r=df=lj l;/fxfdf cwoog/t /xfbf @)$# ;fndf g]=/]=;f] lhnnf zfvf l;/fxfåf/f h'/]; :yfkgfy{ uf]i7ldf efu lno{ /]8qm;;DaGwL hfgsf/l kfpkzrft\ ljbfnodf h'/]; u7g u/]sf lbgb]lv /]8qm;sf ;ft l;4fgt dgdf v]ng yfnof]. Tof] ky d]/f] lhgbulsf] ;kmn ky x'fb} uof]. pkzfvf u7g cleofgsf] qmddf g]/];f] pkzfvf nidllgofsf] ;lrj epf. /]8qm;;Fusf] ;DaGw k uf9 x'fb} uof]. ;g\!(($ df b}jlk sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf k fylds pkrf/ tflnddf ;xeful x'g] df}sf kfpf. yk lhdd]jf/l;fy sfd ug{ yfn]f, d]/f] ;]jfsf] d]/f] syf 15

efjgfnfo{ sb/ ub}{ dnfo{ k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs k lzif0fdf sf7df8f}+ k7foof]. tflnd d]/f] nflu ;'gf}nf] cj;/ lyof]. Tof] cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ ;kmntfsf] l;+9l r9\g yfnf]. clg s'zn k lzifssf] kdf :yflkt epf. cwoog, cwofkg / :j+o;]jfsf] efjgfn] d lgvfl/fb} upf. /]8qm; zfvfn] dnfo{ prr txsf] k fylds pkrf/ tflnd, ågå kll8t, RFL, Child protection, dgf]ljdz{, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{nufot ljlegg tflnddf ;xeful x'g] df}sf k bfg u/fof]. o;s} sf/0f l;/fxf cbfnt afn Ohnf;df ;dfh;]jlsf] kdf :yflkt x'g ;kmn epf. xfn n=df=lj= nidlk'/sf] lj1fg lzifs tyf h'/]; lzifs gfos eo{ ;]jf ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. d]/f] d"nofíg ub}{ g]/];f] zfvf l;/fxfn] h'/]; lhnnf ;ldltsf] ;b:o agfpsf]df d cfkm"nfo{ uf}/jflgjt 7fG5'. d]/f] ;kmntfdf /]8qm; d]?b08sf] kdf /x]sf] x'fbf /]8qm; ;efklt /fhb]j ofbj tyf k agws czf]ss'df/ ofbj nufot ;Dk"0f{ /]8qm; kl/jf/ nfo{ wgojfb lbf+b} k ultsf] sfdgf ub{5'. - ofbj, l;/xfdf lzifs gfos Pj+ k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs x'g'x'g5_ ljklq cfokbf{ ;xof]u ug]{ /]8qm; /fhb]j ofbj l;/fxf lj=;= @)$@ ;fndf /]8qm;sf ttsfnlg s]gb Lo cwoif x]n]g zfxåf/f l;/fxf lhnnfdf /]8qm;sf] :yfkgfsf nflu Jofkf/L j'l4hljl, kqsf/ / /fhgllts bnsf JolQmx sf] e]nf af]nfopsf] lyof]. b/jf/sf] s'g} klg ;b:on] af]n]kl5 nfu" x'g] rng lyof] / k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] pkl:yt ;a}nfo{ tkfo{+x clxn] g} /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:o agg'xf];\ egg' epkl5 a'em]/ xf]og 8/n] cfhljg ;b:otf x]n]g ;/sf/af6 lnpf. Tof] lbg dnfo{ o:tf] dx;'; eof] d lsg Tof] a}7sdf upf cgfjzos?= %)%. ltg{'k of]. @)$^ df lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rgsf] af/]df yfxf kfpf / To;kl5 xfnsf dgql /fhb]j 7fs'/;Fu ;Nnfx u/]/ xfdl b'j}n] ;b:o kbdf dgf]gog btf{ u/fof}f. ;+o'qm ef]6 dful b'j} hgf lgjfl{rt eof}f. lgjf{rgkl5 h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g ug{ s]gb Lo sfof{noaf6 @ lbg] tflndsf] cfof]hgf ul/psf] lyof]. To; ;dodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g / /]8qm; cleofgsf] af/]df yfxf kfpf. jnn d}n] a'em]f ls /]8qm; s'g} klg ;dodf dflg;nfo{ ljklq cfokbf{ ;xof]u ug]{ dfgjlo ;+:yf /x]5. dnfo{ klg ;dfhdf cfkb\ ljkb\ kbf{ lgm:jfy{ 16 d]/f] syf

;xof]u ug'{k5{ egg] efjgf hfu]/ cfof] / ;lqmo ep/ /]8qm;sf nflu kg{ yfn]f. lj=;+= @)%) ;fndf d k'gm ;b:o kbdf lgjf{lrt epf / sf]iffwoif kbdf lgo'qm epf. lj=;= @)$@ ;fndf g} x]n]g zfxaf6 uflj; dlx;f]yfsf k wfgk~rnfo{ af]nfo{ huufsf] ljifodf 5nkmn epkl5 /]8qm;sf] ejgsf nflu huuf k fkt epsf] lyof]]. lj=;= @)%) ;fn;dd /]8qm; sfof{no k':tsfnosf] Pp6f sf]7fdf dfq ;~rfngdf /x]sf] lyof]. d lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] sf]iffwoif kbdf lgo'qm epkl5 ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu ljlegg ;+3;+:yf / JolQmx af6 rgbf ;+sng u/l @ sf]7fsf] ejg lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn epf. lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf /fhnfn ofbj ;efklt kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] / d}n] dgqlsf] lhdd]jf/l kfpf. To;kZrft\ d}n] ljlegg tflnd tyf uf]i7ldf ;xeful x'g] cj;/ kfpsf]n] /]8qm;nfO{ emg} glhsaf6 a'em\g] cj;/ kfpf. dnfo{ ;a}n] ;dfh;]jlsf] kdf lrgg yfn] / ;dfhdf d klg ;dfh;]jlsf] kdf :yflkt epf h:tf] dx;'; x'g yfnof]. lj=;= @)%* ;fnsf] lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rgdf d ;efkltnufot k"/} sfo{;ldlt lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt eof}f. lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf ttsfnlg s]gb Lo cwoifåf/f d s]gbl o ;b:odf dgf]glt epf. ;a}af6 lrlgg] cj;/ ;d]t k fkteof] / clxn]sf] s]gb Lo cwoifn] klg dnfo{ s]gb Lo ;b:odf dgf]lgt ug'{epsf] 5. lhnnfdf lj=;+= @)%*, @)^@, @)^^ / @)&) u/l rf}yf} k6s;dd ;efklt kbdf 5' / k"/} sfo{;ldlt lgjf{/f]w lgjf{lrt ep/ /]8qm;df ;lqmo kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfo/x]sf 5f}+. of] qmd hf/lg} /xg]5. -ofbj, g]/];f]sf] l;/xf lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt Pj+ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5_ ;fdfgo a'xf/lsf] klxrfg km]l/of] nlntfs'df/l d08n, s[i0fk'/ @, l;/fxf d lj=;= @)^( cflzjgdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf l;/fxfåf/f s[i0fk'/ uflj;df ;~rfng e}/x]sf] ;fd'bflos :jf:yo tyf k fylds pkrf/ kl/of]hgfsf nflu ;fd'bflos ptk ]/ssf] kdf sfo{ ug{sf nflu 5gf}6 epf. To;sf] s]xl lbgdf g} d}n] ;fd'bflos :jf:yo tyf k fylds pkrf/ /fli6«o ;xhstf{ sfo{zfnfdf efu lng] cj;/ kfpf h'g d]/f] klxnf] k lzif0f lyof]. d}n] To; ;dodf /]8qm;, k fylds pkrf/ / :jf:yo tyf ;/;kmfosf] af/]df /fd /L a'em\g] cj;/ ;d]t k fkt u/]. To; egbf cufl8 dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] af/]df s]xl yfxf d]/f] syf 17

lypg. To;kl5 d}n] kl/of]hgfsf] x/]s ultljlwx df ;xhstf{sf] sfd ug'{sf ;fy} ;Gb]z / 3/b}nf] sfo{qmdx u/l ;d'bfox df 5nkmn ug{sf nflu nful k/f]. Pslbg d}n] k fylds pkrf/ k lzif0fsf] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefo/x]sl lypf. k lzif0fsf] clgtd lbg lhnnf zfvf l;/fxfsf ;efklt /fhb]j ofbjho"n] k ;Ëj; tkfo{+x sf] slt hgfsf] 3/df rkl{ 5 xft p7fpg' t eg]/ ;f]wg'eof] Toltv]/ d}n] klg xft p7fpg g;sbf dnfo{ olt cftdunflg eof] ls d cfkm} ;d'bfodf ;Gb]z lbg] JolQm ep/ klg cfkm\g}] 3/df rkl{ 5}g. Tolt dfq gep/ d}n] :jf:yo siff ;~rfng ug{ hffbf sltko ;xefulx n] p;sf] cfˆg} 3/df rkl{ 5}g, c?nfo{ rfflx hfgg] ep/ rkl{ agfpg'k5{ eg]/ ;Gb]z lbg] egl d]/f] :jf:yo siffdf a:g?rfpfb}gy]. dnfo{ ;d:of s] lyof] eg] xfd f] k/dk/fdf a'xf/ln] ;;'/f;fu d'vfd'v u/]/ af]ng gldng] epsf] sf/0fn] d}n] b]j/x dfkm{t ;DemfO{ rkl{ agfpg clek ]l/t u/f] t/ d]/f] ;;'/fn] cfn6fn dfq ug'{eof]. To;kl5 d}n] d]/f] cfˆgf] ljb]zdf /x]sf] >Ldfg\nfO{ 3/df rkl{ agfpgnfo{ a'afnfo{ ;DemfOlbg cfu x u/]+. t}klg ;kmn x'g ;lsg. d}n] kl/jt{gsf] ;'?jft cfk+m}af6 x'g'kg]{ /x]5 egg] s'/f a'em]+ clg d]/f] 3/df ptk ]/0ff hufpgsf nflu s[i0fk'/ pkzfvfsf] ;efklt pdfsfgt dxtf] / CBHFA kl/of]hgfsf] lkmn8 clkm;/ t'naxfb'/ tfdfënfo{ d]/f] 3/df ;DemfOlbg'k of] eg]/ cfu x u/f]. pxffx n] ;Demfpg' epkl5 jnn d]/f] ;;'/fn] rkl{ agfpg'eof]. To;kl5 dnfo{ w]/} v';l nfuof] lsgls d]/f] 3/df rkl{ epsf]n] d 9'Ssn] ;d'bfodf up/ :jf:yo siff ;~rfng ug{ / s'g} klg sfo{qmdx df rkl{ 5 ls 5}g eg]/ ;f]wbf xft klg p7fpg ;Sg] epf / klxn] d]/f] siffdf ga:g]x klg kl5 ;a} hgf :jf:yo ;r]tgf siffdf ;xeful x'g yfn]. xfn d cfˆgf] uflj;df :jf:yo ;Gb]zjfxssf] kdf ;d]t lrlgg yfn]sl 5'. d cfkm}+ ;f]r5', d klxnf /]8qm;df gnfubf ;fdfgo a'xf/l dfq lypf eg] cfh ;a}sf] ljzjf;sf] kfq ag]sl 5'. o:tf] u/fpg ;kmn epsf]df d /]8qm;nfO{ wgojfb lbg rfxg5'. 18 d]/f] syf

My Red Cross Story "Why do you work for the Red Cross?" I often get asked when I tell people that I graduated from a business school. They assume automatically that I should be a nurse or a doctor, not an economist. In my home country Finland, the Finnish Red Cross is very well known for two things: blood services and First Aid training. They are basically a household word, with a very strong health image. When I was a student, I did the obvious things and became a regular blood donor. I also took the First Aid training offered by Finnish Red Cross to be a better global citizen in order to be to assist both myself and my near ones in times of medical urgencies. Ritva Lahti Finland However, it never struck me that the Red Cross could also offer employment. Fortunately I heard from a friend, who had been a Red Cross volunteer for a long time, that Finnish Red Cross actually does hire all kinds of people with different education and backgrounds. With curiosity, I applied to their Basic Training Course in 1997 and was accepted. That week was one of the best training I have ever received as it opened up the Red Cross world to me, with all its opportunities. So even today, I am happy to respond to that question by saying that the Red Cross needs all kinds of people - both you and me. (Mrs. Ritva worked in Nepal as a Country Representative of IFRC) d]/f] syf 19

;fyl lzifs tflndn] ddf NofPsf] kl/jt{g OGb f lh=;l=, bfª d]/f] gfd OGb f lh=;l= xf]. d g/b]jl df=lj=, t]3/f, l9sk'/, bfªdf!) siffdf cwoog ub{5'.! jif{ cufl8 o; df=lj= sf] ;fyl lzifsdf 5gf]6 epkl5 PrcfO{eL, dfgj a]rljvg / ;fdflhs e]befj ljifodf # lbgsf] ;fyl lziff tflnddf ;xeful x'g] cj;/ kfpf. tflndn] d]/f] Jofjxfl/s hljgdf kl/jt{g NofOlbof]. klxn] dnfo{ ;dfhdf af]s;l x'g5g\ h:tf] nfug] ub{yof]. h'g s'k yf ;dfhdf h/} uf8]/ a;]sf] 5 ToxL s'k yfdf d klg cl8u lypf. clxn] d To:tf] s'k yfb]lv 6f9f 5'. To;}u/L xfd f] ufpf3/df w]/} dlxnfx a]/f]huf/ lyp. d}n] tl ;a} dlxnf tyf bfhefonfo{ ;Lkd"ns sfdsf] dxtjsf] af/]df hfgsf/l u/fpf. clxn] ;a} dlxnfx afv fkfng, t/sf/l v]tl, s'v'/fkfng, l;nfos6foh:tf s'g} g s'g} Joj;fodf nfug' epsf] 5. csf]{ dxtjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] Ps hgf dfdf ljb]zaf6 lj/fdl k/]/ 3/ kms{g nfug'epsf] lyof]. pxffsl >LdtLn] s] ep/ kms{g nfug'epsf] xf] egbf lj/fdl k/]/ dfq egg'epsf] lyof]. Tof] s'/f d]/l cfdf;fu dfoh"n] ug'{epsf] /x]5. cfdfn] st} P8;\ t epsf] xf]og egl d;fu s'/f ug'{eof]. To;kl5 d}n] pxffnfo{ ;fyl lzifs 8fo/L, o'jf rf}tf/l k9\g lbpf / ;xl tl/sfn] s08d k of]u ug{ plrt ;Nnfx lbpf. dfdf c:ktfn hfg'eof]. PrcfO{eL epsf] /x]g5. Ifo/f]u nfu]sf] /x]5. cf}ifwl vfgsf] nflu hfgsf/l u/fpsfn] clxn] cf}ifwl vffb} x'g'x'g5. o;/l # lbgsf] ;fyl lziff tflndn] dnfo{ ;Ifd agfpsf] 5. d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lk lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxg5'. cfufdl lbgdf klg o:tf hgr]tgfd"ns / ;] jfd"ns sfo{qmdx nfo{ lgoldt kdf ;~rfng u/l xfdlh:tf ;dfhsf ;+jfxssf kdf /x]sf ljbfyl{x nfo{ ;dfhdf ;sf/ftds kl/jt{g Nofpg w]/} ;xof]u k'ug] 5 egg] ck]iff u/]sl 5'. 20 d]/f] syf

My Red Cross Story I joined the RC in 1993 at the time when my homeland was plunging into a bloody civil war. At the beginning of the 1990s, I was at my sophomore year at the university. In those days my country, then called Yugoslavia, was rapidly changing, the values I was brought up with were slowly turning into something I felt was not acceptable or desirable. Love became hatred, friendship turned into hostility, inclusion was replaced by discrimination, compassion grew into coldness, solidarity came to be selective and, finally, peace changed into war. Dragana Kojic ICRC, Former Yugoslavia At the beginning of 1992, the images of dead bodies lying in the streets were shown by the media almost daily, I remember, I was in complete disbelief that something like that could be happening in my country. Coming from a multi-ethnic family, determined not to take sides, and how could I - the RC was an obvious choice for me. I had a friend who was already working with the Red Cross and I joined, too. My father, who grew up through the Second World War was very worried, he said to me: "You are very young, you have no idea what is going to happen out there, you might be putting your life on the line and I only wish you will not regret your decision!" Fortunately, I have never regretted my decision, otherwise I would not have stayed with the RC for 22 years. I have to admit though that I was often frustrated thinking: am I doing enough? Why can't we do more as there are so many who are vulnerable and needy? In these 22 years, I was able to see how the RC touched the lives of those injured, those detained, those who lost their homes, those who lost their family members, people who suffered immensely, and I heard many say the RC helped me, the RC changed my life, the RC helped me regain my dignity, the RC saved my life. Often and again, I could see that the work we do made a difference in this world. The RC has become so much more than just what I do. It has become an important part of who I am.i feel privileged and grateful for belonging to this humanitarian Movement. (Mrs. Dragana is currently working for the ICRC in Nepal. ) d]/f] syf 21

æh'g wf/fdf kfgl cfo/x]sf] 5 Tof] wf/f /]8qm;n] h8fg u/]sf] xf]æ @)#!.#@ ;fndf ljbfno:t/df h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{ndf ;lrj kbaf6 z'? epsf] d]/f] /]8qm; cleofgdf xfn;dd klg lg/gt/ /x]sf] 5. OGb axfb'/ s]=;l, sf7df8f}+ n]vf k/lif0fsf] qmddf b}n]v lhnnfdf @)$( ;fndf n]vf k/lifs;fu lkmn8 hffbf of] vfg]kfgl s'g ;+:yfåf/f ljt/0f ul/psf] xf] egl ;f]wbf ;d'bfosf JolStn] æh'g wf/fdf kfgl cfo/x]sf] 5 Tof] wf/f /]8qm;n] h8fg u/]sf] xf]æ egg] hjfkm kfpf. /]8qm;sdL{sf] x}l;otn] o:tf] ;'Gg kfpfbf lgs} v';l nfuof]. -s];l, g]/];f]sf] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf sfod d'sfod sfo{sf/l lgb] {zs x'g'x'g5_ 22 d]/f] syf dnfo{ uf}/j nfu5 @@ cf} + a;gt kf/ u/]sf] cfnf]sffrf] Pp6f l76f] ev{/ l8knf]df OlGhlgol/ª kf; u/]/ sf7df8f} +df yk cwoogsf] nflu a;]sf] a]nf, crfgs /]8qm;af6 af]nfx6 x'g5. pm /]8qm; s]gb Lo sfof{no k'u5. Ps 306fsf] cled'vls/0f x'g5. ef]ln g} ;'v] {t hfg' k5{ elgg5. p;n] s]xl g;f]rl x'g5 eg5. ef]lnkn6 ;'v] {tsf] nflu /dfgf x'g5. clg z' u5{ cfˆgf] /]8qm; hljg. cd/dl0f kf}8]n yfgsf]6 s'/f] kmfu'g!! ut] @)%# ;fnsf] xf]. lhgbulsf] klxnf] hflu/] hljg ;'v] {tsf] ;'Gb/ 7fpFaf6 k fljlwssf] kdf z' u5{. e]/l gblsf] lsgf/, 3'dvx/] uflj;, vfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo kl/of]hgf cn;'of{sf] psfnf] 7f8f] le/, e]/lsf] lsgf/ oxl alrdf ljtfo{ lbg5 nueu! jif{. dgdf w]/} ljrf/, Ps jif{sf] cg'ej o;}nfo{ ;d]6]/ t/fo{ /f}tx6 em5{. ToxfF klg! jif{ sfd u/]/ Onfd nfu5. clg kl/jt{g z' x'g5 p;sf] lhgbulsf]. ljx] u5{, k'qnfe x'g5 t/ /]8qm;;Fu j:5. oyfy{df /]8qm;sf] dfofdf]xdf aflwg5. ;]jf ubf{ cfggb dfg5. ;a}n] ;f]w5g\ cr]n cd/hl sxff 5 < ce}m dnfo{ uf}/j nfu5 ce}m d /]8qm;df 5'. 7fpF km/s 5 t/ /]8qm;;Fu} 5. wgojfb /]8qm;nfO{ d]/f] syf hf/l 5 ===.

@)^( ;fnsf] pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt lj=;= @)%# ;fnlt/sf] s'/f] xf]. sf7df8f}+l:yt k'tnl;8sdf cjl:yt z+s/b]j SofDk;df k9\bfk9\b} g]kfn /]8qm;df PsfpG6]06 kbdf hflu/ v'n]sf] ;dfrf/ Pp6f ;fylaf6 yfxf kfpf. ljz'4 ;+:yf /]8qm;df d]/f] hflu/ vfg] 7"nf] wf]sf] lyof]. olb lgikif k/liff x'g5 eg] gfd kss} lgsfn5' / k9fo klg k"/f u5'{ egg] nfu]sf] lyof]. gegb} lnlvtdf kf; epf. ;fy;fy} cgtjf{tf{df klg pql0f{ epf. sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ;dosf] Vofn} gu/l sfd u/f]. kmn:j k @)^( ;fnsf] pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt epf. o;n] /]8qm;sdL{ ep/ sfd ug{ ddf cem pt;fx yk]sf] 5. -kl08t, g]/];f]sf] n]vf clws[t x'g'x'g5._ ltaaltog z/0ffyl{nfo{ ;fdfg af 8\g] ] :jo+;]js u+uf kl08t wg'iff @)@& df d ljbfnodf k9\bf /]8qm; sfof{no lqk'/]zj/df ltaaltog z/0ffyl{nfo{ ;fdfg aff8\g]] sfo{ / bz/y /u+zfnfdf epsf] v]ns'bdf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;b:osf] x}l;otn] :jo+;]js eo{ sfo{ z'? u/]sf] lypf. @)## ;fn sllt{k'/df P]8dg 3'DtL lrlst;fno ;]jfdf :jo+;]js eo{ :j= /Tglszf]/ /f]ssf;fu cfjzos sfo{ u/]sf] lypf. cfsif{0f k wfg sllt{k'/ @)$! c;f/! af6 /]8qm;af6 ;~rflnt vfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo sfo{qmddf hflu/ z'? u/]f. /]8qm;df sfo{ ubf{ d"ntof cftd ;Gt'li6 k fkt x'g'sf ;fy} ljlegg If]qsf cg'ej k fkt u/]f. dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ e"ldsfdf /]8qm;åf/f sllt{k'/ -$ uflj;_ df k To]s 3/df zf}rfno lgdf{0f cleofg ;~rfng u/l k"0f{ kdf ;kmntf k fkt u/]sf] lypf. @)#( ;fndf sllt{k'/af6 g} g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l ;fd'bflos ljsf; cleofgsf] z'?jft epaf6 /]8qm;sdL{ eo{ sfo{ ug{ yk clek ]l/t u/]sf] 5. -k wfg, g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 23

8f= dlgtf /fhsl0f{sf/ nlntk'/ Feel Red Cross: Respect Red Cross I am in RC and RC is inside me. Through open competition I entered in RC whereas that time I only knew about RC symbol and some activities like Blood and Flood. With the help of RC chain I was introduced in National and International level and vise versa. That was not my dream and plan to be in RC but now I admire and devoted to RC. When I was in Jumla I got a chance to provide service to deliver a baby. That was my great satisfaction. If I were not there Thanks for the Red Cross for arranging that trip and making me able to provide humanitarian service. I am spell bound and feel splendid now. I am proud to tell again feel RC respect RC. -/fhsl0f{sf/, g]/];f] s]gb Lo /Qm ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5._ /]8qm;af6 hljg arfpg] ;Lk;fy} dfgjlo efjgf a9fpg d2t s?0ff >]i7,sf7df8f} + @)$) ;fn df3!& df bfëaf6 Ko"7fg h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] /fli6«o:t/sf] lgjgw k ltof]lutfdf hfg] lznflznfdf af6f]df kg]{ xgf]{sdf lx+l8/x]sf] Ps hgf!% jif{sf] o'jf crfgs n8\of]. le/ glhs} n8]sf o'jf 56\k6fO/x]sf / :yfglo @ $ hgf x]l//x]sf] cj:yfdf d t'?gt uo{ a]xf];sf] k fylds pkrf/ u/l o'jfnfo{ nueu k"j{jt\ cj:yfdf Nofpg ;kmn epf. :yfglon] g5f]pm egb} lyp t/ /]8qm;sf] sfo{stf{sf] x}l;otn] cfkm"nfo{ hljg arfpg] sfo{df /f]sg ;lsgf / ;kmntf xb};dd eof]. /]8qm;n] dnfo{ hljg arfpg] ;Lk k bfg ug'{sf ;fy} dfgjlo efjgf a9fpg d2t u of]. ->]i7, g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf] k"j{ lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5. _ 24 d]/f] syf

d]/f] /]8qm; syf xfdl ;a}sf] e/, /]8qm; xfd f] ;femf 3/. ljklqdf klg cfpf5, o'4df klg hf]ufpf5. o;sf] dlxdf 5 ljzfn, o;sf] l;4fgt u x0f u5{ g]kfn. t6:y eo{ k}mnfpf5 zflgtsf] ;+:s[ltnfo{ af]n]/ dfq} x'gg u/]/ b]vfpf5 o;sf] glltnfo{. dfgjlo ;]jf /]8qm;sf] wd{ ;+s6df k/]sf]nfo{ hf]ufpmf oxl sd{ a9\b}5 o;sf] ;j{q cf:yf s;/l nfu]f egff} cfˆgf] d]/f] syf. cl3 a9f}f ;w} dfgjtfsf] kydf affrf} / arfcf}+ b'o{ kfªu f x'g5 /]8qm; /ydf. hlj5 ofbj, nxfg, l;/xf d]/f] syf 25

;'bz{g clwsf/l g'jfsf]6 sf]7] ;6{ l;nfpg gnu]sf] ep lj=;+= @)$% ;fn c;f/ jf ;fpg dlxgfsf] s'/f xf]. afuahf/df sk8f l;nfpg lbpsf] lypf. k;n]n] rfolgh sf]7] ;6{ kf]sf] kf/]/ lbpsf] uf]/vfkqsf] Ps 6'qmfdf /]8qm;sf] lj1fkg b]v]+ / d}n] ToxL a]nfb]lv g]kfn /]8qm;nfO{ hfgg] df}sf kfpf. ef]lnkn6 b/vf:t a'emfpg] clgtd ldlt /x]5. d sn]h k9\g] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f}+sf] goff ahf/df a:y]+. ToxfFaf6 lx+8]/ ;f]wb} vf]hb} xfn s]gb Lo sfof{no epsf] /]8qm; sfof{nodf cfp/ x:t lnlvt lgj]bg / k/liff b:t'/;lxt b/vf:t lbpf. v'nnf k lt:kfwf{sf] pqm lj1fkgdf d}n] hfkflgh /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt cfwf/e"t :jf:yo ;]jf vfg]kfgl kl/of]hgfdf lkmn8 ;'k/efoh/sf] kdf g]kfn /]8qm;df @)$% ;fn c;f]h @ ut] cfotaf/b]lv sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpf. /]8qm;df ;]jf ug]{ ;Gbe{df k fylds pkrf/sf] If]qdf k fkt u/]sf] /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o:t/ sf] ;Lksf sf/0f ;+u7g ljsf; ljefusf] k d'vsf] cnfjf hgcfgbf]ng @)^@ @)^# df uf]u+a' If]qsf] k fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLsf] k d'vdf /x]/ lgefpsf] e"ldsf Pj+ pqm ;dodf v]d/fh g]kfn / d}n] /utsf] kfonf k5\ofpfb} unnlleq kvf{nsf] cf8 lnp/ cw{cr]t cj:yfdf k}tfnfdf udel/ rf]6 nfu]/ nl8/x]sf] 3fOt]nfO{ k fylds pkrf/ u/l arfpg ;s]sf] If0f d]/f nflu clj:d/0flo 5. @)$% ;fndf km];g rn]sf] rfolgh sf]7] ;6{ l;nfpg gnu]sf] ep d cfh stf x'gy]+. h] xf];\ /]8qm;df k j]z u/]sfn] ;+:yfut dfwodaf6 d}n] kfpsf] /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o:t/sf] cj;/sf sf/0f cfˆgf] AolQmut Ifdtfdf epsf] lasf;n] ubf{ lakb\df k/]sfx sf nflu /]8qm;sf] cfbz{ / cfwf/e"t & j6f l;4fgtcg'?k ;]jf ug{ kfo/x]sfn] prr dgf]jnsf ;fy dfgjlo ;]jfdf /dfo/x]sf] 5'. -clwsf/l, g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf] pklgb]{zs x'g'x'g5. _ 26 d]/f] syf

xf]nu/af6 yk k ]/0ff ldnof] d dfwolds ljbfnodf k9\bfb]lv g} @)#$ #% ;fnlt/ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{ndfk{mt\ /]8qm; cleofgdf ;+nug epf. kl5 xf]nu/ n]ok] gfds JolQm emfkfdf cfpfbf of] cleofgdf nfug] yk phf{ / k ]/0ff ldnof]. of] cleofg ljz'4 dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g'k5{ / dfgjlo dof{bfsf] ;'lglzrttfsf] nflu lqmofzln x'g'k5{ / /]8qm;s} d"no / dfgotf cg'?k cl3 a9\g' k5{ egg] ;f]rsf ;fy nfdf] ;dob]lv cfh;dd / d[to' ko{gt o;} ;f]r / ljrf/df k lta4 /xfb} cl3 a9\g] d]/f] ;f]r 5. nf]s/fh 9sfn emfkf /Qmbfg @ $ k6s ul/of] xf]nf t/ w]/} k6s cfk}mn] /ut lng' k of]. /fli6«o :t/sf] sfo{qmddf d @)$$ ;fndf klxnf] k6s rf}yf] /fli6«o lzifs gfos uf]i7ldf tgx'f bdf}nlsf] lgd{n df=lj=df ;xeful epsf] lypf. ToxfF k/fndf ;'Tg' kg]{ lyof]. df3sf] uf]i7l cf]9\g] cf]5\ofpg] gep/ /fte/ cfuf] tfk]/ j:g' k of]. cfh Tof] lbg ;Dembf / of] lbg cg'e"t ubf{ cfk}mnfo{ ;kgf e}m nfu5. @)$% ;fndf PEP sfo{qmddf Ps dlxgf tfkn]h'ª upf. tfkn]h'ªsf] ;a} ljbfnodf k fylds pkrf/ nufotsf tflnd / cgo lhnnfdf uf]i7l rnfoof]. dnfo{ /]8qm;df nfug] pt;fx / phf{ @)$$ ;fndf emfkf zfvfsf dgql eqm vjf;jf6 kfpf. o:t} @)^@ ^# sf] cfgbf]ngsf a]nf ;]jf k' ofpg] qmddf zxlb /fhg lu/ln] cfˆg} sfvdf clgtd Zjf; lnpsf] lbg ctogt} clj:d/0flo nfu5. -9sfn, g]/];f] emfkf lhnnf zfvfsf] ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 27

b'u{d If]qdf /]8qm;dfkm{t ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ vr{n] wfgg ;ls+b}g /x]5 egg] ;'g]/ ltnsaxfb'/ dnn d'u' d @)$& ;fndf d=df=lj >Lgu/df siff * df k9\b} lypf. Tof] a]nf /]8qm; lrgx epsf] lstfa km]nf kf/]f / lh1f;' epsfn] d}n] To; ljbfnosf k frfo{ >L s[i0fk ;fb zdf{nfo{ e]6l lh1f;f /fv]f. b'u{d Pl/ofdf /]8qm;dfkm{t ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ vr{n] wfgg ;ls+b}g /x]5 egg] ;'g]/ d}n] k'gm lh1f;f /fvb} d s'g} g s'g} kdf s]xl u/]/ ;dfh ;]jfsf] sfddf nfug ;S5' ls eg] eg]f. dnfo{ To; a]nf /]o'sfo{ egg] ;+:yfsf] clncln hfgsf/l lyof]. ol b'j} ;+:yfsf] cwoogkzrft\ /]8qm; 5fg]F. d @)%) %! sf] o'=og=l8=lk sf] ;+:yf ;'lb[9ls/0f cleofgsf nflu b'o{ jif{;dd lbgsf] Ps k};f lbo{ cfoa[l sfo{qmddf ;xeful epf. o;n] dnfo{ xf}:ofof]. To;}tfsf d'u'sf] lrq] ufpfdf elif0f cfunful eof] / :yfglo :t/df /fxt ;ª\sng sfo{df klxnf] k6s ;xeful epf. To;kl5 emg pt;flxt ep/ ;bfsf nflu /]8qm;df ;dlk{t epf. -dnn, g]/];f] d'u' lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt Pj+ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ /]8qm;sf] sfd / efjgfdf ;j}af6 ;fy kfp lgd{n, :jr5 / kljq x'g5 rgb axfb'/ ysfnl d':tfª of] Pp6f oyfy{ 36gf xf]. sfuj]gl uf=lj=; kfªlnª ufpfsf] Pshgf!# jif{sl lszf]/l c:ktfn egf{ epsf] yfxf kfp/ lghnfo{ e]6\g c:ktfndf upf. pgl cfgb f;dagwl ;d:ofn] l;ls:t lyog\. ToxfFsf] :jf:yosdl{af6 ;d:of lgs} hl6n /x]sf] / kf]v/f n}hfg'kg]{ ;Nnfx lbp=. d}n] lghsf] a'afnfo{ 9f8; lb+b} kf]v/f n}hfg'k/]df 5f]/Lsf] kf]v/f hfg] xjfo{ l6s6sf] /sd /]8qm; d':tfë lhnnf zfvfn] Aoxf]l/lbg] hfgsf/l lbpf. ef]lnkn6 ;j]/} e]6\g hffbf lgh lszf]/l clns :j:yo epsf] hfgsf/l kfpf. xif{sf] ;Ldf g} /x]g. o; 36gfn] dnfo{ /]8qm;k lt ulx/f] ;DaGw /fvg clek ]l/t u/]sf] 5. /]8qm;sf] sfd / efjgfdf klg ;j} kifaf6 ;fy kfo/lxof];\, clg dfq Tof] lgd{n, :jr5 / kljq x'g5 h:tf] nfu5. -ysfnl, g]/];f] d':tfë lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt Pj+ k"j{ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5. _ 28 d]/f] syf

ljbfyl{ b]lv g} /]8qm;df @)@@ ;fndf sf7df8f}+sf] n]jf]/]6/l :s'ndf kl/roftds sfo{qmd epkl5 pqm :s'nsf] h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] ;b:o eo{ /]8qm;df k j]z u/f]. @)@( ;fndf n=k' zfvfsf] ;b:o epkl5 @)#& ;fndf s]gb Lo ;b:o eo{ lg/gt/ kdf s]gb df /xl s]gb Lo h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; ;ldltsf] ;efklt, sf]iffwoif / /Qm ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] kdf ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ k fkt eof]. @)^& ;fn b]lv nlntk'/ zfvfsf] ;efkltsf] kdf klg lg/gt/ kdf ls ofzln /x]sf] 5'. o;df dnfo{ uf}/j nfu5. b]j]gb axfb'/ k wfg nlntk'/ -k wfg, g]/];f]sf sf]iffwoif x'g'x'g5._ ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljsf; of]hgf agfpg z'?jftdf ;+nug x'g kfp g]kfn /]8qm;df ;+nug /x]sf] w]/} jif{;dd klg xfdln] k/fdk/fut sfo{qmd ;~rfng eo/fv]sf] b]vof}f. To; a]nf %) sf] xf/fxf/l epsf] lhnnf zfvfx df An8 a}s ;~rfng x'g klg c:ktfndf ck/];g gx'g] epsf]n] /utsf] dfu gx'g], PDa'n]G; ;~rfng x'g ;8s ;~hfn gx'g] / To; a]nf kll8tx nfo{ ;xfotf ug{ af9l, klx/f] / cfuhgl s'g{'kg]{ cj:yf lyof]. To;kl5 ;d'bfodf cfjzos kg]{ ;Ddflgt dfgjlo hljg k lt:yflkt ug{ ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd / ;+:yfsf] ;jf{ª\ul0f ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfa4 ljsf; ug{ ljsf; 8f= ljzjs]z/ df:s] sf7df8f} + of]hgf agfpg] sfo{sf] z'?jft ug]{ ;f]r epcg';f/ ;f] sfo{qmddf ;+nug x'g kfpf. o;n] g]kfn /]8qm;sf] sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug{ / k lti7f a9fpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5. -8f= df:s], g]/];f]sf] k"j{ pkfwoif x'g'xg5._ d]/f] syf 29

/]8qm;n] ;fdu L af l8/x]sf] b]v]/ kll8tnfo{ ;]jf ug]{ efjgf hfu5, eqm vjf; emfkf @)#@ ## ;fnlt/sf] Pp6f 36gf xf], emfkf lhnnfsf] a'waf/] ahf/df crfgs cfuf] nfubf sl/a % 306fleq @%) hlt 3/ 6x/f x]bf{ x]b}{ v/fgl x'g5, ToxfFsf jfl;gbfx sf] ;'Gb/ ;kgf Psl5gdf v/fgl x'g5. Tof] cfunfulkzrft\ ;Dk"0f{ uf=lj=; g} v/fglsf] ugwn]! xktf;dd ugxfo/xg5. @ # lbgkl5 dflg;sf] 7"nf] el8 nfu5 /ldtf x]g]{ klg lgs} x'g5g\, kll8tnfo{ /fxt lbg emfkf /]8qm;n] ;fdu L affl8/x]sf] b]lvg5. Tolta]nf d]/f] dgdf kll8tnfo{ ;]jf ug]{ efjgf hfu5, /]8qm;sdL{ kbd v8\sfsf] k ]/0ffn] /]8qm; k j]z x'g5. -vjf;, g]/];f]sf s]gb Lo ;b:o / k"j{ sf]iffwoif x'g'x'g5. _ xl/k ;fb Gof}kfg] lrtjg cfdf / u'?sf] k ]/0ff @)@^ ;fndf gf=lj=d+= df=lj= lzjgu/df cwoog ubf{ lzifs gfos s'nk ;fb kf}8]nho"n] x]g/l 8\o"gfsf] hljgl / /]8qm;sf af/]df s]xl ljbfyl{x nfo{ k lzif0f lbg'eof]. To;sf] dnfo{ Hofb} k efj k of]. 3/df cfdf;fu Tof] ljifodf s'/f u/]+. pxff ctogt wfld{s cf:yfjfg\ x'g'x'gyof]. ;]jf g} wd{ xf], æk/f]ksf/ M k'0ofom, kfkfo k/ kl8gd\æ egg'x'gyof]. cfdfsf] egfon] dnfo{ ce}m k ]/0ff k fkt eof]. To;kl5 df3] ;ª\qmflGtd]nfdf klxnf] k6s :jf:yo lzlj/df :jo+;]jssf] kdf /]8qm;df ;]jf ug]{ df}sf ldnof]. To;kl5 g]/];f] lrtjg lhnnf zffvfsf] ;b:o ag]+ / xfn;dd s'g} g s'g} e"ldsfdf sfo{/t 5'. -Gof}kfg], g]/];f]sf pkdxfdgql x'g'x'g5. _ 30 d]/f] syf

a'jfsf] ufnlaf6 z'? of] @)@# ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf], d]/f] lktfhl /]8qm;sf] ;+:yfks ;lrj x'g'x'gyof]. d Toltv]/!#!$ jif{sf] lypf / * siffdf k9b} lypf. Toltv]/ /]8qm;df w'nf] b"w arrfx nfo{ v'jfpgsf] nflu ljt/0f ug]{ ul/gyof]. Toltv]/ b"w kfpg lgj]bg lbg'kyof]{ / ;lrjn] :jls[lt lbg'kyof]{. Psk6ssf] s'/f xf], Pshgf dlxnf arrf lnp/ cfog\. Toltv]/ a'jf;fu e]6 x'g ;s]g. s/la! @ lbgkl5 km]l/ cfog\. Zofds'df/ kf]v/]n k;f{ a'af;fu e]6 epg. pgsf] 56k6fx6 b]v]/ dnfo{ bof cfof] / d}n] abdf;l sfd s] u/]f eg] a'afsf] gssnl ;xl u/l k7fpf. pgn] b'w k fkt ul/g\. pgn] wgojfb lb+b} dk lt xflb{stf k s6 ul/g\. d v';l epf / a'af cfpkl5 d}n] u/]sf] untlsf] aofg u/f]. jxffn] ufnl ug'{eof]. t/ kl5 n 7Ls ul/;\, tfdf ;xof]ul efjgf b]v]f, ca pk/fgt o:tf] unt tl/sfaf6 sfd gug"{ egg'eof] clg dnfo{ /]8qm;k lt cf:yf eof] / o;k lt?lr /fvg yfn]f. -kf]v/]n, g]/];f]sf k"j{ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ k'0o sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5' d @)$& ;fndf /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:o ag]sf] x'f. @)%) ;fnsf] af9l klx/f]df k/]sf kll8tx sf] /fxt p4f/df cfkm";d]t ;+nug x'fbf dfgjlo ;]jfkl5 k fkt cftd ;Gt'li6 / cfkm"n] hljgdf dxtjk"0f{ k'0o sfo{ u/]sf] cg'e"lt eof]. @)%! ;fndf dsjfgk'/ lhnnf zfvf sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o epf. @)%( b]lv xfn;dd lg/gt/ /]8qm; dsjfgk'/sf] lhnnf ;efklt eo{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5'. @)%( / )^! sf] af9l klx/f]n] lhnnfaf;lnfo{ k' ofpsf] cfxt / ågåsf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg /]8qm;sf] 3f]lift dfgotfsf] cfwf/df ;"o{rgb Gof}kfg] dsjfgk'/ /fxt, p4f/ / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;a} kif / If]qaf6 ;xof]u / ;dy{g k fkt ug{ ;lspsf] lyof]. lhnnfsf] g]t[tjbfol kbdf /xl kfpsf] ;kmntfn] cfufdl lbgdf klg /]8qm; cleofgdf nflu/xg k ]/0ff k bfg u/]sf] 5. -Gof}kfg], g]/];f] dsjfgk'/ lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt Pj+ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 31

k fylds pkrf/af6 ptk ]/0ff pd]z jf:sf]6f, dsjfgk'/ @)#( ;fndf ljbfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; sfo{;ldltdf lgjf{lrt eo{ ;f] cj;/df a]lnhod /]8qm;sf] :jo+;]jsaf6 ljbfnodf x'g ;Sg] 36gfsf] k fylds pkrf/sf] af/]df # lbg] tflnd k fkt ul/of] / /]8qm; ;d]t a'lemof]. Tolta]nf o'jf /]8qm; lypg t/ klg cwoogkl5 lzifs eppk fgt @)$* ;fndf s]gb åf/f cfof]lht lzifsgfos uf]i7ldf ;xeful eo{ /]8qm;sf] af/]df yk 1fg / ;Lk cfh{g ul/of]. @)$( ;fndf k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs k lzif0f k fkt u/+]. o'jfju{ /]8qm;df nfu]/ dfgjlo ;]jf k bfg ul/g'kb{5 egg] ptk ]/0ff xl/k ;fb Gof}kfg], b]j/tg wfvjf / s?0ff >]i7n] lbg'epsf] xf]. k fylds pkrf/ tflnd lnpsf] nuq} af/f / dsjfgk'/ ;Ldfgf /x]sf] # g+ k'ndf a; b'3{6gf k/]sf] a]nf 3fOt]x sf] k fylds pkrf/ u/]kl5 /]8qm;df nfug ce}m ptk ]/0ff hfuof]. 32 d]/f] syf

j[4 eqfn] zf}rfno lgdf{0f sfnl sfdl, s'd d]/f] gfd sfnl sfdl, jif{ ^%, 3/ k]p3f uflj; j8f g+= $ l;:g]/l s'ddf kb{5. ufpfdf rkl{ agfpg'kb{5 egb} ;/;kmfo ;ldltsf JolQmx elg/x]sf lyp. xfd f] 3/df clxn];dd rkl{ lypg. d]/f $ efo 5f]/fdWo] @ hgf sfnfkf/ -ef/t_ hfg] ub{5g\. k};f yf]/} sdfp/ NofpF5g\. Tof] k};f ;fx' ltb}{ / rf8kj{ dgfpgdf g} vr{ x'g5. jif{df @ rf]l6 sfnfkf/ hfg5g\, sdfp/ NofPsf] vr{ eoxfn5. clxn] gflt ;/sf/l hflu/ vfg5 t/ klg p;n] 3/df rkl{ agfpg'kb{5 egg] s'/f ub}{g. ha of] /]8qm;sf] ;fdflhs kl/rfns gfgl b}lgsh;f] xfdlx sf] ufpf 3/df 3'Dg yflng\. pgl h'g lbg cfpfl5g\ 3/df d} a"9l e]6 x'g] epsfn] rkl{ agfpg'k of] egl dnfo{ g} ;'gfpflyg\. k]ml/ of] j8fnfo{ jflx/ lb;f ug{ gkfog] j8fsf] kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ eg]/ ;ldltsf JolQmx n] klg elg/fvg] uy]{. o;/l s'/f x'fbf rkl{ agfpg'kg]{ /x]5. rkl{ agfpfbf xfdl h:t} a"9fa"9l / d]/f gflt gfltgfnfo{ cem ;lhnf] x'g] /x]5 egg] yfxf kfoof]. clg d}n] 3/sf ;a}nfo{ rkl{ agfpfg t eg]+. t/ s;}n] ;'g]gg\. clg d a"9l cfk}+m rkl{ agfpgsf] nflu hf]/hfddf nfu]+. d}n] kffr jif{;ddsf] j[4 eqfsf] k};f a'9];sfndf rflxg5 egl /fv]sf] lypf. ToxL k};fn] Kofg lsg]f, kfok lsgf], 5fgfsf] nflu 9'Ëf lsgf,] clg HofdL vr{ h'6fp/ of] rkl{ lgdf{0f ug{ nufpf. ;a} u/l of] rkl{ agfpfbf ^,))). k}+of vr{ nfu]sf] 5. rkl{ agfpfbfsf] vr{ cem ltg{ affsl g} 5. Tof] vr{ klg ce}m cfpg] j[4 eqfn] ltg]{ ljrf/ u/]sf] 5'. rkl{ glhs} ;fa'g klg /fv]sf] 5'. ;fgf gflt gfltgf rkl{af6 kms{+bf;dd x]/l /xg5'. xft w'g lj;]{ls eg]/ ;fa'gn] xft gwf]p;dd kms{g lbggf. dg]{ a]nfdf lg ;fgf gflt gfltglx / x's]{sf 5f]/f j'xf/lx sf] nflu of] Pp6f /fd f] sfd ug{ kfpsf]df v'zl 5'. ;fob /]8qm;sf kl/rflnsf rddfof kl/of/ gfgln] rkl{sf] dxtjsf] af/]df geg]sf] ep d}n] dg]{ a]nf k'0osf] sfd ug{ kfpfb}gy] xf]nf. d]/f] syf 33

af r'~h]n /]8qm; cleofgdf nfug] emdsk ;fb uf}td, dsjfgk'/ @)$& ;fn!^ ut]sf lbg s'g} /fhgllts bnsf] cu'jfodf 5ltjg uf=lj=; sf] j8f $ sf] lesf]{6 k f=lj= sf] k fë0fdf lzlj/ rnfpg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf cgo /fhgllts bnsf JolQmx n] lzlj/df cfuhgl u/]. lzlj/jfnf /fhgllts bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{x nfo{ nv]6l lzlj/ ;d]t hnfpsf] b]v]kl5 g]/];f] dsjfgk'/ zfvfsf Ps JolQmn] /]8qm; cleofg dnfo{ ;'gfpg' epsf]n] To;} lbgb]lv /]8qm; cleofgdf nfug] OR5f hfu]/ cfof]. @)$& ;fn df3 dlxgf @! ut] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] ;xof]u ;ldlt 5ltjgsf] cwoif epf. o;kl5 /]8qm; cleofgdf nfug OR5f hfu]/ cfof] lsgls dnfo{ o;n] blgbm'vl clug, af9lkll8t / ågå kll8tnfo{ ;xof]u u5{ / /fhgllts, ;fdflhs, hftlo, cfˆgf] k/fo egg] e]befj gu/l dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ epsfn] / /]8qm;sf] & l;4fgtcg';f/ sfd ug]{ epsf]n] /]8qm;k lt k efljt eo{ /]8qm; cleofgdf nfu]sf] 5'. c? w]/} s'/f d ulb{gf. dfgjlo ;]jf /]8qm;n] ug]{ epsfn] d affr'~h]n /]8qm; cleofgdf nfug]5' egg] k 0f ub{5'. kqsfl/tf / /]8qm; k rf/k ;f/ s'nk ;fb zdf{, gjnk/f;l d @)#^ ;fnb]lv g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l gjnk/f;l zfvfsf] cfhljg ;b:o x'f. d}n]!! k6s;dd sf7df8f}+, lrtjg / gjnk/f;ldf /Qmbfg u/]sf] 5'. @)%# b]lv )%^ ;Dd gjnk/f;l lhnnf zfvfsf] ;b:o / @)^) b]lv )^$ ;Dd dfs/ pkzfvf ;b:o /xfb} cfpsf] 5'. @)^% b]lv @)&) ;Dddf pkzfvf ;efklt / @)&) df lhnnf zfvfsf] k'gm ;b:o epsf] x'f. d}n] @)$^ b]lv kqsfl/tf ubf{ klg /]8qm; sfo{qmdnfo{ k rf/k ;f/ u/l /]8qm;sf] >L a[l sf] nflu k of; u/]sf] x'f.!( lbg] y?x6 agbdf gjnk/f;l bfpgg] kxf8df kmf;]sf 6\ofS6/df 6\ofª\s, afn6l / hu /fvl agbdf kmf;l h]7sf] udl{df kfgl vfg gkfpsf arrf tyf j[4 dlxnf ofq'nfo{ lkpg] kfgl v'jfpsf] syf egg kfpfbf lgs} v';lsf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. 34 d]/f] syf

36gfaf6 k efljt eo{ /]8qm;df cfa4 O{Zj/Lk ;fb clwsf/l, wflbª ldlt @)@* ;fndf wflbë lhnnfsf] emf/ uf=lj=; df 7"nf] klx/f] upsf] lyof]. pqm klx/f]df k/]sf kll8tnfo{ /]8qm;dfkm{t /fxt pknjw u/fpsf] 36gfaf6 k efljt eo{ /]8qm;df cfa4 x'g] xf};nf ldnof]. /]8qm;df k j]zkzrft\ ljlegg ljkb\df k/]sf kll8tnfo{ ;xof]u tyf /fxt pknjw u/fpg kfpfbf uf}/asf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5'. /]8qm; lhnnf zfvfsf] ;efklt ;Dd eo{ cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ kfpsf]df yk uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5'. -clwsf/l, g]/];f] wflbª lhnnf zfvfsf k"j{ ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ ;fdfg af]s]/ upsf] / /fxt af 8\b} u/]sf] sfdaf6 k efljt d}n] cfˆgf] ljbfyl{ hljgdf /]8qm;, nfog; Snjx sf] af/] k9]sf] lypf. d}n] @)#* ;fn kf}if dlxgfdf lzif0f k]zf z'? ubf{ ljbfnodf epsf] h'lgo/ ;s{nsf] ;xof]ul lzifs gfossf]] lhdd]jf/l lyof]. ;fdfgo sfd ul//x]tf klg ;'v]{t lhnnfsf] tfnfkfgl / 3f6 u}jdf @)$) ;fndf cfpsf] af9ln] k efljt epsfnfo{ /fxt lbg To; a]nfsf ;efklt ggbaxfb'/ sfsl{, dgql ejfglk ;fb 9sfn;Fu ;fdfg af]s]/ upsf] / /fxt aff8\b} u/]sf] sfdaf6 k efljt eo{ lzifs gfos epf. @)$^ ;fndf k yd k6s lhnnf zfvfsf] ;b:o lgjf{lrt eo{ lnnf/fd ;'j]bl ;'v] {t dgqlaf6 z'? u/]/ @)%* ;fn;dd # cjlw dgql / @)%* b]lv @)&) ;fn;dd # cjlw ;efklt e} xfn lg=jt{dfg ;efkltsf] kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. -;'j]bl, g]/];f] ;'v]{t lhnnf zfvfsf k"j{ ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 35

l;tf/fd sf]o/fnf wflbª ;xof]u ug{ kfp bf uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt @)@( ;fn r}q!$ ut] /ftl sl/a!%m)) ah] wflbë lhnnf s6'~h] uf=lj=;= j8f g+! u}/f egg] ufpfdf cfunful eo{ @) 3/ k"/} gi6 /!* 3/ k efljt epsf va/ ;'g]f. Tolxa]nf d siff @ df k9\y]f. pqm cfunfulsf] 36gfdf kll8t kifnfo{ /fxt lbg /]8qm; cfpsf] egg] ;'g]/ klxnf]rf]l6 k efljt epf. To;kl5sf lbgdf d /]8qm;sf] cfwf/:tde h'lgo/ /]8qm;df a;l lqmofzln /x]f. /]8qm; k j]zsf] nfdf] sfnv08df ljlegg ljkb\sf] ;dodf :jo+;]js eo{ ;xof]u ug{ kfpfbf uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5'. wflbë lhnnf /x]sf] k[yjl/fh dfu{df epsf ljlegg 36gfdf ;xof]u ug{ kfpfbf r/d cfggbsf] cg'e"lt x'g5. -sf]o/fnf, g]/];f] wflbª lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ vfg]kfgl Vjfpg kfp bf /]8qm; :jo+;]jssf] ;'vfg'e"lt rgb dl0f kf}8]n :ofªhf 3/ w'/l ;+Vof @%) epsf] :ofëhf lhnnfsf] ljs6 uf=lj=; cfnd b]jldf g]/];f] :ofëhf lhnnf zfvfsf] ;s[otfdf 8an km]h lnlkm\6ªdf cfwfl/t vfg]kfgl of]hgf ;kmn kdf ;~rfng eo{ vfg]kfgl Vjfpg kfpfbf /]8qm; :jo+;]jssf] x}l;otn] ctogt} ;'vfg'e"lt epsf] 5. -kf}8]n, g]/];f] :ofªhf lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ 36 d]/f] syf

cfkt k/]sfx nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ afgl a;fnf+} 6Lsfnfn s8]n, ;'v]{t /]8qm; k/f]ksf/l ;+:yf epsf]n] /]8qm;n] b'mvdf / ljklqdf k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u u5{. xfdl ;a}n] cfkt k/]sfx nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ afgl a;fnf+}. oxl g} /]8qm;sf] d'vo wd{ xf] egg] dnfo{ nfu]sf] 5. /]8qm;sf] dfwodaf6 dfgjlo ;]jf / JolStTj ljsf; klg x'g]?kf clwsf/l, af/f d ufpfs} ljbfnodf lzif0f u5'{. ;Fu} sfd ug]{ lzifs wl/]gb ofbj km';{tsf] a]nf /]8qm;;DaGwL dfgjlo sfo{df Jo:t x'g'x'gyof]. jxffn] u/]sf] dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{ x]/]/ d}n] jxff;fu /]8qm; af/] 5nkmn u/l /fd f hfgsf/lx k fkt u/f] / ldlt @)^&.(.@& ut]sf lbg d klg /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf k fkt u/l dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{ / /]8qm; cleofgdf ;xeful epf. ;]jf ub}{ hffbf g]/];f] af/f lhnnf zfvfn] dnfo{ ldlt @)^*.^.! b]lv * ut];dd ag]kfdf ;+rflnt cfwf/e"t k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs k lzif0fdf efu lng k7fof]. ;f] tflndkzrft\ dnfo{ /]8qm;df ;DnUg eo{ ;]jf ug]{ xf};nf ldnof]. xfn d o; lhnnfdf cfwf/e"t k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs 5'. pkzfvf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o x'fb} ldlt @)&).!@.@^ sf lbg cfufdl jif{sf nflu ;DkGg epsf] g]/];f] af/f lhnnf zfvf sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rgdf ;b:o kbdf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt epsl 5'. /]8qm;sf] dfwodaf6 dfgjlo ;]jf / JolStTj ljsf; klg x'g] epsfn] affsl hljg klg /]8qm;df ;dlk{t ug]{ ;f]+r /fv]sf] 5'. d]/f] syf 37

/fli6«o :t/df pts[i6 k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs x'g k'u] wl/]gb ofbj, af/f d]/f] 3/ af/f lhnnfsf] xlb{of uflj; j8f g+ & df kb{5. cfj @)%#.)%$ df uflj; xlb{ofdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l af/f lhnnf zfvfn] ævfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo sfo{qmdæ ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof]. klxnf] rf]l6 ;f]xl sfo{qmdsf] cled'vls/0fdf /]8qm; cleofg / hff x]g/l 8o"gfsf] hljgl ;'Gg kfpsf] lypf. ;f] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ /]8qm;af6 ljlgtf /]UdL / d~h' ;'j]bl gfdsf b'o{ hgf lbblx ufpfdf cfpg'epsf] lyof]. jxffx sf] cftdlo af]nlrfnl, afgl Jojxf/, /xg;xg cflbaf6 k efljt ep/ d jxffx nfo{ sfo{qmddf ;xof]u ug{ yfn]. ;f]xl sfo{qmdcgtu{t dnfo{ j8f g+ & sf] pkef]qmf ;ldltsf] cwoif agfoof]. To;kl5 5 lbg] cfwf/e"t :jf:yo tyf ;/;kmfo;dagwl tflnd lng] cj;/ k fkt eof]. To;f] x'gfn] /]8qm; cleofg / cfwf/e"t ;ft l;4fgtaf/] /fd f] 1fg xfl;n x'fbf /]8qm;d} nfu]/ dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ OR5f dleq hfu[t eof]. To;}a]nfb]lv af/f lhnnf zfvfsf] ;Dks{df / xl /]8qm;sf] dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{df ;xof]u ul//x]f. tt\kzrft\ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l af/f lhnnf zfvfnfo{ cg'/f]w u/]/ lj=;= @)%& ;fn k'if @& ut] ljxljf/sf] lbg g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l xlb{of pkzfvfsf] :yfkgf u/fo{ b'o{ sfo{sfn;dd ;lrj eo{ sfd u/f]. To;kl5 af/f lhnnf zfvfdf Ps sfo{sfn ;b:o, b'o{ sfo{sfn;dd pkdgql x'fb} clxn] sf]iffwoifsf] lhdd]jf/l kfpsf] 5'. ;fy} k fylds pkrf/, ljkb\ k"j{tof/l, /]8qm; k rf/ k ;f/, kfl/jfl/s ;Dks{ k'gm :yfkgfnufotsf ljifodf k lzifs k lzif0f lno{ ;f] ;DaGwL k lzif0fx lg/ Gt/ kdf lb+b} cfo/x]sf] 5'. k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs k lzif0f lnpb]lv xfn;dd d}n]!%@ hgfnfo{ k fylds pkrf/ ;]jf k bfg ul/;s]sf] 5'. ;f]xl qmddf ;g\ @)!@ df g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ln] dnfo{ /fli6«o kdf pts[i6 k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs 3f]if0ff u/l k'/:s[t u/]sf]df v';l k s6 ub}{ cem ;lqmotfsf ;fy lhdd]jf/l jxg ul//x]sf] 5'. 38 d]/f] syf

/]8qm;df k j]z ug' { ;lhnf] t/ 5f8\g Hofb} sl7g nfnb]j ofbj, af/f d]/f] 3/ af/f lhnnf xlb{of uflj; jf8{ g+ ^ df kb{5. d]/f] ufpfdf cfj @)%#.)%$ df g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l af/f lhnnf zfvfn] vfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof]. ;f] sfo{qmdcgtu{t wf/f h8fg, h'7\ofg / zf}rfno lgdf{0f tyf u[lx0flx nfo{ cfwf/e"t :jf:yo tyf ;/;kmfo;dagwl ;Nnfx / ;'emfj k bfg ul/gyof]. ;f]xl qmddf d}n] klxnf]rf]l6 /]8qm;sf] gfd ;'Gg] cj;/ kfpsf] lypf. sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ sd{rf/lx sf] cftdlo af]nl / Jojxf/n] d]/f] /]8qm;;Fu cftdlotf a9\b} upsf] lyof]. o;af6 dnfo{ nfu]sf] lyof] ls jf:tjdf dfgj ;]jf g} dfwj ;]jf xf].æ ;f] sfo{qmd ;DkGg epkzrft\ d]/f] ufpfdf /]8qm;sf ultljlwx ;]nfpsf lyp. To;kl5 lj=;= @)%& ;fndf o; ufpfsf /]8qm;sdL{ wl/]gb ofbjn] lhnnf zfvfdf cfu x u/l pkzfvf :yfkgfsf nflu k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ qmddf ;b:otf cleofg rnfpg'epsf] lyof]. d}n] klg /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf k fkt u/f]. ldlt @)%& ;fn k'if @& ut] ljxlaf/sf] lbg pkzfvf :yfkgf eo{ pkzfvfsf] klxnf] lgjf{rg;d]t ;DkGg epsf] lyof]. d klg ;b:o kbdf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt eo{ sf]iffwoifsf] lhdd]jf/l kfpf. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l xlb{of pkzfvfsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;dd c6'6 kdf sf]iffwoifsf] lhdd]jf/l ;DxfNb} /]8qm;sf ljlegg dfgjlo ultljlwx df ;xeful eo/x]sf] 5'. /]8qm;;Fusf] cftdlotfsf sf/0fn] @)&) ;fn df3 dlxgfdf xlb{of pkzfvfnfo{ gub?= @%,))). ;xof]u u/]jfkt g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltaf6 ljlzi6 ;b:otf klg k fkt ul/;s]sf] 5'. To;}n] /]8qm;df k j]z ug'{ ;lhnf] t/ /]8qm; 5f8\g Hofb} sl7g sfo{ /x]sf] d]/f] cg'ej 5. d]/f] syf 39

k lzif0f lno{ dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{df cu ;/ huts'df/ ofbj, af/f d]/f] 3/ lhnnf af/f uf=lj=; xlb{of jf8{ g+ & df k5{. ;aegbf klxnf d]/f] uf=lj=;=df @)%# ;fndf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l af/f zfvfsf] ;xof]udf vfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo sfo{qmdcgtu{t wf/f h8fg eo/x]sf] lyof]. To;} sfo{qmdcgtu{t ufpfdf v6]/ cfpg'epsf] sd{rf/lx ;Fu h8fg eo/x]sf] wf/fsf] af/]df d}n] ;f]w] ls bfo of] s'g ;+:yfn] ljt/0f u/]sf] wf/f xf] < pxffn] of] /]8qm;af6 ljt/0f epsf] wf/f xf] egg'eof]. d}n] km]l/ ;f]w+], /]8qm; eg]sf] s] xf] < pxffn] egg'eof] ls /]8qm; eg]sf] dfgjnfo{ ;]jf ug]{ Pp6f ;+:yf xf]. d}n] ToxL lbgb]lv /]8qm;sf] af/]df clncln yfxf kfpf. yfxf kfpkl5 d klg dfgjsf] ;]jf sfo{df ;+nug epf. @)%$ ;fndf siff ( df k9\bfv]l/ xfd f] ljbfnodf g]kfn h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g eof]. o;df d}n] ;+of]hs ep/ g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ultljlwx sf] af/]df hfgsf/l lno{ xf};nf k fkt u/]f. To; kl5 d}n] ldlt @)%*.(.@) ut] g]kfn /]8qm; pkzfvf xlb{ofsf] cfhljg ;b:otf k fkt u/f] / ldlt @)^! ;fn r}qsf] pkzfvfsf] r'gfjdf pkzfvf sfo{;ldltdf ;b:o kbdf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt eo{ @)^@ ;fnb]lv @)^% ;fn;dd ;b:o kbdf sfd u/]. ldlt @)^^ ;fnb]lv xfn;dd ;lrjsf] lhdd]jf/l k fkt u/l sfdsfh ul//x]sf] 5'. To;}cGtu{t k fylds pkrf/ cfwf/e"t tflnd, cu jtl{ k fylds pkrf/ tflnd, k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs k lzif0f lno{ dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{df cu ;/ eo/x]sf] 5'. sk8fsf] kf]sfx af]sg ;3fPsf] lyp s]bf/ dxq emfkf 40 d]/f] syf lj=;+= @)$* dª\l;/ dlxgflt/sf] s'/f xf]. g]kfnsf] k"jl{ gfsf emfkfsf] sfs/le fdf e'6fgaf6 nv]l6psf g]kfnl efifl e'6fglx j[4, dlxnf, c;qm clg afnaflnsfx sf] htyf z/l/df Ps;/f] cffu 9fSg] dfq sk8f 5. k'/fgf] sk8fsf] d}nf] emf]nfsf] kf]sf] s]xln] af]s]sf 5g\. s]xln] 8f]sf]df yf]qfyf]ql sk8f / eff8f af]s]sf 5g\. ef/tlo gdj/ Kn]6 epsf] 6«saf6 e]8f afv f cf]/fn] e}+m u/l tl JolQmx k'nsf] d'vdf cf]/flng5g\.

ljr/f ; ;fgf gfglx hf8f]n] sfflk/x]sf 5g\. cf]7 glnf] b]lvg5. a]afl/;]h:t} eo{ vsf] k]mbdf cf]tnful a;]sf tl z/0ffyl{x nfo{ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n sffs/le fsf efoalxglx n] sfuhsf] 6'qmfdf lrp/f, e'lhof / lrof ksfp/ affl8/x]sf] b[zon] d]/f] dg 5f]Psf] lyof]. tl z/0ffyl{x sf] cg'xf/df vfg]s'/f vfpkzrft\ k]ml/psf] /+un] d klg s]xl lbpfm,clg s]xl u/f}+ egg] efjgf hfu]sf] lyof]. dnfo{ klg /]8qm;sf] :jo+;]js eo{ sfd ug]{ k ]/0ff tl h'lgo/ efoalxglaf6 ldn]sf] lyof]. d /]8qm; s] /x]5 / sxff /x]5 clg tl z/0ffyl{x ca sxff hfnfg\ egg] v'nb'nl dgdf af]s]/ cfˆgf] ugtjotk{m nfu]+. dnfo{ Tof] b[zosf] ememnsf] cfo/x]sf] lyof]. k]ml/ s]xl lbgkl5 emfkfsf] sgsfo{ gblsf] lsgf/df tl z/0ffyl{x ; ;fgf v/sf] 5fk f xfnl a;]sf] b[zon] dnfo{ 8f] ofp/ ToxfF k' ofof]. ToxfF up/ a'e\mbf t g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l emfkf lhnnf zfvfn] Jofkf/L / :yfglox af6 p7fp/ NofPsf] lrp/f, rfdn, t/sf/l / tof/l sk8fx affl8/x]sf] / /]8qm;sf :jo+;]jsx EofO{ geofo{ tl z/0ffyl{x s} ;]jfdf tnnlg epsf] b]vl d}n] klg /]8qm;sdL{x sf] hdftdf k;l ;]jf ug]{ c7f]6 u/]+. ToxL kfv'/fdf nufpg] /]8qm; lrgx c+lst sk8fsf] cfd{n]6 kfv'/fdf affwl lrp/f, rfdn / tof/l sk8fsf] kf]sfx af]sg ;3fPsf] lypf. Tof] d]/f] /]8qm;df ;+nugtfsf] klxnf] clj:d/0flo cg'ej /x\of]. /fxt ljt/0fdf klxnf]kn6 /]8qm; :jo+;]js ag]/ ;xof]u u/]sf] ;Demgf k"0f{rgb >]i7, t]x y'd @)%( ;fn d+;l/ @@ ut] ;ffem t]x y'd lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfd Dofªn'Ë ahf/df elif0f cfunful z'? eof]. ttsfnlg ågå/t kif g]skf dfcf]jfbln] cfqmd0f ug]{ xnnfsf sf/0f cfuf] lgogq0f ug{ :yfglojf;l ;'/IffsdL{x ttsfn} kl/rfng epgg\ / cfuf]n] elif0f k lng yfnof]. o;af6 *% 3/w'/Lsf @!! kl/jf/ lj:yflkt x'g k'u]. efuoj; /]8qm; ejgrfflx afr]sf] lyof]. d]/f] syf 41

ef]lnkn6 ljxfg}b]lv lj:yflkt kl/jf/x sf] vfgf tyf cfjf;sf] Joj:yfsf nflu lhnnfsf ljlegg ;+3;+:yfx kl/rflnt x'g yfn]. t/ ljlegg :yfgaf6 /fxt ;fdu Lx /]8qm; ejgdf ;+sng klg x'g yfnof]. t/ ttsfnlg ;dodf kl/rfng epsf ;'/IffsdL{x nfo{ /fxt ;+sng tyf ljt/0f ug]{ :jo+;]jsx k lt z+sf nfug yfnof]. /]8qm; lrgx c+lst Pk f]g, 6f]kL, cflb nufpsf :jo+;]jsx nfo{ dfq /fxt ljt/0f tyf ;+sngsf] nflu cg'dlt k fkt eof]. ;f] /fxt ljt/0fdf d}n] klg klxnf]kn6 /]8qm; :jo+;]js ag]/ ;xof]u u/]sf] ;Demgf cem};dd tfhf /x]sf] 5. To;kl5 ;a} ;+3;+:yf, /fhgllts bn, ;d"xx sf] ljzjf; k fkt u/l sfo{ ug{ ;kmn /]8qm;sf] ultljlwnfo{ b]v]/ d klg o; ;+:yfk lt cfslif{t ep/ :jo+;]jssf] kdf ;xof]u ubf{ub}{ s]xl dlxgfkl5 /]8qm; lhnnf zfvfsf] sfof{no ;xfos eo{ sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ k fkt eof]. xfn ;f]xl ;+:yfdf lg/gt/ sfo{ ub}{ zfvf clws[tsf] kdf sfo{/t /xl /]8qm;df ;]jf ul//xg kfpfbf Hofb} ;'vfg'e"lt eo/x]sf] 5. /fhs'df/ nd;fn l;gw'kfnrf]s dfgjlo ;]jfk lt ;dlk{t 5' ljbfno:t/df afn Snadf /xl ;lqmo epsf]n] prr dfwolds txdf upkl5 s] df ;lqmo x'g] xf]nf jf cfj4 x'g] xf]nf egl ;f]lr/x]sf] ;Gbe{df cfkm"n] cwoog ug]{ ;+:yfdf o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g x'g nfu]sf] d]/f] hfgsf/ldf cfof]. d}n] klg ;s{nsf] ;b:odf a;]/ sfd ug]{ dg;fo b]vfpf / r'gfjdf ljhol klg epf. o;/l cf}krfl/s kdf /]8qm; k j]zsf] ofqf z'?jft epsf] xf]. /]8qm; k j]z;fu} @)^$ ;fn ;fpg dlxgfdf k fylds pkrf/sf] tflnd k fkt u/]kl5 lhnnfdf k fylds pkrf/ :jo+;]js ep/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ k fkt eof]. To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 @)^% ;fndf k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs k lzif0f tflndsf] k flktkzrft\ lhnnf zfvfn] k fylds pkrf/ tflnd ;+of]hssf] kdf lhdd]jf/l lbof] / yk ;]jfsf] cj;/ k fkt ul/of]. oxl qmddf d}n] cfˆgf] lhdd]jf/lk lt b]vfpsf nufj / OdfGbfl/tfnfO{ x]/l lhnnf zfvfn] @)^* ;fnb]lv dnfo{ lhnnf zfvfdf sd{rf/lsf] kdf lgo'lqm u/]kl5 clxn];dd dfgjlo ;]jfsf nflu cfkm"nfo{ lg/gt/ kdf ;dlk{t u/fpsf] 5'. /]8qm;k lt 7"nf] cf:yf / ljzjf; /fvb} of] sfo{ lg/gt/ kdf cl3 al9/xg] s'/fdf ljzj:t 5'. 42 d]/f] syf

/]8qm; cfkt\ ljkb\sf] ;fyl /x]5 s'/f @)%$ ;fn >fj0f $ ut]sf] xf]. /ftsf] sl/a!) ah]lt/ ufpfdf k'jfvf]nfn] dfg5] aufof] egg] xnnf dlrrof]. k'jfvf]nf hnljb'tsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ eo/x]sf] lyof]. au/df 6]06 xfn]/ ;'t]sf sfdbf/dwo]!) hgfnfo{ pglx ;'t]b]lv s]xl dfly k}/f] cfp/ vf]nf] y'g]/ x\jft} km'6\bf cfpsf] e]nn] aufpsf] /x]5. d k foe]6 :s'ndf lzifs lypf. ljbfno @ lbgnfo{ labf eof]. clg nf; vf]hg xfdl ;a} uof}+. vf]nfsf] 5]pdf e]nf epkl5 /]8qm;sdL{sf] g]t[tjdf 6f]nL ljefhg u/l vf]hg] sfdtkm{ nfuof}+. To;} lbg /]8qm; cfkt\ ljkb\sf] ;fyl /x]5 egg] yfxf eof]. s]xl nf; To;} lbg /f]dgfy cfrfo{ Onfd e]l6p. s'g} cëeë epsf / s'g} 9'+ufn] k]lnp/ ;'lgpsf lyp. tl nf;nfo{ /]8qm;sf] lrgx nufpsf JolQmn] ;dft]/, hddf u/]/ Knfli6sdf a]/]sf] b[zon] dleq s?0ff efj hfug'sf ;fy} ;]jf efj hfu[t ep5. dg dgdf of] ;+:yfdf k j]z ug{ s] ug'{k5{ xf]nf, s;nfo{ egg'k5{ xf]nf egg] v'nb'nl eo/x\of]. dnfo{ /]8qm;df k j]z ug]{ df]x hfuof]. d @)%% ;fn d+;l/ * ut] @@ hgf k lt:kwl{nfo{ pl5g]/ lhnnf zfvf ;xfos kbdf lgo'qm epf. To;kl5 lg/gt/ dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{df h'l6/x]sf] 5'. ca t s;}n] 5f]8]/ hf egof] eg] klg ;+:yfk ltsf] df]xsf] sf/0f 5f]8\g ;lsbg h:tf] nfu5. dfgjlo kl8fnfo{ glhsaf6 x]/l ;xof]u ug{ kfopsfn] k ]/0ff /]8qm;sf] l;4fgt tyf cfbz{ dg k/]sfn] d @)$#.$$ ;fnlt/ h'lgo/ /]8qm;df cfj4 epf. kl5 @)$% ;fndf sd{rf/lsf] kdf /]8qm;df k j]z ul/of]. d}n] sfo{ z'? u/]sf]! dlxgfkl5 e"sdk uof] / tyofª\s ;+sng ug{ / /fxt ljt/0f ug{ ufpfufpf 3/3/ uo{ hg;dks{df /xl sfo{ ul/of]. dfgjlo kl8fnfo{ glhsaf6 x]/l ;xof]u ug{ kfopsfn] ;f]xl k ]/0ffaf6 xfn;dd lg/gt/ kdf /]8qm;df cfˆgf] sfo{df ;+nug /xl cufl8 a9\b} cfo/x]sf] 5'. lji0f's[i0f hf]zl wgs'6f d]/f] syf 43

/]8qm;sf] ulx/f] dfofn] ubf{ yf]/} ;'ljwfdf klg ;Gt'i6 Zofdaxfb'/ g]kfnl, aemfë ljqmd ;Dat\ @)%! ;fnsf] s'/f xf]. d d]/f] ufpfsf] :s'n >L kf08' lg=df=lj= af6 siff & kf; u/]/ siff * df r}gk'/ ;b/d'sfdl:yt >L ;TojfbL df=lj= ef]hk'/df siff ( df k9\b} lypf. ufpfsf] :s'ndf h'=/]=;= af/] s]xl yfxf lypg. siff gf}df cwoog ul//x]s} a]nf s]gb Lo sfof{noåf/f cfof]lht /fli6«o h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; uf]i7ldf efu lng /]8qm; aemfë zfvfaf6 d cwoog ul//x]sf] :s'ndf kq cfof]. Tof] kqadf]lhd d]/f] Pp6} siff k9\g] / l5d]sdf 3/ epsf] >L s]zj /f]sfofnfo{ pqm sfo{qmd efu lng k7foof]. glhss} ;fyl Tolt a]nf efu lng hffbf dnfo{ /]8qm;k lt ;fx } pt;'s'tf hfuof] / h'=/]=;= df k j]z ug{ w]/} k of; u/f]. t/ ;kmn eog. kl5 d lj=p= bf]; f] jif{df cwoog ub}{ lypf. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf aemfë / s]o/ g]kfnalr aemfë lhnnfsf * j6f uf=lj=; df lszf]/ lszf]/l k hgg :jf:yo sfo{qmd ;~rfng epsf] lyof]. Tof] sfo{qmddf b'o{ hgf :jf:yosdl{ /! hgf sfof{no ;xfos sd{rf/l egf{ ug]{ k fjwfg /x]sf] lyof]. b'o{ hgf :jf:yosdl{ klxn] g} egf{ eo;s]sf lyp. @)%* ;fn ebf}! ut]sf] lj1fkg cg';f/ d sfof{no ;xfos kbsf] lnlvt k/liffdf k yd epsf] hfgsf/l kfpf / ;lhn} df}lvs k/liffdf klg kf; eo{ @)%* c;f]h! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/l lgo'lqm k fkt eof] / To;sf] b'o{ jif{kl5 sfo{qmd l;l4of]. dnfo{ @)^) ;fndf lhnnf sfo{;ldltn] zfvfdf sfd ug]{ u/l lgo'st u of]. d yf]/} tnjdf ;]jf ub}{ cfpf. /]8qm;df x'fbf w]/} tflnd k fkt ug]{ cj;/ klg kfp/ w]/} s'/fsf] 1fg klg eof]. ;a};fu kl/ro ug]{ df}sf kfpf. @)^% ;fndf cfgtl/s kdf lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ :yfol klg ul/of]. /]8qm;k lt ;]jf ug{ kfpfbf / /]8qm;sf] ulx/f] dfofn] ubf{ d}n] kfpg] yf]/} ;'ljwfdf klg d ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] 5'. 44 d]/f] syf

/]8qm; k/f]ksf/l ;+:yf xf] lj=;= @)## ;fnsf] s'/f] xf]. sf:sl lhnnf dfem7fgf uf=lj=; k}/] eujtl6f/df klx/f] cfo{ 7"nf] wghgsf] gf]s;fg eof] / ^& 3/ k efljt ep. #$ hgfsf] Hofg uof]. l5d]sl uf=lj=; y'dfsf]8ff8faf6 ;d]t 36gf x]g{ ;a} dflg; cfp. d klg!) jif{sf] x'gfn] afaf;fu cfpf. xfdl cfpfbf x]lns]k6/af6 ttsfnlg /]8qm;sf] cwoifnufot lhnnfsf 7"nf dflg; 36gf :yndf k'u]. # jif{sf] dx]gb cfrfo{nfo{ df6f]n] k'l/psf] 7fpFaf6 lhpfb} aflx/ lgsfn]. ;'/Iff lgsfo / ufpfn]sf] ;xof]uaf6 zj ;Íng u/l cgto]li6 u/]. afa'cfdf u'dfpsf dx]gb cfrfo{nfo{ /]8qm;af6 P;cf]P;df k9fpg] Joj:yf ldnfoof]. 3/af/ ljxlgnfo{ ttsfn /fxt ljt/0f u/l kf]v/fsf]!* g+ j8fdf k'gm:yfkgf ug]{ cfzjf;g lboof]. dnfo{ o; 36gfaf6 /]8qm; /fd f] / k/f]ksf/l ;+:yf xf] egg] 5fk k/\of]. @)$( ;fndf d cfhljg ;b:o ag]f. To;kl5 /]8qm; ultljlwdf ;+nug x'fb} @)%% ;fn kf}if! ut]af6 sf:sl zfvfdf sd{rf/lsf] kdf sfd ug]{ cj;/ k fkt u/]f. vf;u/l pqm ljkb\sf] 36gfaf6 d /]8qm;k lt ptk ]l/t epf. dfgjlo ;]jfsf] dxtj / To;k ltsf] cle?lrdf a[l4 v]d/fh ;fksf]6f sf:sl OGb sfkm\n], df]/ë lj/f6gu/df kqsfl/tf ubf{sf] ;dodf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l df]/ë lhnnf zfvfn] @)%) ;fndf cfof]hgf u/]sf] lhnnf ;efdf ;~rf/sdl{sf] gftfn] ;xeful x'g] cj;/ kfpsf] lbg /]8qm;sf] e"ldsf / ultljlwx af/] klxnf] k6s s]xl hfgg], a'em\g]] df}sf kfpsf] x'f. pqm lhnnf ;efdf /]8qm; dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf] egg] a'em]kl5 d]/f] dgdf klg /]8qm;k lt :jt M Ps k sf/sf] cfsif{0f a9\g uof]. To;kl5 g]/];f] df]/ë lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt >L dgf]hk ;fb pkfwofo / pkzfvf lj/f6gu/ @ sf ;efklt >L k'gd s'df/ bfxfnsf] ;xof]udf pkzfvf lj/f6gu/ @ af6 /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf k fkt ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. To;kl5 ;f]xl pkzfvfaf6 lhnnf ;ef;b\ x'g] df}sf ;d]t dnfo{ ldnof]. /]8qm; af/] s]xl ghfgg] dh:tf] JolQm kl5 /]8qm;sf] :jo+;]jssf] kdf ;+nug x'g kfpfbf dnfo{ a8f] k ;Ggtfsf] cg'ej epsf] 5. of] d]/f] hljgsf] ;'vb\ 36gf xf] egg] d 7fGb5'. o;} 36gfn] d]/f] syf 45

ubf{ cfkm"df dfgjlo ;]jfsf] dxtj / To;k ltsf] cle?lrdf a[l4 epsf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. d]/f] hljgsf] of] kl/jt{gnfo{ d pko'qm / cfjzos 7fGb5'. o;/l /]8qm;;Fu cfj4 /xl ;fdflhs sfo{x ug]{ l;nl;nfdf /]8qm; df]/ë lhnnf zfvfn] @)^* ;fn a}zfv! ut]b]lv k sfzg u/]sf] /]8qm; /Qm ;~rf/ ;]jf a'n]l6g -dfl;s_ sf] ;Dkfbsdf ;f]xl ldltb]lv lhdd]jf/l kfo{ xfn;dd ;f] kbdf :jo+;]jssf kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. /]8qm;df ljlwjt k j]z u/]kl5 o;n] cfof]hgf u/]sf ;~rf/;dagwl tflndx df ;xeful x'g] df}sf k fkt u/]sf] 5'. o;nfo{ d Ps pknljw 7fGb5'. /]8qm;n] dfgjlo ;]jfdf u/]sf] ljlegg of]ubfg / o;n] ;~rfng u/]sf ultljlwx Hofb} k z+;glo Pj+ :d/0fof]uo /x]sf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;bf ;dlk{t /]8qm;nfO{ ;dfhsf] x/if]qaf6 ;xsfo{ Pj+ ;xof]usf] ck]iff ub{5'. @)&! ;fn a}zfvdf lj/f6gu/df dxfdf/lsf kdf km}lnpsf] hl08; -sdnlkq_ ljkb\ lgogq0fsf nflu /]8qm; df]/ë lhnnf zfvfn] ;a} ;fem]bf/ ;d"xx ;Fu ;xsfo{ u/l ;f] ljkb\af6 arfpg u/]sf] k of;af6 d Hofb} v';l 5'. To;}n] dnfo{ ;w}+ /]8qm;df nflu/xg] k ]/0ff ldn]sf] 5. 46 d]/f] syf

;d"xsf] ;sf/ftds Jojxf/ ;ª\qmldtx sf] ;xh hljgofkgsf] cfwf/ ldgf kl/of/ d]/f] gfd ldgf kl/of/ xf]. ndh'ª lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfd j]zl;x/df hgd]sf] ep klg 3/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf / cleefjsn] lziffk lt b]vfpsf] pbfl;gtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d}n] k9\g] cj;/ kfogf. ;fg} pd]/df e'ne'n] uf=lj=;= j8f g+=! sf] o'js;fu d]/f] ljjfx eof]. hf] klxn]b]lv g} PrcfO{eL ;ª\qmldt /x]5g\. ;ª\ qmldt eps} sf/0fn] xfdln] ljlegg ;d:ofx sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] lyof]. ljjfx, a tjgw, cd{kd{h:tf s'g} klg ;fdflhs sfo{qmddf xfdlnfo{ ;xeful x'g lbofb} gyof]. o;}u/l ;Fu} a:bf klg PrcfO{eL ;5{ egg] ;f]rfon] ljbfno hfgaf6 xfd f afnaflnsfx nfo{ al~rt ul/psf] lyof]. rl/qxlg epsf] sf/0fn] PrcfO{eL ;ª\ qmldt epsf] egg] cf/f]kn] ubf{ xfdlnfo{ ;dfhdf affrg ufx f] lyof]. o:t} sl7gfox sf alr Ps lbg g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf ndh'ªn] cfˆgf ;d"xsf ;b:ox nfo{ ;ª\qmldt;Fu cgtlq{mof tyf cg'ej cfbfg k bfg ug]{ sfo{qmddf dnfo{ cfˆgf cg'ej k ToIf ;f6f;f6 ug]{ cj;/ lbof]. Tof] cj;/ d]/f] nflu 7"nf] j/bfg ;fljt eof]. clxn] ;d"xsf cgo ;b:ox n] dnfo{ klg ;d"xdf cfj4 u/fpsf 5g\ eg] ;d"xsf] lgoldt e]63f6 tyf 5nkmnaf6 dnfo{ yk xf};nf ldln/x]sf] 5. o;}u/l ;d"xsf] ;xof]udf ndh'ª ;xof]ul ;d"x;fu ;dgjo u/]/ l;8lkmf]/ k/lif0fkl5!* lbg s]o/xf]ddf a;]/ cf}ifwl vfpf. o;} qmddf dlxnf ;d"xn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;xef]h sfo{qmddf lbgel/ ;xeful epf. dlxnf ;d"xn] dh:tf ;ª\qmldtk lt lg/gt/ b]vfpsf] ;defj / ljlegg ;xof]usf sf/0f dnfo{ ;fj{hlgs x'g] xf};nf cfof] / ToxL ef]hdf d PrcfO{eL ;ª\qmldtsf kdf ;fj{hlgs epf. clxn] ;d'bfodf d k lt s'g} lsl;dsf] x]nff / lt/:sf/ x'g] sfd epsf] 5}g. a dnfo{ / d]/f kl/jf/nfo{ ljlegg ;xof]u eo/x]sf] 5. ;d"xsf ;b:ox n] xfd f 5f]/f5f]/Lx nfo{ ljbfnodf lgz'ns egf{ ul/lbpsf 5g\ eg] ;d'bfon] ug]{ x/]s sfddf dnfo{ klg ;xeful u/fp/ d]/f] cftdljzjf; cem a9fpsf 5g\. d la/fdl x'fbf c:ktfn k' ofpg] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} cfo cfh{gsf nflu xfdlnfo{ u/]sf] ;xof]un] d]/f] kl/jf/sf] cfdbfgldf klg j[l4 epsf] 5. /]8qm;n] z' u/]sf] cleofg ;d'bfodf Psbd} kmnbfos epsf] 5. d h:tf n's]/ a;]sf ;ª\qmldtx nfo{ v'ng] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/l ;d'bfodf :yflkt x'g] cj;/ k bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ;ª\qmldtx n] klg cgo JolQm;/x hljgofkg ug{ ;S5g\ egg] ;Gb]z lbpsf] 5. d]/f] syf 47

/]8qm;df kfonf 6]sL hljgdf gof sf r'nl nidl sfsl{ ;+v'jf;ef d]/f] >Ldfg\ ågåsf] ;dodf ljb f]xl kifaf6 @)^! >fj0f @^ ut]b]lv j]kqf agfog'epsf] lyof]. To;a]nf d]/f ;fydf ;ft jif{sl 5f]/L / # jif{sf] 5f]/f lyof]. cj d s;/l ol 5f]/L / 5f]/fx sf] nfngkfng ug]{ / s;/l loglx nfo{ pggt lziff lbg ;S5' eg]/ dnfo{ lbg /ft lrgtf nflu/xgyof]. o;}sf] sf/0f ddf jffrg rfxg] /x/x lbgk ltlbg v:sfb} uo/x]sf] lyof]. lj=;+= @)^@ df g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l ;+v'jf;ef lhnnf zfvfdf! hgf sd{rf/lsf] cfjzostf k/]sf] /x]5 / ;a} sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/lx n] sfo{;ldltsf] a}7saf6 lg0f{o u/]/ dnfo{ n]vf ;xfos kbdf lgo'lqm lbg' eof]. o;/l @)^@ d+l;/!% ut] ha d sd{rf/l ep/ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l ;+v'jf;ef lhnnf zfvfdf lgo'lqm kfpf d c;fwo} v';l epsf] lypf. /]8qm; dfgjlo ;+:yf epsfn] / ljkb\ kll8tx nfo{ ;xof]u / p4f/ ug]{ epsf] sf/0fn] d}n] klg /]8qmdf k j]z ug]{ 7"nf] df}sf kfpf. kmn:j k d}n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljj/0fadf]lhdsf lhdd]jf/ Lx k"0f{ kdf vl6o{ d]xgt, nug / OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy ;DkGg ub}{ up/ lhnnf zfvfaf6 @ k6s pts[i6 sd{rf/l ep/ lhnnf ;efsf] cj;/df k df0fkq / ;Ddfg kfpf. ;fy} g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] :j0f{ dxf]t;jsf cj;/df @)&) efb!( ut] s]gb Lo sfof{noaf6 sd{rf/l ;]jf kbs / k z+;f kq klg k fkt u/]f. d}n] /]8qm;af6 ;~rfng epsf tflnd / uf]i7lsf dfwodaf6 cfˆgf] Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] df}sf klg kfpf. lhnnf zfvf Pjd\ s]gb Lo sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng epsf sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx df ;d]t sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfo{ ;+s6f;gg If]qx df uo{ sfd u/l ;d'bfox dfem ;r]tgf;dagwl ultljlwx ;~rfng ub}{ ;+u7g ljsf; sfo{df nflu/x]sf] 5' / ;wf}el/ nflu/xg]5'. o;/l sfd ubf{ g]kfn /]8qm;df Ps sd{rf/l eo{ d}n] k"0f{ cftd;gt'li6 kfpsf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. cfh d}n] d]/f 5f]/L / 5f]/fnfO{ k9fpgsf ;fy} pglx sf] x]/rfx klg /fd /L u/]sf] 5' h;sf sf/0f 5f]/L / 5f]/fsf] k9fok lt klg d ;Gt'i6 g} 5'. o;/l d}n] /]8qm;df kfonf 6]sL d]/f] hljgdf goff sffr'nl km]/]sf] cg'ej u/]sl 5',. o;sf/0f dnfo{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;a}nfo{ d]/f] x[bob]lv g} wgojfb lb+b} cem} cfˆgf] ;do /]8qm;df g} lbg rfxg5'. 48 d]/f] syf

cftd ;Gt'li6n] of] cleofg TofUg ;s]sf] 5}g, ;ls+b}g xf]nf s'/f @)#@ ;fnsf] xf]. d >L gf/fo0fl ljbf dlgb/ dfwolds ljbfno lzjgu/df siff * df cwoog/t lypf. xfd f] ljbfnodf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n lyof]. To;df siffut kdf k ltlglw 5gf}6 ug]{ qmddf siff * sf] tkm{af6 d klg 5gf}6 epf. To;} jif{ :jlh/nof08af6 PGof]gL d'wf]{ gfdsf /]8qm; cleofgsf dxtjk"0f{ JolQmTjsf] xfd f] ljbfnodf cfudg eof]. lzifs gfos s'nk ;fb kf}8\ofn ;/ x'g'x'gyof]. /]8qm; cleofgsf dxtjk"0f{ JolQmsf] :jfut ug{ kfpfbf ctogt v';l nfuof]. lzifs gfos u'? s'nk ;fbsf] huggfy Gof}kfg] lrtjg lg/gt/ k ]/0ff / dfof ddtfdf xfdl ;]jf sfo{df lg/gt/ nflu/x\of}f. To;} a]nf ;s{nsf xfdl % hgfnfo{ k fylds pkrf/ tflndsf] nflu e/tk'/ c:ktfndf Joj:yf ldnfoof]. o;af6 yk k ]/0ff k fkt eof]. xfo:s"nsf] k9fo ;lspkl5 jl/]gb SofDk;df ;d]t o'jf /]8qm; ;s{ndf sfd ug]{ df}sf ldnof]. @)#* ;fndf /]8qm; lrtjg zfvfdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf :jf:yo ;]jf k f]h]s6df lkmn8 ;'k/efoh/sf] lj1fkg v'n]sf]n] s'nk ;fb kf}8]n ;/s} k ]/0ffn] k/liff lbpf / plq0f{ klg epf. @)#* ;fn sflt{s!& ut]af6 /]8qm;df sd{rf/lsf] kdf k j]z u/]f. k f]h]s6 ;lspkzrft\ /Qm ;~rf/ s]gb sf] tflnd lno{ @)$$ ;fn d+;l/af6 /Qm;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k of]uzfnf k d'vsf] lhdd]jf/l s/la!@ jif{;dd lgjf{x u/l @)%@ ;fnb]lv lhnnf zfvfdf zfvf clws[tsf] lhdd]jf/l lnb}+ xfn jl/i7 lhnnf zfvf clws[tsf] kdf sfo{/t /x]sf] 5'. /]8qm;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fgt, d"no, dfgotf / /]8qm;sf] /fli6«o, cgt/f{li6«o 5lj / /]8qm;sf ljljw dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{df ljlegg vfnsf tflnd, uf]i7l, cwoog / Jofjxfl/s 1fg tyf ;Lksf sf/0f kll8t dfgjsf] kl8f sd ubf{ kfpsf] cftd ;Gt'li6n] cfh ko{gt of] cleofg TofUg ;s]sf] 5}g. nfub5, o; cleofgaf6 6f9f /xg klg ;ls+b}g xf]nf. d]/f] syf 49

/]8qm;n] k' ofo/x]sf] ;]jf b]vbf /]8qm;k lt em'sfj ls/0fs'df/ sfsl{ ;'g;/l >L lziff ;bg df=lj, w/fg!% -xfn prr df=lj_ sf lzifs >L kbdk ;fb Gof}kfg]n] lj=;= @)#^ ;fntfsf s]xl ljbfyl{x nfo{ Pp6f siff sf]7fdf af]nfo{ æ/]8qm;æ sf] af/]df hfgsf/l u/fpg'eof] / xfdlnfo{ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;b:o agfo{ Pp6f Jofh lbg'eof]. lj=;+ @)$@ ;fndf /]8qm; ejg, w/fg! sf] xndf o'jfx sf] nflu tlg lbg] k fylds pkrf/ tflnd 8f= 1fgaxfb'/ >]i7n] lbg' epkl5 lnopsf] k/liffdf ttsfnlg k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l >L /fds[i0f kgtaf6 k yd epsf] k df0fkq kfpfbf d cfzro{rlst epsf] lypf. sd{rf/lsf] kdf lj=;= @)%@.)^.!! ut] ttsfnlg zfvfsf dgql >L s]zj >]i7sf] kxn Pj+ k of;df k j]z kfpf. lj=;= @)$%.)%.)% sf] dxfe"sdkdf k/l 3fOt]x nfo{ w/fg $ l:yt c:ktfn, /]8qm; ejgsf] xndf /]8qm;n] k' ofo/x]sf] ;]jf sfo{ b]vbf /]8qm;k lt d]/f] em'sfj x'g k'uof]. /]8qm;df cfj eo{ zfvfsf sd{rf/lx, h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; ;s{n, lzifs gfosx, sfo{;ldlt kl/jf/, pkzfvf kl/jf/, ;d'bfosf ;+s6f;gg JolQmx ;Fu ldnl b}lgs kdf ;]jf sfo{ ug{ kfpfbf uf}/j dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. klxnf] k6s /Qmbfg u/]+ ;'zln Gof}kfg], bfª d]/f] 3/glhs} /]8qm;sf] clkm; lyof]. t/ dnfo{ Tof] clkm;;dagwl s'g} klg hfgsf/l lypg. glhssf] tly{ x]nff x'g5 eg] e+}m dnfo{ /]8qm;n] s] sfd u5{ egg] s'/f klg yfxf lypg. Ps lbg dnfo{ :yfglo klqsfdf /utsf] sdln] An8 a}+s ;~rfngdf sl7gfo epsf] n]v k9\g] cj;/ kfpf. dnfo{ klg /Qmbfg ug]{ OR5f t lyof] t/ klg sxff s;/l ug]{ egg] s'/f yfxf lypg. d}n] Ps lbg bfª lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt gf/fo0f cfrfo{ho"nfo{ e]6\g] cj;/ kfpf. pxffaf6 dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ;+:yfsf af/]df w]/} s'/f l;sfpg'eof]. w]/} s'/fx sf] hfgsf/l lbg'eof]. d}n] @)^@ ;fn k'; @^ ut]sf lbg klxnf] k6s /Qmbfg u/]+. pxffs} k ]/0ffaf6 ;b:otf k fkt u/l /]8qm;;Fu cfa4 epf. 50 d]/f] syf

Ps lkg6 /Qmbfg u/] @)%) ;fnsf] r}q dlxgfdf sfd ljz]ifn] d w'lnv]n k'u]sf] lypf. :yfglo ;/:jtl rf]sdf b /]o"sfo g]kfnn] /Qmbfg sfo{qmd ul//x]sf] lyof]. d}n] cfof]hs;fu ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/l k fkt u/]+ ls o:tf dfgjlo ;]jfsf sfo{x /]8qm;n] ubf]{ /x]5. ToxL+ d}n] klg Ps lkg6 /Qmbfg u/]+. To;kl5 d cfˆgf] lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt /fh]gb l;+x v8\sfho";fu ;Dks{ u/l /]8qm; / /]8qm;sf ultljlwaf/] ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/l k fkt u/l cfhljg ;b:otf lnpf. /fds'df/ pk ]tl af/f To;kl5 @)%% ;fndf af/f lhnnf ;kxl uf=lj=;= df ;kxl pkzfvf u7g eof]. To;df d ;b:o kbdf lgjf{lrt eo{ ;lrjsf] kbdf sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. @)&! ;fndf ;DkGg epsf] af/f lhnnf zfvfsf] lgjf{rgaf6 zfvfsf] ;b:o kbdf /x]sf] 5'. o;/l /]8qm;df cfa4 eo{ dfgjlo sfo{ ug{ kfpsf]df d cfk"mnfo{ efuodfgl 7fGb5'. 1fg, ;Lk, cfocfh{g ug{ df}sf k lbk ljs, l;gw'nl ljbfno :t/df cwoog ug]{ qmddf /]8qm; ;+:yfks hf x]g/l 8\o"gfn] u/]sf] ljljw sfo{x / dfgjlo ;]jfdf pgn] v]n]sf] :d/0flo e"ldsf cwoog dfq u/]sf] lypf. t/ s]xl ;dokl5 d]/f] l5d]sl ufpfdf w]/} 7"nf] hg wgsf] Iflt x'g] u/l @) @% 3/df elif0f cfunful eof] ToxL qmddf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l l;gw'nl zfvfn] pqm cfunful epsf] :yndf kll8t dflg;x nfo{ /fxt ;fdu L k bfg u/]sf] lyof]. cwoog u/]sf] s'/f Jojxf/ df b]v]kl5 ;fflrrs} /]8qm;n] ;]jf ug]{ /x]5 egg] cftd ;Gt'li6 eof]. ToxL qmddf dfgjlo ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf /]8qm;n] cfˆgf] lhnnfsf] ljlegg lgsfo;fu ;dgjo u/l lhnnfdf sfo{qmd ul//x]sf] lyof]. d k fljlws epsfn] dnfo{ sd{rf/lsf] kdf sfd ug]{ cj;/ k fkt eof] / sfd ul//xfbf d}n] /]8qm;sf] af/]df cfh of] ;+:yfdf a;l 1fg, ;Lk, cfocfh{g ug{ df}sf kfpsf] 5'. dfgjlo ;]jf x'g] vfnsf ljljw ultljlwx df k ToIf ;+nug eo{ sfd ug{ kfpfbf d ctogt ptk] l/t epsf] 5'. d]/f] syf 51

;]jf u/] d]jf ldn5 r'8fdl0f zdf{, :ofªhf k j]lzsf k/liff ;lspnuq} sdko"6/ ljifo cwoogsf nflu eg]/ d ahf/ hffb} lypf. ToxL a]nfdf s[i0f egg] bfh'sf] vaf6 n8]/ z/l/sf ljlegg cë / xft v' fx df rf]6 nflu/x]sf] b]v]+. d;fu s'g} ;Lk lypg. d}n] h] hfg]f ToxL u/]/ 3fOt]sf] hljg arfpg;dd d ;Ifd epf. ;]jf u/] d]jf ldn5 eg] e}+m d}n] 3fOt]sf] hljgnfo{ arfpg ;Ifd epf. vt/faf6 d'qm u/fpg ;s]/ d wgojfbsf] kfq x'g ;s]+ / d]/f] dgdf yk s]xl u5'{ egg] efjgf ptkgg eof]. /]8qm;n] dfgjlo kl8fnfo{ sd u/]/ ;]jf k bfg u5{ egg] d}n] ;'g]sf] lypf. ToxL ep/ d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf :ofªhfdf up/ ljlegg vfnsf tflndx lng] cj;/ kfpf. ;/x n] dnfo{ cj;/ lbopsf sf/0f d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ldf k j]z u/f]. /]8qm;;DaGwL cwoog ub} {5', { lg/gt/tf lbb} + hfg]5' ;'jf; l3ld/] uf]/vf @)^$ ;fndf d /f]huf/lsf] nflu ef}+tfl//x]sf] lypf. To; a]nf d]/f] cfdfnfo{ ggbnfn jufn] bfon] /]8qm;df sd{rf/l dfu]sf] 5 eg]/ hfgsf/l u/fo{ lbg' ep5. clg cfdfsf] k ]/0ffaf6 d pqm zfvfdf lgj]bg lbg upf / d lnlvt / df}lvs b'j} k/liffdf 5gf}6 epf. @)^$.*.@ ut]af6 /]8qm;sf] sd{rf/l agl sfo{ ug{ yfn]f. dnfo{ ljbfnodf k9\bf hf x]g/l 8\o"gf eg]sf] /]8qm;sf ;+:yfks x'g\ egg] dfq yfxf lyof] t/ /]8qm;sf] p2]zo, sfd, st{jo, nio s] xf] egg] dnfo{ yfxf lypg. o;/l ha d}n] /]8qm;df /f]huf/l kfpf clg d}n] /]8qm;sf] ljifodf cwoog u/]f. /]8qm;af6 w]/} tflnd uf]i7l, ;]ldgf/ cflbdf ;xeful x'g] df}sf kfpf, ;f]em} lhnnfdf ljlegg 7fpFdf ljkb\df k/]sf] a]nfdf ;d'bfodf k'ul /fxt ;fdu L ljt/0fdf d]/f] of]ubfg /xfb} cfpsf] 5. o;/l d clxn] /]8qm;;DaGwL cwoog ub}{5' o;nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbb}+ hfg]5' egb} d]/f] cfdf / ggbnfn jufn]ho"k lt /]8qm;h:tf] kljq ;+:yfdf cfa x'g k f]t;flxt ug'{epsf]df pxffx k lt xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ub{5'. 52 d]/f] syf

;ft l;4fgtsf dd{nfo{ a'em\bf /]8qm;k lt k ]l/t ep k lbkt kf}8]n, ;'v]{t g]kfndf /]8qm; k f/de ep/ b' tt/ ultdf cufl8 a9]sf] kfpfbf v';l nfu]sf] 5. @)#@ ;fndf d P;=Pn=;L lbp/ 3/ a;]sf] lypf. ;'v]{t /]8qm;df sd{rf/lsf] dfu epsf]df d lgo'lqm epf. Tolta]nf ;efklt z+s/ 7s'/L x'g'x'gyof]. jxffaf6 / /]8qm;n] ljkb\df k/]sf tyf blgb'mvlnfo{ ;]jf ug]{, /fxt ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] b]v]sf] lypf. kl5 cfkm}+n] sfd ubf{ / & l;4fgtsf dd{nfo{ a'em\bf /]8qm;k lt k ]l/t epf / To;kl5 ;fwf/0f ;b:o, cfhljg ;b:o, sfo{;ldltsf] ljlegg kbdf lgjf{lrt eo{ sfd ub}{!@ jif{ sf]iffwoif / xfn dgql kbdf ;'v]{t zfvfdf sfo{/t 5'. /]8qm; cleofgdf lg/gt/ nflu/x]sf] 5'. -kf}8]n, g]/];f] ;'v]{t zfvfsf dgql x'g'x'g5._ lhdd]jf/l ;DkGg ug] { Ifdtf x]/]/ :jo+;]jsdf 5gf}6 jl/zdz]/ k = s'dl{, k;f{ k;f{ lhnnf profën df=lj= kf]vl/ofdf h'/]=;= sf] cfof]hgfdf @)$) d+l;/ dlxgfdf cffvf lzlj/ eo/x]sf] lyof]. To; lzlj/df d klg ;xeful ep/ lj/fdlx nfo{ ;]jf k' ofpf. lzifs gfos >L d'gzl dxtf]ho"n] h'/];sf] ;b:otf lbo{ dnfo{ h'lgo/sf] ultljlwx ;~rfng ug{] lhdd]jf/l lbg'eof]. d]/f] cfˆgf] lhdd]jf/l ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{ Ifdtf x]/]/ pxffn]] d]/f] 3/cufl8 ;d]t uf8]sf] 6o"jj]nsf] sfddf :jo+;]jsdf 5gf}6 u/l % lbgsf] tflnddf ;xeful u/fpg'eof]. Tof] tflndaf6 d=u f=:jf= cu'jf kbdf g]/];f] k;f{af6 5gf}6 eo{ sd{rf/lsf] kdf sfd ug{ yfn]+. To;kl5 zfvfdf n]vfkfn kbsf] lj1fkg eof]. pqm kbdf d klg lnlvt hffrdf / cgtjf{tf{df klg kf; epf. xfn;dd d g]/];f] k;f{ zfvfsf] ljlegg ultljlwdf ;lqmo kdf sfd ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. d]/f] syf 53

OlGb/f kf08] afun' /]8qm;leq k j]z ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. PkmPd ;'g]kl5======== Pr=cfO{= el /f]syfd sfo{qmd / k fylds pkrf/ sfo{qmd g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l afun'ë lhnnf zfvfdf ;~rfng eo/x]sf] /x]5. To;} qmddf ljlegg uflj;x df k fylds pkrf/ tflnd lbg] sfd eo/x]sf] d}n] Pkm=Pd= af6 ;'Gg kfpf / dnfo{ klg k fylds pkrf/ tflnd lng ;fx } dg nfu]sf] lyof]. s] u/]/ tflnddf ;xeful x'g ;lspnf egg] hfgsf/lsf] vf]hldf lypff. To;} qmddf /]8qm; zfvfdf l/qm kbk"lt{sf] nflu eg]/ klqsfdf sd{rf/l cfjzostfsf] lj1fkg v'n]sf] /x]5. d}n] klg To; lj1fkgsf] sb/ u/l lgj]bg u/]f. d lnlvt k/liff / df}lvs k/liffdf ;kmn epsfn] @)^% ;fn sflt{s! ut]b]lv sfof{no ;xfos kbdf lgo'lqm ul/of] / h'g a]nf d}n] /]8qm;df k j]z u/]f, To; a]nfb]lv g} d}n] /]8qm;sf ;ft l;4fgtx nfo{ cftd;ft ub{} sfd ub}{ cfo/x]sl 5'. /]8qm; o:tf] dfgjlo ;+:yf xf], h'g ;+:yfn] ubf{ ddf sfd ug{ ;Sg] biftf, Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 u/fpsf] 5. To;}n] sfd ug{ ;w}+ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5'. æk To]s o'jfn]!* jif{sf] hgdf]t;j; u} /Qmbfg ;'?jft u/f}+æ O{Zj/b]j hf]zl s}nfnl @)^@ ;fn kmfnu'0f!@ ut] d cwoog/t ;'=k= SofDk; wgu9ldf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l s}nfnl lhnnf zfvfåf/f /Qmbfg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/psf] lyof]. pqm /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf æk To]s o'jfn] cfˆgf]!* jif{sf] hgdf]t;j;fu} /Qmbfgsf] ;'?jft u/f}fæ egg] d"n ljifo;lxtsf] a f];/ k9\g kfoof]. leql Åbob]lv g} d /]8qm;n] ul//x]sf] sfo{k lt v';ln] ub\ ub\ epf. pqm cj;/df dnfo{ klxnf] k6s /Qmbfg ug]{ df}sf k fkt eof]. To;kl5 ;f]xl SofDk;df o'jf /]8qm; ;s{n u7g u/]/ o'jf ultljlwdfkm{t /]8qm; ;f];fo6lnfo{ /fd f];fu a'em\g kfoof] / ljlegg lbj; tyf ultljlwx df ;dfj]z x'fb} uoof]. @)^& kmfnu'0f @^ ut]b]lv lhnnf zfvfdf zfvf ljsf; clws[tsf] kbdf sfo{ ub}{ cfˆgf] kblo bflotj v';lsf ;fy lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5'. 54 d]/f] syf

slnnf] pd]/df blgs/x]sf] cfuf] lgefpg h'6]+ dlgb/f u'/fufo{f, df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ d]/f] /]8qm;;Fusf] ;DaGw @)#@ ;fnb]lvsf] xf]. dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] em08f / /]8qm; lrgx c+lst Jofh c;fwo} dg kb{yof]. d ljbfnodf siff ( df k9\bf ljbfnosf lzifsx n] /]8qm;sf af/] d;fu ;fdfgo 5nkmn Pj+ rrf{ ug'{x'gyof]. pqm 5nkmndf d nufot ljbfnosf d]/f siffsf s]xl ljbfyl{ ;fylx nfo{ ;d]t ;/x n] ;+nug u/fpg'x'gyof]. o; k sf/sf] 5nkmndf d v';l;fy ;xeful x'gy]+. /]8qm;sf ;ft cfwf/e"t l;4fgt cg' k xfdlnfo{ 1fg k bfg ub}{ nluof]. Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf], xfd f] ljbfno 5]p ;'g;/lsf] vgf/ uf=lj=; df Pp6f ;fgf] ufpfdff cfunful eof]. ;do lbpf;f]sf] a]nf lyof]. xfjf rln/x]sf] x'fbf cfuf]sf] k a9\b} uof]. cfuf] lgogq0f ug{ sl7g kg]{ b]lv lgogq0fsf nflu jf 0f ogqnfo{ vj/ ul/of]. t/ jf 0f ogq cfpg ;do nfug] x'fbf :yfglo ufpfn]x ;a} ldn]/ cfuf] lgefpg] sfo{ k f/de eof]. cfuf] lgefpg] qmddf d klg ljbfnosf ;a} ;fylx nfo{ ;fydf lno{ afln6g / eff8fdf kfgl af]sl cfuf]df kfgl xfng yfn]+. dnfo{ To;jvt c s'/fsf] s]xl jf:tf epg s]jn cfuf] s;/l lgefpg] egg] w'gdf dfq Psf]xf]/f] eo{ ;lqmo /x]+. t/ To;qmddf d}n] kl5 d]/f] b]a ] v' f 3fOt] epsf] /x]5 egg] yfxf kfpf. d]/f] v'6[f To;/L 3fOt] x'fbf klg d cfˆgf] nioaf6 kl5 gx6l ;f] sfo{df h'l6/x]+. cfuf] nfu]sf] 7fpFaf6 Pp6f afns cfpfbf hf]ufpg] qmddf d]/f] b]a ] v' f 3fOt] epsf] /x]5 egg] d}n] yfxf kfpf. ljbfno:t/df cwoog ug]{ slnnf] pd]/s} cj:yfdf blgs/x]sf] cfuf] lgefpg dgdf s'g} qf; g/fvl ;f] sfo{df h'6\g' dleq /x]sf] /]8qm;k ltsf] efjgfn] g} ubf{ xf] egg] dnfo{ nfub5. d]/f] of] dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{sf nflu ljbfnosf lzifsx n] dnfo{ wgojfb lbfbf d emg} v';l epf. cfh d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l df]/ª lhnnf zfvfsf] sfo{;ldlt ;b:o kbdf /xl dfgjlo ;]jf ub}{5'. d cfˆgf] hljgsf] cgto;dd ToxL v';lnfo{ sfod ub}{ xf};nfsf ;fy /]8qm; :jo+;]jssf] e"ldsf lgefo/xg] ljzjf; JoQm ub{5'. d]/f] syf 55

ljlegg 3'DtL / df]8x kf/ ub}{ /]8qm;?kL ofqfdf lg/gt/ ;"o{k ;fb 9sfn sf:sl 56 d]/f] syf ljbfnodf :jf:yo lziff tyf ;fdflhs ljifo cwoogsf] qmddf siff * / ( df ;fdfgo gfd dfq ;'g]sf] ;+:yf xf] /]8qm;. sf:sl /]8qm;af6 ljbfnox df ;s{n u7gsf nflu @)$* ;fn a}zfvdf k7fopsf] kqn] dnfo{ /]8qm; ;b:o agg] / ljbfnodf h'lgo/ ;s{n vf]ng] efjgf hflu t u/fof]. ToxL lr L af]sl @)$* ;fn h]7df sf:sl /]8qm;df k'u]+. /]8qm;sf af/]df ljlegg s'/f a'e]mkl5 d ToxL lbg g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:o ag]+. ;fy;fy} ljbfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n vf]ng cfjzos ;fdu L af]s]/ ljbfno kms]{+. ljbfnodf k'u]kl5 ;s{n u7g u/]+. k wfgfwofksn] lzifs gfossf] lhdd]jf/l dnfo{ lbg'eof]. ToxL jif{ k fylds pkrf/sf] kffr lbg] k lzif0f, # lbgsf] k lzifs k lzif0f / & lbgsf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tflnd ;d]t kfpf. clg t d}n] klg k lzifssf] kdf sfd ug{ yfn]+. o;/l /]8qm;df d]/f] klxnf] k j]z eof]. @)$* ;fndf x+;k'/ uflj;df /]8qm;sf] ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g eof] / ;f] ;ldltsf] sfo{;ldlt ;b:o klg agg] cj;/ ldnof]. @)$( ;fndf ;f]+wf k'u]sf]n] b"wkf]v/l df=lj= df klg h'lgo/ ;s{n u7g ul/of]. To:t} @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g @ ut]b]lv dx]gb prr df=lj= goffahf/ ( kf]v/fdf ;?jf epsfn] @)%# j}zfv!$ df ;f] prr df=lj=df ;d]t h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n vf]ng] cj;/ ldnof]. ToxfFb]lv xfn;dd lzifs gfos / ;xof]ul gfossf] kdf o; ljbfnodf sfo{/t 5'. ;s{n klg k6s k6s lhnnf tyf /fli6«o :t/df pts[i6 x'g ;kmn epsf] 5. @)%) ;fn kf}ifb]lv pkzfvfsf] ;efklt eo{!^ jif{ / @)%$ ;fnb]lv lhnnf zfvf sf:sldf ;b:o tyf @)^$ ;fnb]lv s]gb Lo ;ef;b\sf] kdf sfd ug]{ cj;/ ldnof]. sf:sl lhnnfsf ljlegg pkzfvf, h'lgo/ ;s{n, o'jf ;s{n, dlxnf ;ldlt nufot cgo ;fdflhs If]qdf /]8qm;, cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g, h]g]ef dxf;lgw, /]8qm; lrgx k of]usf] cnfjf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, k fylds pkrf/, Pr=cfO{=eL= / P8\; ljifodf k lzif0f lbg kfpsf] 5'. cfh cfˆgf] clwsf+z ;do /]8qm; cleofgdf lb+bf b]zsf w]/} lhnnfdf ;d]t k'ul k lzif0fx df ;xeful x'g] cj;/ ldn]sf] 5.. cfk"mnfo{ dfgjlo ;]jfsf sfo{df

;+nug u/fpg kfo/x]sf] 5'. @)&) ;fndf epsf] $@ cf}+ s]gb Lo dxflwj]zgaf6 klxnf] k6s pts[i6 lzifs gfossf] kdf ;Ddflgt x'g] cj;/ ldnof]. To:t} sf:sl zfvf / s]gb af6 k fylds pkrf/sf] If]qdf klg ;Ddflgt x'g kfpsf] 5'. o;/l ljlegg 3'DtL / df]8x kf/ ub}{ /]8qm;?kL ofqfdf lg/gt/ nflu/x]sf] 5'. -9sfn, g]/];f]sf s]gb Lo ;ef;b x'g'x'g5._ r'gfjdf p7 ] / ;b:o ep lzl/iff 9sfn, goff ahf/, kf]v/f slxn]sfxlf kqklqsf tyf cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox af6 /]8qm; egg] zab t d}n] ;'g]sl lypf t/ /]8qm; eg]sf] s] xf], dnfo{ yfxf lypg. ;ft siffdf k9\gsf nflu @)^* ;fndf d kf]v/fsf] goff ahf/df cjl:yt dx]gb p=df=lj= df egf{ epf. To; ljbfnodf x/]s jif{ h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rg x'g] /x]5. sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rgdf siff ^ b]lv!) siff;ddsf ljbfyl{x p7\g kfpg] /x]5g\. ToxfF ljbfnodf egf{ epsf]! dlxgfkl5 lj1fg k9fpg] lzifsn] bf]; f] lkl/o8df cfh h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] sfo{;ldlt 5gf]6 ul/g] epsfn] siff ;ftaf6 klg ;b:o agg rfxg]x r'gfjdf p7\g egg'eof]. dnfo{ h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] af/]df s]xl klg yfxf gepsfn] d pl7g t/ kl5 ;/n] ltd f] afaf klg /]8qm;df ;+nug epsfn] ltdl sfo{;ldltdf a:bf /]8qm;sf] af/]df w]/} hfgsf/l kfpg ;S5\of} egg'eof]. dnfo{ To;sf] af/]df s]xl yfxf gep klg r'gfjdf p7f] / ;fylx sf] ;dy{gn] ubf{ sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o kbdf /xg] df}sf kfpf. To;kl5 d}n] /]8qm;sf] af/]df 1fg a9fpfb} upf / /]8qm;;Fu ;DalGwt ofnl, syf sfo{qmddf ;xeful epf. * siffdf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] ;b:o dfq epf / * siffdf sf:sl /]8qm;n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] @ lbg] ljbfno:t/lo cfwf/e"t k fylds pkrf/ tflnd klg lnpf. To;kl5 d siff ( df dx]gb p=df=lj= sf] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] cwoif kbdf a;]/ sfd u/]f / ljlegg uf]i7lx df klg ;+nug epf. clxn] d!) siffdf cwoog/t 5' / h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] lgjt{dfg cwoif / ;Nnfxsf/ 5'.!) siff kf; u/]kl5 klg d /]8qm;df ;+nug eo ;dfhsf] ;]jf ug]{5'. dnfo{ ;'?df h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] sfo{;ldltdf a:g] ;Nnfx lbg] ;/k lt d cfef/ JoQm ub{5' lsgls pxffn] ubf{ d}n] /]8qm;sf] af/]df hfgg] df}sf kfpf / /]8qm;n] ubf{ g} ddf ;fdflhs efjgfsf] j[l4 eof]. dx]gb prr df=lj= sf] h'lgo/ /]8qm; lhnnf / /fli6«o kdf ;lqmo h'lgo/ ;s{n epsfn] ljbfnodf w]/} ;fylx ;b:o ag] / ljbfnodf ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] u/]sfn] klg ddf /]8qm; efjgf c? a9l cfof]. d]/f] syf 57

;6{ k'msfn]/ k fylds pkrf/ s'a]/ lg/f}nf, Onfd @)#* ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf]. d}n] Onfd zfvfaf6 /]8qm;sf] l;4fgt dg k/fp/ cfhljg ;b:otf u x0f u/f]. /]8qm;;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf rf;f] a9fpg klg yfn]f. /]8qm; eg]sf] ;]jf lbgnfo{ xf]. ;]jfn] ;Gt'li6 lbg] epsfn] ;Gt'li6sf nflu cu ;/ /lxof]. /]8qm; Pp6f dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ;+:yf epsf]n] cfk"m klg /]8qm;sf sf/0f ljzjjofkl eoof] / ;]jf ug]{ pt;'stf a9l g} /x\of]. @)$& ;fntfsf d sf7df8f}+sf] lzif0f c:ktfndf lktfsf] pkrf/fy{ k'u]sf] lypf. ToxfF Ps lj/fdl lzifsnfo{ tfhf /ut rflxpsf] /x]5. d}n] klg /ut hffr ubf{ ;d"x ldnof] / cfjzos /ut lbpf. tl cr]t ckl/lrt s]xl lbgdf xf];df cfp/ 3/ kmls{p. ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ kfpsf]df dnfo{ ;fx } cfggb eof]. /Qmbfg hljgbfg egg] egfo ;fy{s eof]. /]8qm;af6 g} d}n] k fylds pkrf/sf] tflnd klg lnpsf] lypf / o;n] emg\ ddf ;]jf ug]{ efjgf df}nfpfb} cfof]. ;+of]ua; dfoj]gl d]nfdf Pp6L o'jtlnfo{ crfgs s;}n] 9'Ëfn] xfgbf 6fpsf]df nful /ut au]/ a]xf]; epsl /lx5g\. d}n] xtf/xtf/ ;6{ k'msfn]/ k'5kf5 u/l ToxL ;6{sf] k of]un] k fylds pkrf/ u/]/ 8f] ofpfb} d]nfsf] :jf:yo lzlj/df yk pkrf/ u/l glhssf] :jf:yo rf}sldf k7fpf. o;f] ug{ ;Sg] k ]/0ff d}n] /]8qm;af6 k fkt u/]sf] lypf. clxn] tl o'jtl dnfo{ b]vbf cfb/ ul5{g\ eg] /]8qm;k ltsf] nufjn] cfkt ljkb\df dnfo{ ;s]sf] ;]jfdf nfug k ]l/t ub{5. 58 d]/f] syf ;Lk l;sl :jo+;]js nlnf vltj8f, Onfd d h'ga]nf siff & df k9\y]+ Tolta]nf g]kfnl ljifosf] ;/n] k9fo/xg'epsf] lyof]. pqm ;dodf @ hgf bfh'x n] lbp;f]! ah]b]lv /]8qm;sf] a}7s 5, ;a} hgf pkl:yt eolbg'xf]nf eg]/ hfg'eof]. dnfo{ /]8qm; s] xf] egg] pt;'stf hfuof]. ha! ahof] pqm a}7s sifdf d klg k j]z u/]+. ;a} hgf e]nf eo;sg'epsf] /x]5. >L ;/:jtl prr df=lj= ;'n'j'ë Onfdsf] Pp6f siffdf x'g nfu]sf] pqm a}7sdf cfk"m klg ;dfj]z x'g kfpfbf v';l nflu/x]sf] lyof]. pqm a}7s @ 306f;Dd rn]sf] lyof]. To;af6 yfxf eof] ls h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm;sf] d"ndgq g} d ;]jf u5'{ú /x]5. d ;fg}b]lv ;dfh ;]jfdf rf;f] b]vfpg] ;fy} ;dfhdf

ljlegg sfo{x df klg ;l/s x'g] u/]sl lypf. a]7skl5 dnfo{ /]8qm; Psbd} dgkg{ yfnof]. ljbfnodf!%!% lbgdf /]8qm;sf sfo{qmdx x'g] uy]{. tl ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x df ;l/s x'fbf /]8qm;k ltsf] lr ce}m a9\b} uof]. t/ kl/l:yltaz pqm ljbfnodf w]/} ;do;dd h'lgo/ /]8qm; rng ;s]g. To;sf/0f d}n] /]8qm; s] xf] eg]/ k"0f{ kdf a'e\mg eg] kfogf. ;do cufl8 a9\b} hffbf @)&) ;fndf d=/=a= SofDk;, OnfdnfO{ cfk\mgf] sfo{if]q agfp/ d g]kfn o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;b:o agg k'u]+. xfd f] b]zdf ljlegg If]qdf /x]/ dxtjk"0f{ sfo{x u/l dfgjsf] lxt / enfosf nflu ;ftj6f l;4fgtx nfo{ c+ufn]sf] h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm;sf] d"n dgqnfo{ dwogh/ ub}{ d nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;fylx n] SofDk; kl/;/df ;fktflxs kdf ;/;kmfo ug]{ u of}f. To:t} u/l /Qmbfg ug]{ k fylds pkrf/ ;Lk l;sl :jo+;]js agg] h:tf] dxtjk"0f{ cj;/ klg kfpf. o:tf sfo{ ubf{ d]/f] /]8qm;k ltsf] lh1f;fx k"/f x'fb} upsf lyp eg] /]8qm; Psbd} /fd f] sfd ug]{ ;+:yf /x]5 egg] cg'ej a6l'n;s]sl lypf. o;/l ha d tg, dg nufp/ /]8qm;sf x/]s sfo{x df cu ;/ x'g yfn]+, ta dfq yfxf eof] ls dflg;n] k9]/, ;'g]/ egbf klg u/]/ dfq jf:tljstf yfxf kfpfbf] /x]5. d}n] /]8qm;df /x]/ w]/} sfdx u/]+ / ca klg ul//xg5'. o'jf /]8qm;sf :jo+;]js ;fylx tof/l /xg'k5{ x]dk ;fb kf}8]n, Onfd x]nf] === x]nf] === s;}n] kmf]g u/]sf] lyof]. s;sf] kmf]g xf] kqf] kfogf. klxnfsf] cfjfh x]nf] === x]nf] == d} ;lsof]. kmf]g sfl6g] laltts}} k]ml/ l6lglg ub}{ 3G6L ahof]. kmf]g ;fylsf] /x]5. kmf]g p7fpkl5 pm== ;'gfpfb} lyof] æ;ffemaf6 g} o'jf /]8qm;sf :jo+;]js ;fylx tof/l /xg'k5{ h:tf] 5.Æ TolQs}df kmf]g sfl6of]. ;fylsf] cw{ hfgsf/lsf] e/df d cfˆgf] ;'/n] tof/ldf /x]+. o;f] kl/j]z a'e]mf. Ps} l5gdf ahf/sf] dflynnf] If]qdf sf]nfxn dlrr/x]sf] ;'lgof]. tl/, efnf, v's'/lh:tf ;fdu Lsf] k bz{g g} rln/x]sf] lyof]. 36gfn] 7"n}?k lng] h:tf] :ki6 b]lvgyof]. TolQs}df dgdf s'/f v]nfpfb} ;ffemsf] dw'/f] k sfzdf d sf]7flt/ nldsg5'. vfgf vfg] dg vf;} lypg. rfprfp, d'/} r':; vfp/ vl6ofdf 9lNsPsf] lbge/sf] ysfgn] e;ss lgbfp5'. laxfg ;a]/} Ao'lemPF / laxfglsf] dfxf]n a'e\mg lg:sb} dfq s] lypf cl3nnf] ;ffemsf] tdf;fsf] d]/f] syf 59

ljs/fn?k ahf/sf] k To]s s'gfs'gf a/a/fo /x]sf] lyof]. SofDk;sf o'jf ljbfyl{ ;fylx cfˆgf] cfˆgf] ;+3, ;+u7gsf ;dy{gsf] gf/f n]lvpsf] Kn] sf8{ lnp/ Ps y/l ljbfyl{x :jljo' lgjf{rgsf] nflu tof/lsf] kdf SofDk; xflgfb} lyp eg] csf]{ y/l lgjf{rglj?4df gf/f h'n';;lxt pt} df]l8fb} lyp. To;}a]nfdf kmf]gdf l/ª ah5, kmf]g ;fylsf] lyof], pm egb} lyof] /]8qm; :jo+;]js ;fylx sf] cfjzostf ttsfn SofDk; If]qdf kl//x]sf] 5 xfd f] l6dsf ;fylx kl/rfng ug'{k of]. ;fylsf] s'/f ;'Ggf;fy d!% hgf o'jf /]8qm; ;b:osf] l6d lnp/ pt}lt/ nldspf. s]xl If0fsf] cled'vls/0fkzrft\ ^ ^ hgfsf] ;d"x agfp/ 36gfsf] b'o{lt/ xfdl /]8qm;sf] klxrfg lrgx;lxt ;Defljt 36gf :ynlt/ nfuof}f. TolQs}df h'n';x sf] alrlt/ st}af6 xfd f] ;d"xnfo{ nlift u/]/ elg+b} lyof] æcf], sf] xf} ltdlx < xfd f] If]qdf lg;ª\sf]r lxf8\g], kvnf;\ e/]æ To;}lt/ nlift ub}{ ;'/Iffy{ vl6psf ;'/IffsdL{ ;fylx egb} lyp æloglx /]8qm; :jo+;]js x'g\æ. o;} a]nf dx;'; epsf] lyof] /]8qm; :jo+;]js ep/ ljkb\df ;xof]u ubf{sf] dhf ===. ol t yf]/} k ltlglw 36gfx dfq x'g\. cgo s}+of} 36gfx o:tf 5g\ h;n] ce}m /]8qm;df a:g ptk ]/0ff k bfg ul//x]sf] 5. hljgdf k yd k6s dfgj ;]jf u/]+ ;'efif /fo{, Onfd ebf} dlxgf lyof]. d]ndrl uf=lj=;= sf] ufpfel/ emf8f kvfnf k}mlnof]. OGb ]Zj/L df=lj= sf ljbfyl{x :s"ndf g} lbglbg} la/fdl kg{ yfn]. d]ndrl ahf/df 7"nf] c:ktfn klg lypg. Pslbg ufpfdf g} up/ ljbfnodf cf}ifwl lgmz'ns aff8g] lg0f{o u of}f. dxfdf/ln] ubf{ ljbfno agb eof]. lzifs / h'=/]=;= ljbfyl{x sf] ;d"x agfof}+. cf}ifwl lnp/ d ljbfyl{x ;Fu kf08] ufpfdf k'u]+. s'g} 3/df kffr hgf;dd la/fdl lyp. ToxfF r'nf] lge]sf] lyof]. ;+j]bgzln kl/l:ylt. pglx nfo{ p7fp/ hljg hn, kvfnfsf] cf}ifwl v'jfof}+. yk cf}iflw klg lbof}+. pglx ;Fu cf}ifwl lsgg] k};f klg lypg. kfgl pdfn]/ dfq lkpg", efg5f 3/, rkl{ ;kmf /fvg'xf];\ egb} xfdl csf]{ 3/tk{m lxf8\of}+. o;/l d}n] hljgdf k yd k6s dfgj ;]jf u/]+. 60 d]/f] syf

/utsf] sdln] csfndf d[to' x'g glbg] ] c7f]6 6]sk ;fb /l~ht, Onfd /]8qm; ;b:o agg' x'g5 ls egb} 3/b}nf]df Ps /]8qm;sdL{ cfpkl5 /]8qm; If]qdf d]/f] nufa a9]/ cfof]. g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ljwfgcg';f/ pkzfvf u7g x'fbf ;f}efuoa; d lrofjf/l pkzfvfsf] ;+:yfks ;efklt epf / xfn;dd sfod 5'. d]/f] sfo{if]q ahf/ If]qleq} kb{5. oxff An8 a}+s gx'fbf la/fdln] ;d:of ef]ug'k/]sf] 5. To;}n] /utsf] sdln] csfndf d[to' x'g glbg]tkm{ sfd ug]{ xfd f] c7f]6 5. ågåsfndf ;b/d'sfd vfnl ug]{ pbl{, ;'g;fg ahf/, sf7}sf7sf] ;+/rgf epsfn] cfuf]sf] ;fgf] lemnsfn] klg ;vfk x'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf 3/x eptf klg xfdl /]8qm;sdL{n] yftynf] g5f8\g] ;xdltsf ;fy a;]sf lyof}f. ;Defljt b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ToxfF /x]sf o'jfx nfo{ e]nf u/l ljkb\ k"j{tof/lsf] sfo{qmd @)^!.%.!* df ;DkGg u/l /f0ffsfnlg k6flëgldf /x]sf] kfgl kf]v/l 6fn6'nkf/L kfgl hddff u off}. kl5 @)^! kmfnu'0f @! ut] ;b/d'sfd cfqmd0f x'fbf / uf]nf af bsf] k8\sfosf] cj:yfn] sxl+, s]xl affsl /x]gh:tf] eof]. @)^^ kmfnu'0f # ut] lgs'~h kydf elif0f cfunfuln]!) 3/ Wj:t x'fbf /]8qm; / /]8qm;sdL{n] p f/ / /fxtsf] sfd u/]. To;}n] /fxt / p4f/sf ;fy} afr] arfpsf] ;fdu Lx sf] klg ;'/Iff ug'{kg]{ /x]5 ta dfq bif hgzlqmsf] st{ao k"/f x'g] /x]5. /]8qm;n] Ifdtf ljsf; klg u/]sf] 5 xiff{xldf uf]7 axfb'/ dfeml d]/f] gfd uf]7axfb'/ dfeml xf]. d $( jif{sf] epf. 3/df! a'xf/l, $ 5f]/f,! gfltgl / >LdtL ;lxt * hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5f}F. klxnf klg xiff{xl uflj;df w]/} ;+3 ;+:yf cfptf klg dnfo{ eg] Tolt w]/} s'/f yfxf lypg. t/ clxn] ev{/} cfp klg 5f]6f] ;dodf nf]slk o agg ;s]sf] ;+:yf /]8qm; cfpkl5 d Pp6f ufpfsf] ;f]emf] dfg5] nfo{ klg zf}rfno ld:ql tflnddf af]nfp/ 7"nf] cj;/ lbpsf] dx;'; u/]+. c sf] 3/df rkl{, h'7\ofg agfp/ clxn] dnfo{ ;fdfgo 3/ vr{ ug{sf] nflu ;lhnf] dx;'; epsf] 5. cfk"mnfo{ nqfsk8f lsgg b'o{ rf/ k};fsf] sdl epsf] 5}g. /]8qm; cfpb]lv ufpf 3/ jl/kl/ ;/;kmfo epsf] 5. klxnf rkl{df lb;f al:bgf / agfpflbg egg]n] klg clxn] w]/} /fd f];fu a'e]msf 5g\. d}n] d]/f] j8fsf] $ hgf o'jfx nfo{ rkl{ agfpg] ;Lk l;sfpsf] 5'. kmfobf g} /x]5 eg]/ ufpfsf dflg;df r]tgf cfpsf]df d /]8qm;nfO{ wgojfb lbg rfxg5'. d]/f] syf 61

62 d]/f] syf /]8qm;n] b'mvlnfo{ ;xof]u u5{ lx/fnfn sdf{rfo{, Onfd la/fdl tyf rf]6k6s nfu]sf JolQmx nfo{ c:ktfn NofPsf] b]vbf ;fg} pd]/b]lv d pglx sf] kl5kl5 c:ktfn k'uy]+. lj/fdl Nofpg] dflg;x n] lj/fdlnfo{ s;/l To:tf] epsf] xf] egg] af/]df / pglx sf] pkrf/sf] af/]df s'/f u/]sf] ;'lg/xgy]+. To;} a]nfb]lv dnfo{ tl lj/fdlx sf] cj:yfb]lv stfstf bof nfu]5 / dnfo{ klg tl lj/fdlx sf] ;]jf ug]{ efjgf hfu]5. 3/df cfdf a'af klg lj/fdl tyf b'vlx sf] ;]jf ;xof]u ug'{k5{ elg/xg'x'gyof] / To:tf dflg;x nfo{ ;xof]u klg ug'{x'gyof]. :s"ndf klg u'?x af6 xfdlnfo{ b'mvlx sf] ;]jf ug]{ ljlegg dxfk'?ifx sf] ljifodf 1fg u/fpg'x'gyof]. o;/l dnfo{ k/f]ksf/ ug'{ 7"nf] wd{ xf] egg] 1fg ep5. kl5 d s]xl hfgg] a'e\mg] epkl5 /]8qm;n] b'mvlx sf] ;]jf ;xof]u u5{, cfunful, e"sdk, af9l, klx/f] cflbdf k/l cfkt\ ljkb\df k/]sfnfo{ p4f/ sfo{df d2t u5{ egg] s'/f yfxf kfpkl5 dnfo{ /]8qm; ;+:yfk lt cfsif{0f eof] / @)#! ;fndf Onfddf epsf] klxnf] lhnnf /]8qm;sf] lgjf{rgdf d ;b:o epf. o;/l /]8qm;k lt d]/f] cfsif{0f a9\b} uof] / @)%@ ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf d ;efklt eo{ @ sfo{sfn sfd u/]+. xfn d lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;Nnfxsf/ 5'. cfkm"nfo{ /]8qm;sdL{h:tf] nfu5. pd]/n] ubf{ dg ep klg sfd ug{ ;ls+b}g. /]8qm;n] ;a} c;qm, b'mvlx sf] p4f/ u/f];\ / ;a} If]qdf ;xof]u k' ofo/xf];\ egg] sfdgf 5. hljg arfpg] sfo{ ug'{ egbf 7"nf] dfgjlo ;]jf c s]xl x'g ;Sb}g u+uf nfld5fg], lrtjg /]8qm; ljkbdf k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf xf] egg] s'/f ;'g]sf] lypf. cfk"m k9\g] ljbfnodf h'=/]=;= o'=/]=;= btf{ gepsf] sf/0fn] /]8qm;df k j]z ug]{ df}sf kfpsf] lyogf. ldlt @)$*.%.!( ut] /flt ttsfnlg ljb f]xl kifåf/f 3/df cfunful u/fpfbf 3/df epsf] ;fdu L hn]/ gi6 epsf] ;dodf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf dsjfgk'/af6 ttsfn /fxt pknaw u/fpsf] lyof]. o;af6 klg s]xl xb;dd 3fpdf dnd nufpsf] h:tf] epsf] lyof]. d / d]/f] kl/jf/ dsjfgk'/ 5f]8L lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fu9df 8]/f u/l a:g yfn]kl5 lrtjg zfvfdf sd{rf/lsf] kdf ldlt @)%(.(.! ut]af6 ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. g]kfndf

lj=;+= @)@) efb!( ut] g]kfn /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf epsf] egg] s'/f a'e\mg] df}sf kfpf. /]8qm; Pp6f o:tf] dfgjlo ;+:yf xf] h;n] ljkb\ kg'{ klxn] / ljkb\ kl/;s]kl5 ;ft l;4fgtnfo{ k d'v cfwf/ dfg]/ ljkb\nfo{ sd ug{sf] nflu k efljt If]qdf ljlegg tflndx lbp/, :jo+;]jsx kl/rfng u/l ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5. af9l, klx/f], cfunful, e"sdk, :jf:yo;dagwl k sf]kaf6 x'g] IfltnfO{ sd u/fpg] p2]zo klg /]8qm;sf] xf]. /Qmbfg;DaGwL ptk ]/0ff hufo{ hljg / d[to'sf] d'vdf 56k6fO/x]sf lj/fdlnfo{ /ut lbo{ hljg arfpg] sfo{ ug'{ egbf 7"nf] dfgjlo ;]jf c s]xl x'g ;Sb}g. To:t} /]8qm;af6 PDa'n]G; ;]jf ;~rfng u/l lj/fdlnfo{ l56f] ;]jf k bfg ug{ ;Ifd x'g' o;sf] csf]{ dxtjk"0f{ kif xf]. xfn lrtjg zfvfåf/f ;~rflnt ptyfgzln ;d'bfo lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;d'bfosf] kxn -CORD_ sfo{qmd cgtu{t d+unk'/ $ % df ;~rflnt sfo{qmddf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lrtjg zfvfåf/f dnfo{ ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] kdf ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ k bfg epsf] 5. pqm sfo{qmddf d}n] ;d'bfodf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. of] sfo{qmdsf] k d'v p2]zo ;d'bfodf x'g ;Sg] ljkb hf]lvdnfo{ sd ug]{ xf]. To;}n] ljkb\;dagwl dfgjlo ;]jf ug{ kfpfbf dnfo{ ctogt} v';l nfuf]sf] 5. d]/f] :s'n / /]8qm; s'df/ axfb'/ >]i7, bfª d= df=lj= /Iffrf}/, bfªdf cwoog/t /xfbf /]8qm;k lt cfa4 eo{ /]8qm;;DaGwL hfgsf/l kfpsf] / o;sf ljlegg sfo{qmddf ;xeful eo{ o;sf hgdbftf x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] of]ubfg af/] yfxf kfpf h;/l pgn] ;Nk]ml/gf]sf] o'4df lgm:jfy{ sfd u/] To;/L g} dflg;n] c?sf] ;]jf ubf{ tg, dg / wgn] ug'{k5{ egg] 1fg kfpsf] 5'. h]i7 gful/snfo{ klg yk ;]jf k' ofpg'kg]{ u0f]z zdf{ kf}8]n, lrtjg /]8qm;df nflu ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d'bfo Pjd\ kll8tx nfo{ dfgjlo ;]jf k bfg u/l ;]jfdol x'g] pts6 clenfiff epsfn] /]8qm; ;+:yfdf cfa4 epsf] x'f. /]8qm;dfkm{t h]i7 gful/snfo{ klg yk ;]jf k' ofpg'kg]{ cfjzostf cf}+nofpfb} /]8qm;dfkm{t ;]jf k bfg ul//xg] k 0f ub{5'. d]/f] syf 63

ddf g]t[tj ljsf; epsf] 5 ladnf jfojf, /;'jf d ljut ^ jif{b]lv g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l nx/] kf}jf pkzfvfsf] ;b:o 5'. xfn cfp/ d sfo{ ;ldltdf 5'. klxnf /]8qm; eg]sf] s] xf] eg]/ ga'e\mbf d cgww'gw epsl lypf. clxn] d}n] /]8qm;sf] ;ft l;4fgt dfgjtf, lgikiftf, t6:ytf, :jfwlgtf, :jo+;]jf, Pstf / ljzjjofkstfleq /x]/ x]bf{ /]8qm; dxfg\ /x]5 egg] d"nofíg u/]sf] 5'. ol cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx sf] dggn] emg} ddf Ps zlqm ldnof]. d klxnfklxnf dfg5]sf] el8df cfˆgf] kl/ro lbfbf klg y/y/l sfdy]f]. clxn] d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf ljlegg tflnd, uf]i7ldf ;xeful x'g] / slxn] :jo+;]jssf] kdf sfd ug]{ ub}{ cfpsf] x'fbf ddf g]t[tj ljsf; epsf] 5. clxn] d ;a}sf] ;fd' cfˆgf] s'/f /fvg;sg] epsl 5'. ufpf ljsf;b]lv lhnnf;dd, lhnnfb]lv s]gb ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ cfk"megbf lzlift JolQmx ;Fu e]6\g] cj;/ kfpf / pxffx sf] cg'ej Ps cfk;df cfbfg k bfg epkl5 d emg} pt;flxt epf. 3/, ufpfdf xfjf x'/ln] 3/sf 5fgf p8fpg], af9l klx/f]n] 3/x nfo{ c;/ kfg]{ 36gfx nfo{ cfk"mn] k ToIf b]vl pkzfvfdf s'/f /fvl pglx nfo{ /fxt Joj:yf k bfg ug]{ sfo{df nflukg]{ u/]sf] 5'. ;fy} g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ;Gb]z cfdf ;d"x,dlxnf ;d"xh:tf ljlegg ;d"xdf k rf/ k ;f/ ub}{ cfpsl 5'. cem d s] cfzf / ljzjf; u5'{ eg] xfdl ;ffrr} x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] 5fof / dfof agg ;s"f egg] egfosf ;fy d]/f] syf jgb u5'{. 64 d]/f] syf

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? d cefj} cefj, ;d:o} ;d:of / b'mvl ul/ax sf] a:tldf hlgdpsf] sf/0f, lalegg ljklq / dxfdf/ldf dflg;x n] ef]u]sf] kl8f cfkm"n] k ToIf b]v]sf] sf/0f To:tf] l:yltdf s]xl ;xof]u ug]{ clek fo d]/f] /x]sf] / To:tf] OR5f /]8qm;dfkm{t g} k"/f x'g5 egg] nfu]sf]n] d /]8qm; cleofgdf nfu]sf] x'f. ;a} jfb, ;a} larf/, ;a} ;+:yf egbf dfly / ;a}sf] ;j{ :jlsfo{ ;+:yf /]8qm; xf] egg] nfu]sfn] d]/f] /]8qm;df nflu/xg] ;f]r 5. hltgf/fo0f >]i7, lrtjg d /]8qm;df ;]jfsf] efjgfn] nfu] +. /]8qm; eggf;fy dfgjlo kl8f sd u/fpg] p2]zon] vf]lnpsf] ;+:yf xf] egg] a'em]sl 5' / x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] ljrf/af6 k efljt ep/ /]8qm;df nfu]sf] x" F. clgtf d}gfnl, lrtjg d}n] /]8qm;sf ;ft l;4fgtsf] uxg cwoog u/l To;sf] dd{nfo{ a'em]f. ;f]xlcg'?k cfˆgf] art ;do dfgjlo ;]jfdf vr{ ug]{ OR5f epsfn] /]8qm;df ;+nug epsf] x'f. lxdgfy bjf8l, lbjogu/, lrtjg b}jlk sf]k, af9lklx/f]h:tf cfkt\sfnlg cj:yfdf k/]sf JolStx nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ / dfgjtfnfo{ d"n wd{ dfgl ;]jf k' ofpg] p2]zon] /]8qm;df k j]z u/]sf] x'f. df]xg l;+x af]u6l, ultfgu/ a]/f]huf/lsf] l;nl;nfdf /]8qm; k a]zkl5 dfgjlo ;+:yfdf sfo{ ubf{ blgb'mvlsf] ;]jf ug]{ k ]/0ff ldn]sfn] uj{ ub}{ efjl lbgx df klg /]8qm;df /xl ;]jf ug{ OR5's 5'. hublz sfsl{, lrtjg /]8qm;åf/f ;~rflnt PDa'n]G; ;]jfn] la/fdlnfo{ l56f] ;]jf lbpsf] b]v]/ dnfo{ /]8qm;k lt lazjf; epsf] xf] / o;df cfa epsf] x'f. uf]lagb zdf{, e/tk'/ d]/f] syf 65

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? siff % df k9\b} ubf{ labfnodf cfof]hgf u/]sf] k fylds pkrf/ sfo{qmddf u/]sf dfgj;]jl ultlalwx sf] k ToIf cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ ldn]af6 dnfo{ /]8qm;df ;+nug eo{ sfo{ ug]{ k ]/0ff k fkt eof]. jf:tjdf /]8qm; dfgjlo zlqmsf] ;xl ;b'kof]u u/l dfgjlo kl8f sd ug{] lazjaofkl ;+:yf xf]. To;}n] o;k lt ;dlk{t x'g] ;f]r /fv]sf] 5'. g]qagw' kf]v/]n lj=;+= @)## ;fndf c=df=la=ultfgu/df siff ^ df k9\bf lzifs gfos pdfgfy sf]o/fnf x'g'x'gyof], ToxL ;dodf d h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;b:o epf. To;kl5 lzifs gfos ep/ uf}/lu~h lg=df=la=df sfd u/]+. $ k6s;dd /Qmbfg u/]+. d]/f] larf/df /]8qm; eg]sf] ;ft l;4fgtnfo{ Aojxf/df nfu" u/l dfgjlo ;]jfsf] If]qdf pbfx/0flo agg' xf]. /fh]gb gfy clwsf/l, e/tk'/ /]8qm; eg]sf] dfgjlo kl8fdf ;xof]u ug]{ / dfgj lxtdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf xf] egg] s'/f a'em]f / x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] hljglaf6 k efljt ep/ d /]8qm;df ;+nug epsf] x'f. zzlw/ a/fn, a3f}8f d k wfgfwofkssf] lhnnf:t/lo k fylds pkrf/ k lzif0fdf ;xeful epkl5 ;]jfefjn] /]8qm;df nfug] k ]/0ff k fkt eof]. lazjzflgt k bfg ug]{ / dfgjtfsf] zlqmdf rng] cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yf epsfn] o;df ;+nug x'g] OR5f ddf a9\of]. gf/b k ;fb kl/x:t, lrtjg g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ldf nfu]/ dfgjtfsf] nflu s]xl ug'{k5{ egg] larf/af6 clek ]l/t epsf] 5'. /]8qm;df @)%@ af6 sfd ub}{ cfpfbf cfh lhnnf sfo{;ldltdf ;d]t cfpsf] 5'. /]8qm;sf l;4fgtcg';f/ sfd ug]{ k 0f ub{5'. ;"o{gf/fo0f clwsf/l, lrtjg 66 d]/f] syf

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? b'mv, cfktdf k/]sf / c;xfonfo{ lgm:jfy{ ;]jf ug]{ ;+:yf epsfn] /]8qm;dfkm{t ;]jf ug]{ clek fon] o; cleofgdf nfu]sf] x'f. j]blglw ;'j]bl, d]3f}nl, lrtjg dnfo{ labfnodf k9\bf x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] hljgl ;'g]/ /]8qm;df nfug] k ]/0ff ldn]sf] xf]. ;]jfx dwo]df dfgjlo ;]jf pts[i6 ;]jf nfu]sf]n] xfn;dd klg o;df ;+nug eo/fvg dg nfu]sf] xf]. hublzj/ vgfn, e/tk'/, lrtjg dfgjlo kl8fdf dnd nufpg] cyjf dfgjlo kl8fdf ;xof]u ug]{ p2]]zosf ;fy hxff b'mv 5 ToxfF /]8qm; 5 egg] efjgfn] k efljt epsfn] /]8qm;df k j]z u/]sf] x'f. xl/rgb dxtf], lrtjg hflu/af6 cjsfz kfpkzrft\ /]8qm;h:tf] klaq ;+:yfdf nful ;]jf ug{ OR5f nfuof] / k/f]ksf/ ug'{ wd{ xf] c?nfo{ b'mv lbg' kfk xf] egg] a'em]sfn] / o;sf] p2]zo klg ljklqdf k/]sf dflg;sf] ;]jf ug'{ epsfn] o;tkm{ nfug] OR5f eof]. tf/fgfy a/fn, lzjgu/, lrtjg cfb/0flo u'? s'nk ;fb kf}8]nsf] ;]jfk ltsf] k ]/0ffn] ubf{ d @)#% ;fndf ;fwf/0f ;b:osf] kdf /]8qm;df k a]z u/]sf] x'f / /]8qm;nfO{ dfgj snof0fsf nflu prr e"ldsf v]ng] ;+:yfsf] kdf lnpsf] 5'. zfnlu fd kf}8]n, lrtjg d]/f] syf 67

/]8qm;n] d]/f] hljgdf v'zl NofOlbPsf] 5 g'dsnf /]UdL d]/f] gfd g'dsnf /]UdL. :ofª\hf lhnnfsf] s]a/] e~hofª uflj;df kb{5 d]/f] 3/. cfdbfglsf] s'g} klg jfxo ; f]t gepsf]n] lbge/ 3/fo;L sfdd} Jo:t /xgy]f. d]/f] >Ldfg ufpf 3/df g} Hofnf dhb'/l ug'{x'g5 / Hofnf dhb'/laf6 sdfpsf] k};fn] ;w}f /S;L lkp/ 3/ kmls{g'x'gyof]. pxffsf] o:tf] afgl Joxf]/fsf] d}n] s]xl k ltlqmof hgfpf eg] æt]/f] afpsf] vfpsf] 5}gÆ eg]/ pn6} dnfo{ s'6\g'x'gyof]. pxffsf] o:tf] Jojxf/n] d Psbd} lg/fz epsf] lypf eg] xfd f afnarrf ;d]t lgs} lrlgtt lyp. 3/df vfg] s'/f s]xl x'fb}gyof]. slxn] sffxl t afnarrf ef]sef]s} :s"n hfgy]. Ps jif{cl3sf] s'/f xf] Ps lbg d}n] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ln] lgdg cfo epsf dlxnfx sf] cfly{s cj:yf clej[l4sf nflu cfo cfh{gdf ;xof]u u5{ egg] s'/f /]8qm;sdL{af6 ;'g]+. To;kl5 glhs}sf] s]j/] pkzfvfdf up/ a'e\mbf n}lës tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zls/0f kl/of]hgfn] lgdg cfo epsf dlxnfnfo{ cfly{s pkfh{gsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u u5{ egg] s'/f yfxf eof]. ttkzrft\ kl/of]hgfsf] 3/w'/L ;j]{if0fsf qmddf d]/f] gfd klg ;dfj]z eof] / cfo cfh{gsf] nflu d]n] klg ;xof]u kfpf. ;f]xl /sdaf6 d} n] afv f kfngsf] sfd z' u/]+. clxn] afv f kfngaf6 /fd f] cfdbfgl epsf] 5. upsf] bz}+df = %,%)). df Pp6f v;l a]r]f, h;af6 afnarrfsf] nflu goff n'uf tyf cgo cfjzos 3/fo;L ;fdu L vl/b ug{ ;s]f. clxn] afnarrfsf] k9fo vr{ / 3/fo;L vr{ d}n] o;}af6 k' ofo/x]sf] 5'. d;fu ce}m Pp6f dfp afv f / Pp6f kf7f] 5. /]8qm;af6 k fkt /sdsf] bf]; f] ls:tf klg d}n] a'emfo;s]sf] 5' / ce}m d Pp6f afv f lsgg vf]hb}5'. clxn] d cfˆgf] cfdbfglaf6 ;Gt'i6 5' / dh:tf] ljkgg dlxnfnfo{ ;xof]u u/]sf]df /]8qm;nfO{ x[bob]lv g} wgojfb lbg rfxg5'. 68 d]/f] syf

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? /]8qm; lalegg vfn] kl8fnfo{ sd ug{ dgn] dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ ;+:yf xf]. dfgjlo kl8fnfo{ sd ug]{ p2]zon] /]8qm;df nfug OR5's epf. 5lanfn e /fo{ lrtjg hxff cfkt, ljkt, b'3{6gf x'g5 ToxfF /]8qm;sdL{ / /]8qm; em08f k'u]sf] b]vbf d klg ;]jf sfo{df nfug kfp x'gyof] egg] nfuof]. To;}n] ;fg}b]lv /]8qm;df nfug] OR5f hfu[t eof]. d]/f] AolQmut ;+nugtfn] /]8qm;sf] ;+u7gnfo{ dha't agfpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' egg] nfu5. /fhs'df/ >]i7, lutfgu/ @)@& ;fndf nf]y/ vf]nfn] k"jl{ lrtjgsf] w]/} efu Pjd\ 3/x / dflg;sf] 7"nf] Iflt epsf] b]v]/ lrtjgdf /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf ug]{ u/l ;xof]u ug]{ ug]{ OR5f epcg';f/ xfn;dd klg /]8qm;df ;+nug 5'. ;]jf g} wd{ xf] egg] efj /fvl sfo{ ub}{5'. To;}df d ;Gtf]if ub{5'. ;"o{ axfb'/ df:s] @)#^ @)#& ;fndf lzjgu/df s]=kl= ;/åf/f /]8qm;df nflu ;]jf ug'{k5{ eg]/ ptk ]l/t u/]sfn] o; ;+:yfdf k a]z u/]sf] x'f. @)#( ;fndf xl/ Gof}kfg] ;/åf/f b]j3f6 d]nfdf :jo+;]js eo{ sfd u/l dfgjlo kl8f sd ug{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ egg] egfon] /]8qm;df nfug] k ]/0ff ldnof]. ljb'/ s];l, lrtjg la=;+= @)%@ ;fndf cof]wofk'/l uf=la=;=sf] j8f g+= $ lzjåf/df /Lp tyf 3fF3/ vf]nfn] k"/} ufpfnfo{ g} tx; gx; agfpsf] lyof]. To; a]nfdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf lrtjgsf] dfwodaf6 To; If]qdf ;xof]u k' ofpg clkn epkzrft\ /]8qm; Pp6f ;xof]ul ;+:yf /x]5 egg] nfuof] / ttsfn} d /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:o agg k'u]+. b'mv,kl8f / cfkt ljkbdf ;xof]ul ;+:yfsf] kdf sfd ug]{ /]8qm; Pp6f dxfg ;+:yf xf] egg] efjgfaf6 d k ]l/t 5'. xl/ kfxf/l, df8l, lrtjg d]/f] syf 69

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? labfyl{ hljgdf @)%# @)%$ df c?0ff]bo p=df=la= ultfgu/ sf] g]=h'=/]=;=sf] sfo{;ldltdf siffsf] k ltlglw eo{ ;]jf k' ofpsf] / To;a]nf :s"nsf] rf}tf/faf6 ;fyl xl/z/0f b/fo{sf] n8]/ xft efflrrof] / xfdln] sf]7fdf k f= p= u/l xl:k6n k' ofpsf] ;Demgf cfh;dd tfh} 5. o:n] ubf{ /]8qm; eg]sf] cfktdf k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] ;+:Yff xf] egl a'em]sf] lypf. kl5 @)%* ;fnb]lv lhnnf zfvfdf sd{rf/lsf] kdf k a]z u/l xfn;dd ;]jf/t 5' / blgb'mvlx nfo{ lgm:jfy{ kdf ;]jf k' ofpg] ;+:yf /]8qm;dfkm{t\ ;]jfnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg OR5's 5'. gjlg/fh ltjf/l, lrtjg /]8qm;sf] gfd labfno hljgb]lv ;'Gb} cfptf klg @)%# ;fndf e/tk'/ df=la=df epsf] k f=p= tflnddf ;xeful epkl5 3fOt]x sf] p f/ ug{ dg nfu]/ @)%$ ;fndf labfnodf ;s{n u7g ug]{ :jls[lt lhnnf zfvfaf6 k fkt u/]+. /]8qm;df ;dflxt x'fb} h'lgo/x nfo{ ;fy lnfb} dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t /lxcfpsf] 5' / ef]ln klg ;]jfdf nfug]5'. zf/bf zdf{ kf}8]n, lrtjg lhnnf :t/lo h'lgo/ uf]i7ldf ;xeful epkl5 /]8qm; dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t lazjjofkl ;+:yf egg] a'em]sfn] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g ug{ k ]/0ff ldnl /]8qm;df nfu]sf] xf'. >Lk ;fb u'?ë, slanf; /]8qm; egg] ;+:yfn] la/fdlx nfo{ /ut k bfg u/l hljgbfg lbg] ;fy} af9l kll8t nufotsf k fs[lts ljkb\df k/]sf dflg;x nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ epsfn] / d klg ;dfh ;]jf ug{ dg k/fpg] AolQm epsf] sf/0f o;df ;+nug epsf] x'f. d}n] /]8qm;nfO{ lazjjofkl dfgj ;xof]ul ;+:yfsf] kdf a'em]sf] 5'. dfof dxtf], lrtjg 70 d]/f] syf

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? dfgjlo ;]jfsf] efjgfaf6 clek ]l/t eo{ ;fdflhs lxt Pj+ k/f]ksf/l sfo{ u/l affr / affrg b]pm egg] d"n cfzo af]sl tb\cg' k sfd ug]{ epsfn] /]8qm;df nfug] k ]/0ff ldn]sf] xf]. czf]s k wfg, lbofnf] kl/jf/ dfgj ;]jf g} 7"nf] wd{ xf] egg] efjdf s]lgb t epsf] /]8qm;dfkm{t b'mvdf k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u ug{ /]8qm;df nfu]sf] x'f. ;'/]g s'jf/, cleofg l6=el=l/kf]6{/ cfkt\sfnlg ca:yfdf kll8tx sf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg] p2]zosf ;fy dfgjlo wd{ lgefpg /]8qm;df nfu]sf] x'f. nid0f kf}8]n, /]l8of] lqj]0fl /]8qm; eg]sf] Pp6f lgm:jfy{ efjn] ;]jf ug]{ ;+:yf xf] / o;dfkm{t lgm:jfy{ ;]jf ug'{ dg'iosf] st{ao xf] eg]/ o;df nfu]sf] x'f. uf}/l k wfg g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ldf xfn;dd ;Da xff'b} cfpsf] 5'. kll8tx nfo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] epsfn] of] ;+:yfdfkm{t ;]jf ug{ OR5's 5'. ldqk ;fb ndx/l, lrtjg d}n] d]/f] :s'nsf bfo lbblx n] dfgj lxt x'g] sfd u/]sf] b]v]sfn] dnfo{ klg c?nfo{ ;xof]u ug{ dg nfu]/ h'=/]=;=df ;+nug epf. dnfo{ c?sf] ;xof]u ubf{ cfggbsf] cg'ej x'g] ep/ g} d h'/];df ;+nug epsf] 5'. cflzif clwsf/l, h'6kfgl, lrtjg d]/f] syf 71

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? d]/f] a'jf / cfdf b'a}hgf g]kfn /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:o x'g'x'g5. o;sf sf/0f d}n] /]8qm;;Fu ;DalGwt lalegg k':tsx k9]+. tl k':tsx af6 d}n] /]8qmsf] cfazostf / dxtjsf] af/]df hfgg] df}sf kfpf. ltg} k':ts / d]/f] cfdf a'jfsf] k ]/0ffaf6 d h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{ndf cfa4 epf. lgzfg nfld5fg], h'6kfgl, lrtjg ;a}n] /]8qm; /]8qm; egl o; ;+:yftkm{ nfu]sfn] /]8qm; eg]sf] s] /x]5 egl a' g d}n] Pslbg /]8qm;;DaGwL lstfa k9]+. Tof] kl9;s]kl5 d}n] ;]jf g} wd{ xf] egg] s'/f a'em]f. oxl s'/fn] g} dnfo{ /]8qm;df nfug] k ]/0ff ldn]sf] xf]. ;'lgtf uf}td, h'6kfgl d labfyl{ epsfn] Pslbg siffdf k'ubf glhs}sf] /]8qm; ejgdf /Qmbfg sfo{qmd epsf] / /]8qm; lrgx clª\st n'uf nufp/ 7"nf bfo lbblx n] /Qmbftfx sf] ;]jf u/]sf] b]v]/ dnfo{ klg To:t} ug{ dg nfuof]. ef]lnkn6 u'?nfo{ o; ;+:yfaf/] /fd /L ;f]wf]. emg To;kl5 t To:t} lg:jfy{ efjgf /fv]/ ;]jf ug{ dg hfuof] / /]8qm;df nfu]sf] 5'. d siff %df /]8qm;sf] ;b:o epf / o;df ;b:o agbf d}n] w]/} s'/f l;s]+ / cem hfgg affslg} 5. /]8qm;sf] ;]jfaf6 k efljt ep/ d}n] /]8qm;nfO{ cufl8 /fvl lgm:jfy{, lgikif, Pstfsf] efjaf6 ;]jf ug]{ afrf u/]+. h'g' >]i7, lk7'jf, h'6kfgl d Ps ;dfh;]jfsf] efjgf epsf] JolQm x"f. TolTf dfq gep/ dnfo{ 3fOt] JolQmsf] ;]jfug{ dg nfu5. d}n] xfd } 3/ glhs} Pp6f 3fOt] JolQmnfO{ /]8qm;sf] k fylds pkrf/ sn] k fylds pkrf/ u/]sf] b]v]/ dnfo{ /]8qm;df cfa4 ep/ ;]jf ug]{ dg nfuof]. oltdfq gep/ d}n] /]8qm;sf ;+:yfkssf] hljgl k9]/ klg dnfo{ /]8qm;df ;+nug x'g dg nfuof]. k Hjn e, lk7'jf, h'6kfgl /]8qm; ;+:yfn] ljklttdf k/]sf dfg5]x sf] ;]jf u5{ egg] s'/f k':ts k9]/ yfxf kfpf. d}n] c?sf] b'mvdf pglx nfo{ ;xof]u ug{ klg /fd f] x'g5 egg] 7fgF]. c?sf] kl8fdf dnd 72 d]/f] syf

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? k6\6l nufpg /]8qm;sf] dfwodaf6 ;Dej /x]5 eg]/ /]8qm;df k a]z u/]f / c?sf] kl8f x6fpg] d}n] afrf u/]+. /lag e /fo{, lk7'jf, h'6kfgl s'g} klg wd{, j0f{, lnë, hfthflt /fli6«otf jf /fhgllts ljrf/wf/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/l dfgjlo ljklttnfo{ /f]sg jf sd ug{ k otgzln /xg] lgsfonfo{ g} /]8qm; elgg5. 8\o'gfn] h;/l ;Nkm]l/gf]sf] o' df 3fOt] epsf dflg;x nfo{ dfgjtf / lgikiftfsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf] JolStut k];fsf] klg Vofn gu/l kll8tsf] ;]jf u/] d}n] klg cfˆgf] s]xl ;do b'mvlsf] ;]jfsf] lgldt lbg kfp x'gyof] egg] nfuof]. cfˆgf] hljgsf] s]xl ;do s;}sf] hljg arfpgsf] lgldt 5'6\ofpFbf a]; x'g] 7fgL hff x]g/l 8\o'gfs} k ]/0ffn] /]8qm;df k j]z u/]f. ;'s'dfof?daf, lblk;f clwsf/l, k'hg la=s=, cf/tl cfrfo{, k'hf lwtfn, ;'nf]rgf kf08], ;'hftf cfrfo{, cldasf gu/sf]6l, dgh' kf}8]n, lg;f s'dfn, ;lbiff b'nfn, dl0f/tg kf}8]n, czf]s rfkfufo{f, /d]z auffn] ->L hd'gfk'/ df=la= h'6kfgl %, hd'gfk'/_ k o'qmf >]i7, lziff yfkf, :d[tl rf}w/l, ladf tfdfë, /fhg bfxfn ->L d'gnfo{6 cf=df=la= h'6kfgl!, kbdk'/_ ls/0f bjf8l, l;h{gf tfdfë ->L k[yjl prr dfwolds labfno, e6]gl, h'6kfgl lrtjg_ s[kf kf}8]n, b]as yfkf, cfo'if sfk L, cg'iff yfkf, ;'dg b]asf]6f, cfb]z tfdfë, ;[li6 u'?ë, ;flaql k'/l, lalgtf kf}8]n, ;'/Iff cdufo{, Hof]lt kf}8]n, lazfn zdf{, cf:df e08f/l, ;lagf b]jsf]6f, ;dliff nd;fn ->L cla{6 cfaf;lo dfwolds labfno, lk7'jf, h'6kfgl_ cflzif 9'Ëfgf, ;fhg ;'a]bl, cg'k ;fksf]6f, ;+/rgf kf}8]n, cfo'if nfld5fg], ;'af; kflv g, ;'ldtf kf08,] cld;f ;fksf]6f, ;'l:dtf cfrfo{, cleif]s >]i7, ldgf sf8]n, :jl:tsf nfld5fg] ->L l;l4lagfos cfaf;lo dfwolds labfno, h'6kfgl_ /]8qm; ;DaGwL k rf/nfo{ clea[l4 ug]{, /]8qm;sf] ;fgble{stfsf ljifodf ;a} kifnfo{ cg'e"t u/fpg] / dfgjlo sfo{df ;xof]u a9fpg,] cfocfh{gsf ultlalw ;~rfng ug]{ / ljklttdf k/]sf dflg;x sf] p f/sf] sfd ug]{ ;:yf g} /]8qm; xf]. ljlegg 1fg d]/f] syf 73

5f]6f /f]rs syfx? k bfg ub}{} /]8qm;df cl3 a9\gsf] nflu dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x d]/f] ljbfnon] u/]sf] lyof]. klxn] t xfdlnfo{ s]xl klg yfxf lypg t/ cfhsn labfnon] klg h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n vf]n]sf] 5 / oxl ;s{ndfkm{t kll8tx df ;xof]u ug]{ klg k ]/0ff lbo/x]sf] 5 / /]8qm;df cufl8 a9\g klg d2t u/]sf] 5. dnfo{ /]8qm;df k a]z ug]{ ;a}egbf 7"nf] k ]/0ff labfnoaf6 g} ldn]sf] 5. d]/f] eljiodf Pp6f /]8qm; :jo+;]js eo{ dfgj snof0f u/]/ hljg latfpg] nio 5. la/fh la=s=, k zfgt e /fo{, clgn gu/sf]6l, r'8fdl0f kf}8]n -k lbk_, laho b'nfn, s[i0f cfn] du/, c/lag s]=;l= ->L hd'gfk'/ df=la= h'6kfgl %, hd'gfk'/_ cg'isf kf]v/]n,?la kl08t, ;hgf >]i7, cd[t af:tf]nf, z+b]z kf}8]n, ;kmn kf}8]n,glag l3ld/], ka{t du/ ->L d'gnfo{6 cf=df=la= h'6kfgl!,kbdk'/_ lai0f' yfkf du/, ;lhgf uf]daf, zfgtl tfdfë, ;kgf u'?ë, l/tf nfdf, sdnf nfdf, ;lngf nfdf, snkgf lu/l, ladnf nfdf ->L k[yjl prr dfwolds labfno, e6]gl, h'6kfgl lrtjg_ s'g} klg wd{, j0f{, lnë, ju{, hfthflt, /fli6«otf jf /fhgllts ljrf/wf/fsf] cfwf/ df e]befj gu/l dfgjlo ljklqnfo{ /f]sg] sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfnfo{ /]8qm; elgg5. plnnlvt s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/l] blg b'mvl, u/lax nfo{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{, h'g;'s} ;do / 7fpFdf 36\g] dfgjlo kl8fnfo{ x6fpg] / sd ug]{ h:tf sfdx /]8qm;n] ug]{ epsfn] oxl k ]/0ffn] /]8qm;df k a]z ul/of]. k ltef kf}8]n, /flwsf ltdln;gf, ;'ldqf nfld5fg] ->L hd'gfk'/ df=la= h'6kfgl %, hd'gfk'/_ lbjgf Gof}kfg], tf/f /fo{, >Liff a:g]t, ;'idf clwsf/l, cg'k clwsf/l ->L d'gnfo{6 cf=df=la= h'6kfgl!,kbdk'/_ ;latf rf}nfufo{f ->L cla{6 cfaf;lo dfwolds labfno, lk7'jf, h'6kfgl_ 74 d]/f] syf

:jb]zdf klg s]xl ug{ ;lsg5 lgd{n kf}8]n, hgsnof0f k' if ;d"x ;b:o ndh'ª d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf ndh'ªn] u7g u/]sf] hgsnof0f k' if ;d"xsf] ;b:o ep/ sfd ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. d}n] @)^) ;fndf P;=Pn=;L= kf; u/l cfo{=p= ;Ddsf] cwoog u/l /f]huf/lsf] l;nl;nfdf dn]l;ofdf upsf] lypf. hljgsf x/]s psfnl cf]/fnl kf/ ub}{ d}n] ljb]zdf # jif{ cfˆgf] hljg latfpf. hljgsf lttf ld7f cg'ejx a6'nb} hfg] qmddf d}n] ldlt @)^^ >fj0f @^ ut]b]lv @* ut];dd ;~rflnt PrcfO{eL, dfgj a]rlavg / ;fdflhs e]befj;dagwl tlg lbg] ;fyl lziff tflnd lng] cj;/ kfpf. tlg jif{ dn]l;ofdf a;]kl5 :jb]z kms]{. ca ljb]z xf]og :jb]zdf g} s]xl ug'{k5{ egl oftfoft Joj;fodf nfu]+. To;af6 Hofb} sd nfe k fkt eof]. To;}n] ToxfF klg lrq a'e]mg. ca klg k]ml/ ljb]z} hffpm ls s] u/f}+ egl /x]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)^& ;fn j}zfv @^ ut]b]lv @* ut];dd g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l ndh'ªn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] tlg lbg] hljg pkof]ul ;Lkdf cfwfl/t ;fyl lziff k'gtf{hul tflnd lng] cj;/ kfpf. tflnd kfpkl5 dnfo{ ljb]zdf x}g ca ufpfd} a;]/ s]xl ug'{k5{ egg] efjgf k jn kdf hful d}n] ljb]z hfg lnpsf] k};f =! nfv k}off nufgl u/l kf]n6«l kmd{ vf]n]+. z' df $ ;o rnnf /fv]sf] lypf. lj:tf/} lj:tf/} d]/f] Jofkf/ a9\b} uof]. Jofkf/af6 3/ vr{ klg rnb} uof]. xfn cfp/ a f]on/ tyf lul//fh s'v'/fsf] yf]s laq]mtf ag]sf] 5'. d}n] oftfoft Joj;foaf6 lnpsf] kmfobf =! nfvaf6 s'v'/f Joj;fo /fd f] ;~rfng u/]sf] 5'. Joj;foaf6 3/ kl/jf/ rnfpg'sf] ;fy} /fd f] cfdbfgl u/]sf] 5'. clxn] d}n] Jofj;flos kdf s'v'/f kfng u/]sf] 5' eg] ;d"x ;b:osf] kdf ;fdflhs If]qdf klg plqs} ;do lbg] df}sf kfpsf] 5'. ;fob /]8qm;af6 k bfg ul/psf] hljgf]kof]ul ;Lk;DaGwL tflnd glnpsf] ep of] s'/f ;Dej x'g] lypg. To;}n] d ;Dk"0f{ o'jfx nfo{ s] egg rfxg5' eg] æs'g} klg o'jf /f]huf/lsf] nflu ljb]lzg' egbf :jb]zd} a;]/ cfo cfh{g;dagwl sfd ug{ ;lsg5, ldlxg]t ug'{k5{ cfdbfgl g]kfnd} 5Æ. /]8qm;n] xfdlnfo{ cgo lgsfo;fu ;dgjo s;/l ug]{ egg] tl/sf klg l;sfpsfn] o'jf ;d"xn] uf=lj=;= ;Fu ;dgjo u/]/ s]xl /sd 5'6\ofO{ a]/f]huf/ o'jfx nfo{ s[lif kmd{, kf]n6«l kmd{ tyf cfo cfh{g;dagwl cgo kmd{x df cgtlq{mof u/fpg dfu /fv]sf 5f}F. /]8qm;n] ;~rfng u/]sf] tflnddf ;xeful x'g kfp/ cfh :jb]zd} a;]/ s]xl ug]{ pt;fx hfu]sf] 5. olb of] df}sf d}n] gkfpsf] ep d ;fob s'g} vf8l b]zx df hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ul//x]sf] x'gy]f xf]nf. t;y{m sfo{qmdn] klg cfufdl lbgx df o:tf vfnsf e d0f sfo{qmdx /fv]df o'jfx df cfo cfh{g;dagwl ;Lk k fkt x'g5 / o'jfx ljb]lzg] qmd sd x'g'sf] ;fy} pglx åf/f ul/psf] k rf/ k ;f/n] ;dfhdf ljbdfg PrcfO{eL dfgj a]rlavg tyf ;fdflhs lje]bnfo{ sd ug{ ;lsg] lyof]. d]/f] syf 75

My Red Cross story My Red Cross story starts in the dusty rural village where I grew up in war-torn Korea. Thanks to the American Red Cross, I was given the opportunity to join teenagers from 42 countries to travel across the United States visiting Red Cross chapters. The trip opened my eyes to the world. I returned to Korea being a different person. In the newspapers and in my village, I was a bit of a celebrity, and became known as the boy who went to America! Ban Ki-moon Secretary General, United Nations But the trip was also a turning point on a deeper level. From small towns to the White House Rose Garden, where we met President John F. Kennedy, I was profoundly moved by the spirit of service. When President Kennedy told us, "There are no national boundaries; there is only a question of whether we can extend a helping hand", I resolved then and there to pursue a life of public service. My Red Cross story continues today with the fruitful partnership between the United Nations and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Our organizations share common values solidarity, mutual respect and together we brave danger to uphold them. In crisis spots around the world, we work together to save lives, protect human rights and promote dignity. Our world has changed much, but the Red Cross remains as meaningful as ever. (Source: www.ifrc.org) 76 d]/f] syf

Tadateru Konoé President, IFRC My Red Cross story As a small child I was evacuated to the countryside. This was during the Second World War when the atomic bomb would soon be dropped on Hiroshima. I sometimes wonder: how many of my friends and neighbours did the Red Cross help in those times? I am sure it is countless. My own personal journey began with the Red Cross a few years later. I traveled in Europe after university, and one day found myself in Geneva with no place to stay. I took a chance and knocked on the Japanese ambassador's door asking if I could stay the night. He said "yes", but only if I would take part in the World Red Cross Red Crescent Day parade the next day. He needed someone who could wear the large size kimono he had. Being six feet tall, I was the only person that the kimono would fit! The parade was extraordinary; the solidarity and spirit of togetherness to serve all of humanity regardless of race, creed or colour was inspiring. I went home and volunteered for the Japanese Red Cross. More than 50 years later, I am humbled to serve the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (Konoé is the President of IFRC) My Red Cross story My friends and I donated blood in university. That is my first direct memory of the Red Cross. Years later, I joined the Ethiopian Red Cross for what would be a life-long journey filled with equal parts humility, heartache and hope. As a political prisoner, I had experienced hardship. But nothing prepared me for that first week with the Bekele Geleta Ethiopian Red Cross. I travelled to a Red Cross camp ex-secretary General, IFRC where 30,000 people were living because the lands that had supported them no longer bore food or water. There was drought and mass famine in Ethiopia. In this camp, more d]/f] syf 77

than 100 people died every day I have never seen such hunger. We reengineered our supply chain processes so we could move more food faster to more places, to feed more people. I went on to serve the Movement elsewhere, following in the aftermath of disease, disaster and conflict, hoping to get ahead of it, but never quite able to. Today we also focus on building stronger, more resilient communities able to withstand the shocks of disaster. As we serve the vulnerable, I suppose the Red Cross and Red Crescent will always follow in the wake of despair, but what we help build is hope. After everything I have seen and done, hope is still strong. Source: ifrc.tumblr.com My Red Cross Story I grew up in an environment where people had to confront all kinds of humanitarian and development problems, from drought to floods to political crises. The situation in Senegal was quite peaceful when I started my professional path, but in 1989 I experienced the conflict at the border with Mauritania, with 75,000 people on the move. That conflict was a tipping point in my professional life, and it further determined my personal commitment for humanitarian work. That was also the first time I engaged directly with the Red Cross at the professional level. Elhadj As Sy, Secretary General, IFRC I have always been impressed by the response of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in all situations, carrying out uplifting work always being there at the onset of a disaster, providing health services, water and sanitation, or delivering first aid. What a privilege to be part of this movement now. (Source: www.ifrc.org) 78 d]/f] syf

/]8qm; eg]kl5 lk G;]k zfxnfo{ ;DemG5' u0f]z/fh l;+x s'n]zj/, sf7df8f} + d lj=;+= @)!& @)!* ;fn lt/ lk G;]k zfxnfo{ cfo{=p= df k9fpy]+. l;les;\ k9fpy]+. To;}tfsf lk G;]k zfx o'/f]k hfg' epsf] lyof]. ToxfFaf6 h]g]ef klg ;jf/l epsf] /x]5. h]g]efdf /]8qm; laln8ª / /]8qm;sf] af/]df w]/} s'/f ;'Gg' ep5. clg k9fpg] qmddf Ps ljxfgl xfdl lrof vffb} lyof}+. pxffn] cfh gk9f}+, Pp6f ;+:yfsf] af/]df s'/f u/f} egg'eof]. pxffn] /]8qm;sf] af/]df s'/f ug]{ egg'eof]. d h]g]ef upf. h]g]efdf /]8qm;sf] laln8ª klg x]/]+. w]/} dflg;;fu s'/f klg eof]. of] ;+:yf t ;fx } pkof]ul /x]5. w]/} b]zx? o;sf] ;b:o agg] /x]5g\ú egg'of]. To; a]nfdf xfd f] g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf]?kdf t'n;ld]o/, ufg3l ;+:yf, 6LaL P;f]l;o;g / k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf ;lqmo lyp. @)@) ;fndf lk G;]k zfxsf] cwoiftfdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] @! hgfsf] tby{ sfo{ ;ldlt agof]. ljwfg agof]. dgf]lgtsf]?kdf d klg s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:osf]?kdf kl5 ;+nug epf. To;kl5 lj:tf/ lj:tf/ /]8qm;sf] ultljlwx? rng yfnof]. @)@* ;fnlt/ /f}tx6df uf} xtof k ;+udf lnp/ lxgb' / d';ndfg alr 7"nf] b+uf eof]. 36gfsf] vj/ cfof]. va/ cfpkl5 Od{h]G;L ldl6ª u/]/ t'?gt /]8qm;sf] ;f];n js{/ u 'k ToxfF hfg' k of] egg] s'/f eof]. ToxfF up/ kll8tnfo{ p4f/, /fxt ug]{ egg] s'/f eof]. ca sf] hfg] Û lxgb' / d';ndfgsf] b+uf. Tolta]nf d dfgglo klg lypf. n u0f]z/fh t hfg} k5{ egg] s'/f cfof]. clg k};f klg lnp/ hfg] s'/f eof]. Sof; klg lbg] sk8f klg lbg] eg]/ tlg j6f 6«sdf ;dfu L lnp/ hfg] s'/f eof]. k};f t xfdln] k6'sfdf affw]/ nu]sf lyof}+. xfdl ;ft hgf /f}tx6 uof}+. /f}tx6df hffbfv]l/ t jfjf /] eoí/ /x]5. xfdln] Knfg agfof}+. 8fOe/x?n] klg v'a ;xof]u u/]. ljxfg ^ ah] 8]/faf6 lx8\yof}+. /ftl b; P3f/ ah] cfpyof}+. slxn] sffxl t!@ ahyof]. ;d'bfosf dflg;x? 8/n] dfb]{nf eg]/ PSn} a:b}gy]. a8f] ljet; lyof]. xfdl /ftl hffbfv]l/ xfdl b]v]/ klg 8/fpg]. xfdl;fu /]8qm;sf] lrgx, em08f lyof]. xfdl /]8qm; sf7df8f}+n] ltdlx sf] ;xof]usf] lgldt k7fpsf] xf]. of] /]8qm; egg] cgt/f{li6«o Voflt k fkt k/f]k/sf/l ;+:yf xf] eg]/ b'o{ rf/ hgfnfo{ af]nfp/ eg]kl5 ljzjf; dfg]/ x\jf/// cfpfy]. ;a}nfo{ nqf, sk8f, l:jl8; sdan ;a} lbgyof}+. Sof; klg al;, krf;, ;o x]/]/ lbgyof}+. kl5 Pssfg, b'o{sfg d}bfg eof]. nqf, sk8f, sdan hf8f]sf] dlxgfdf. pglx? bë x'gy]. sdan / d]/f] syf 79

:jl6/x ;lxt /]8qm; k'uof] eg]/ eg]kl5 x\jf/// dflg;x cfp. uf8ldf hfgyof}+ lx8]/ ;fwo lypg. xfdl ;a} hfgyof}+ / /fxtsf gub / ;fdu L aff8\yof}+. To; a]nfdf /]8qm;sf] gfpf rn]sf] lyof]. o:tf] Pp6f cg'ej /x\of]. -l;+x, g]/];f]sf k"j{ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ ;'gf}nf] eljiosf] ;kgf b]v]+ ;ljgf dnn, DofUbL d ;ljgf dnn, DofUbL lhnnfsf] lkkn] uflj;! df a:5'. b'o{ jif{cl3 P;=Pn=;L= kf; u/]kl5 d;fu}sf w]/} ;fylx prrlziff xfl;n ug{ zx/ up. t/ xfd f] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f d glhs}sf] a]gl ahf/sf] DofUbL ax'd'vl ;/sf/l SofDk;df egf{ eo{ siff!! sf] k9fonfo{ cl3 a9fpf / w]/} cfly{s ;d:ofx e]mnb} siff!! kf; u/]f. Ps lbg Ps hgf /]8qm;sf :jo+;]jsaf6 cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ epsf 5fqfx nfo{ prrlziff xfl;ndf ;xof]u ug{ /]8qm;n] 5fqj[lQ lbg nfu]sf] ;"rgf kfpf. d}n] t' Gt} cfjzos sfuhft;lxt /]8qm;df lgj]bg lbpf. DofUbL /]8qm;n] lkkn] pkzfvfdf dlxnfx sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / cfo cfh{gsf nflu ljlegg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul//x]sf] lyof]. To;} qmddf lg:s]sf] of] cj;/af6 d klg dlxnf 5fqj[lQsf] nflu 5gf}6 epf. To;kl5 SofDk;sf] Ps jif{sf] k9fo z'ns / z}lifs ;fdu Lx vl/b ug{ /]8qm;n] dnfo{ = #,$)). pknaw u/fof]. o;n] siff!@ sf] k9fo ;DkGg ug{ dnfo{ w]/} ;xh eof] / d}n] %)Ü c+s xfl;n u/l pql0f{ u/]f. cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f w]/}n] prr lziff xfl;n ug]{ cj;/af6 al~rt eo/x]sf] cj:yfdf /]8qm;sf] ;xof] un] d}n] cfˆgf] k9fonfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg ;s]+. /]8qm;sf] o; ;xof]uaf6 d]/f] hljg cufl8 a9]sf] dx;'; u/]sl 5' d}n]. dnfo{h:t} ;'gf}nf] cj;/ ef]lnsf lbgx df cgo lbbl alxglx n] klg kfpmg\ egl sfdgf klg ub{5'. 80 d]/f] syf

kl/jf/sf] ;b:o 5f]8]/ cfph:tf] >LdtL sdn /f0ff sf7df8f} + g]kfndf /]8qm; :yfkgf x'fbf ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? Hofb} sd lyp. t/ ljzjdf eg] /]8qm; km}ln;s]sf] cj:yf lyof]. /]8qm; :yfkgf ug}{ k5{ egg] epkl5 lk G;]k zfxnufot xfdl ;+:yfks ;b:ox? ep/ g]kfndf /]8qm;sf] yfngl epsf] xf]. d clxn] klg ;DemG5' l;+x b/jf/sf] s}nfzsf] dfly a}7s u/]/ /]8qm; :yfkgf epsf] xf]. klxnf] r'gfjdf lk G;]k zfx cfkm} cwoif x'g'eof]. d s]gb Lo ;b:o epf / pkfwoifdf /x]/ klg sfd u/]+. To;a]nf /]8qm;sf ;b:ox? sd lyp. st} af9l, klx/f] uof] eg] cwoif nufot ;a} hgfn] u'g6f;'g6f s;]/ lxl8xfng' kyof]{. xfdl ;a} upsf 5f}+. ;Fu} a;]/ sfd u/]sf 5f}+. dnfo{ ;Demgf 5, Tolta]nf jgthl, d / csf]{ b'ohgf 8fS6/ /;'jfh:tf] 7fpFdf k}bn up/ af9l kll8tx?nfo{ ;xof]u k' ofp/ kms{bf a9f] cfggb / ;Gtf]if klg nfuyof]. x]g'{;\, xfdl u'8g] kfpgh]n u'8]/ hfgyof}+, To;kl5 3f]8f / uf]8faf6 hfg] uyof}{. d}n] of] d'nssf] %% lhnnf 3f]8f / uf]8fdf upsf] 5', x]lnsf]k6/df xf]og. ljs6 lhnnfx?df hffbf ufpfn]sf] phofnf] d'v pglx?sf] dfof / ;xof]uftds efjgf Tof] ;a 5f]8]/ kms{+bf vnnf] nfuyof]. ;frr} kl/jf/sf ;b:o 5f8]/ cfph:tf] nfuyof]. -/f0ff, g]/];f]sf ;+:yfks ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ ;'8]gL tflnd rnfpsf]df /]8qm;nfO{ h; lbg'k5{ xfdl 8S6/sf] k9fo ;s]/ n80gaf6 g]kfn kms]{kl5 d]/f] >Ldfg\ 8f= hogf/0f lu/l /]8qm; :yfkgf ug]{ lt/ nfug'eof]. d lrlst;s k]zflt/ nfu]. /]8qm;sf] Ps hgf ;+:yfks ;b:odf d klg lypf. /]8qm;s} cgo s'g} kf]i6df a;]/ sfd t ul/g t/ :jo+;]jssf]?kdf ;xof]u k' ofpy]. /]8qm;;Fu ;Da4 g;{x?sf nflu arrf hgdfpg] tfnld lbgy]. ufpf ufpfdf up/ / ;'8]gLx?nfO{ tflnd lbpsl 5'. 8f= sflgt lu/l sf7df8f} + 3/d} arrf hgdfpg ;'8]gLx? w]/} cg'ejl. Ps hgf t *) jif{sf] ;'8]gL sfd ug]{ dlxnfnfo{ klg e]6]+. p km:6 Snf; OSk6{ arrf hgdfpg. d}n] ;'8]gLx?nfO{ slxn] l5l5 b'/b'/ ul/g. sf]xl sf]xl ;'8]gLnfO{ klg tflnd d]/f] syf 81

lbg] Û egy]. d}n] pglx?nfo{ tflnd lbg'k5{, pglx?n] cem w]/} s'/f l;sg' k5{ egy]. pglx? 6]a'ndf /fv]/ arrf hgdfpfb}g y], e'o{+df /fvy]. d}n] xft /fd f];fu w'g', e'o{+ kmf]xf]/ x'g5 ;kmf sk8f /fvg', gep ;kmf cvaf/df /fvg' eg]/ l;sfpfy]. klxn] g} 7"nf]7"nf] s'/f u/]/ ;+ej klg t lypg. ufpfufpfdf ;'8]gL tfnld rnfpsf]df /]8qm;nfO{ h; lbg['k5{. csf]{ s'/f e/v/ n08gaf6 PdaLaLP; kf; u/]/ u/]/ cfpsf], Tolta]nf d @* jif{sf] dfq lypf. k ;'tlu[xsf] x]8 ep/ lhdd]jf/l ;dfn]. of] e/v/sl km'rrln] s] u5{, ttsfnlg k wfgdgqlsf] a'xf/l ep/ x]8 agfof] klg eg]. d}n] km:6df kf7]3/ lesg] ck/]zg u/]+. o; qmddf Tof] la/fdlsf] w]/} /ut hfgyof]. /ut lbg' kg]{ s;}n] lbg dfg]gg\ d cfkm}n] klxnf] kn6 al/ c:ktfndf /utbfg u/]sl 5'. -lu/l, g]/];f]sf] ;+:yfks ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ 82 d]/f] syf Ps} lbgdf @$$ j6f ck/]zg d ;/sf/sf] vr{df lqe'jg ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf :s/n;lk lnp/ a]nfot k9g upf. 8S6/sf] k9fo ;s]/ g]kfn cfpkl5 & jif{;dd b]zsf] ;]jf ug'{kg]{ Tolt a]nfsf] k fjwfg lyof]. @)!) ;fndf d g]kfn cfpkl5 oxff sfd ug]{ qmddf cffvfsf] If]qdf rflxg] pks/0f ;fwgx?sf] ;d:ofx? lyof]. cffvf ck/]zg ubf{ rflxg] rss' klg a]nfotaf6 wf/ nufp/ g]kfndf NofP/ sfd ug'{kg]{ cj:yf lyof]. d cfkm\gf] 8fS6/L k]zf ub}{ lypf o;alrdf @)@) ;fndf g]kfn /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf eof]. d klg ;+:yfks ;b:odf epf. Tolta]nf 8f= g/]gb Wjh hf]zl sf7df8f} + g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ;]qm]6/ldf klg pd]bjf/l lbpsf] lyp. 8f= hogf/fo0f lu/l ;]qm]6/ldf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof]. To;kl5 dn} cfkm\gf] 8fS6/ k]zfnfo{ g} lg/gt/tf lbg] qmddf a]nfot up/ sfd ug{ yfn]. lhgbulel/ aflx/ gf]s/l u/]+ clxn] d]/f tlg 5f]/fdf b'o{ hgf a]nfotd} cffvfsf] 8fS6/ 5g\. d k fo b]z aflx/ g} a:g] epsf] g]kfn /]8qm;sf] kl5nnf] ultljlwx?sf] af/]df eg] d Tolt hfgsf/ 5}g. @)@# ;fn lt/ lqk'/]zj/df /fhf dx]gb klg ;jf/l x'g] / /fhfn] /Qmbfg u/]/ An8 a}ssf] pb\3f6sf] sfo{qmd /x]5. d}n] kb}{g of] ;/sf/nfo{ b'mv lbg] sfd gu/f}+! KjfOG6 /ut lems]/ hgtfnfo{ k'ug] klg xf]og eg]sf] lypf. t/ /Qmbfgsf] lj1fkgsf] nflu eg]/ /ut bfg u/]sf] kmf]6f] klg lvlrpsf] lyof].

o:t} csf]{ Pp6f s'/f d Ps k6s a]nfotaf6 5'l6[ dgfpg g]kfn cfpsf] a]nf lk G;]k zfxn] h'dnfdf cffvf SofDk ;~rfng ug{ Joj:yf ldbfpfb}5' ltdl hfg5f}+ <Ú egg'eof]. d}n] s;/l hfgg egg]. d hfg t hfg5' sfd Tolx xf]. t/ Pp6f s'/f s] k of] eg] d;fu d]/f] 3/df hfkfglx? klg 5g\ pglx?nfo{ klg lnp/ hfpf < eg]/ ;f]w]+. hfpf g t pglx? klg cffvfsf] 8S6/ xf] egg] s'/f eof]. d}n] Tolta]nf %)) hgf egbf a9lsf] cffvfsf] ck/]zg u/]+. Ps lbgdf @$$ j6f;dd cffvfsf] ck/]zg u/]+, of] d]/f] hljgdf /]s8{sf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. hfkfglx?n] la/fdl hffr]/ k7folbgy] d ck/]zg uy]{. kl5 ToxfFsf] j8f xflsdsf] cg'/f]wdf lk G;]k zfxsf] klg ;jf/l eof]. d, uf}/lz+s/ / nidl gf/fo0fhlsf] nflu /f/f tfn 3'Dg] Joj:yf klg ldnfo{psf] lyof]. ;fylx? up t/ d eg] hfkfglx?nfo{ lnp/ sf7df8f}+ kms]+. o;/l gfdsf] nflu gep/ lg:jfy{ efjn] ;]jf k' ofoof]. ;ft lbg;dd h'dnfdf a;]/ cffvf lzlj/ rnfpfbfsf] Pp6f cg'ej o:tf] /x\of]. -hf]zl, g]/];f]sf] ;+:yfks ;b:o x'g'xg5._ ljzj /]8qm; cleofgdf g]kfn /]8qm;sf] prr ul/df /d]zs'df/ zdf{ sf7df8f} + /]8qm;df hlt lehb} uof] plt /]8qm;k lt nufj a9\b} hfg] /x]5. /]8qm;df hlt sfd u of], hlt pknlaw u of] emg pknlaw u/f}+ egg] dgdf nfubf] /x]5. g]kfn /]8qm; clxn] ljzj /]8qm;sf] Pp6f sgef;df ;fx } /fd f] prr:t/df /x]sf] 5. h'lgo/x n] /]8qm;nfO{ w]/} cufl8 a9fpsf] 5. t/ ;frr} xf]ls xf]og egg] yfxf kfpgnfo{ xfdln] cgt/f{li6«o af]8{sf] g]kfnn] cfˆgf] pdd]bjf/l lbof] / Go"hLNof08kl5sf] ;]s]08 xfopi6 ef]6n] xfdl af]8{df lgjf{lrt ep/ rf/ jif{;dd g]kfn /]8qm;nfO{ ;b:otf lbof]. g]kfn /]8qm;sf] tk{maf6 d}n] g} k ltlglwtj u/]+. csf]{ s'/f ;ldembfv]l/ dnfo{ v'zl nfuof]. g]kfn /]8qm;df ef]n]lg6o;{nfo{ cu'jfol u/]sf]df ljzjdf x/]s aif{ s]xl g s]xl o:t} sfd ug]{ ;f];fo6lx nfo{ af]nfp/ :k]gn] ;Ddfg lbg] u/]sf] 5. To;df d lgjf{lrt epf. dnfo{ 5flgof]. dnfo{ :k]gn] af]nfp/ ;Ddfg u of]. csf]{ s'/f] /]8qm;sf] rf/ jif]{ sfo{sfn ;lsp/ klg g]kfnsf] cg'ej ;'gfpgnfo{ af]8{ ldl6ªn] dnfo{ :k];nl lgdtf lbp/ af]nfof] / af]8{df klg d}n] g]kfnnfo{ k ltlglwtj u/]+. t/ of] dnfo{ lbpsf] ;Ddfg rfflx s] xf] eg] g]kfn /]8qm;nfO{ lbpsf] ;Ddfg xf]. dnfo{ JolQmut lbpsf] xf]og. g]kfn /]8qm; d]/f] of]ubfgsf] lgldt, d]/f] ;+nugtfsf] lgldt, d]/f] nugtfsf] lgldt lbpsf] xf] egg] dnfo{ nfu]sf] 5. -zdf{, g]/];f]sf ;+:yfks ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ cwoif x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 83

afdb]j 9' fgf sf:sl 84 d]/f] syf /]8qm; em08f ;lxt p4f/df vl6psf :jo+;]js b]vbf cfsif{0f eof] @)## ;fnsf] h]7df sf:slsf] eujtl6f/d uf=k+=df bzafx 3/ epsf] v/v/] ahf/df upsf] klx/f]n] k'l/p/ s/lj ^) hgfsf] Hofg lnpsf] 36gfdf d}n] /]8qm; ultljlw k ToIf b]vg] df}sf kfpsf] lypf. To; 36gfdf g]kfn /]8qm; s]gb b]lv :jo+;]js tyf kbflwsf/lsf] pkl:yltdf p4f/ tyf /fxtsf sfd epsf] d}n] b]v]sf] lypf. klxnf] rf]l6 /]8qm; em08f;lxt vl6psf :jo+;]js b]vbf o; ;+:yfk lt cfsif{0f epsf] lyof]. o; ;+:yfsf] af/]df hfgg] lh1f;f x'fbfxf'b} klg ;Dks{ x'g ;s]sf] lypg. kl5 cln a9l g} hfgsf/l lng] k of; ubf{ ttsfnlg zf;ssf glhssf JolQmx sf] ;+nugtfh:tf] nfu]sf]n] To; ;+:yfdf ;+nug eo{ sfd ug]{ rfxgf /xg uof]. @)$^ kl5 d}n] lzif0f ug]{ ljbfno b'w kf]v/l df=lj= df /]8qm;sf] kq k fkt eof]. o;df h'lgo/sf] b}jlk sf]k Joj:yfkg k lzif0fsf] nflu d}n] @ hgf ljbfyl{ lnp/ kre}ofdf cfk}m hfg] ljrf/ u/f]. cltly ep/ cfpg'x'g] s]gb Lo pkfwoif hutdf]xg e /fo{;fusf] e]63f6 tyf k lzif0faf6 d ljns'n} k efljt ag]f. /]8qm;k lt bl/nf] ljzjf; lnp/ ljbfnodf kms]{+. d]/} ljbfnodf /]8qm; a'em\g'epsf] lzifssf] cfudg klg eof]. kl5 sf:sl zfvfsf] sfof{nodf k'u]/ w]/} hfgsf/lsf ;fy} s]xl ;fdu L klg k fkt u/]+. ljbfnodf h'lgo/ ;s{n u7g ul/of]. ;Nnfxsf/ ep/ sfd u/]+. cffvf lzlj/ ;~rfng u/l!$ hgfsf] znolqmof;d]t ;DkGg eof]. d]/} ljbfnodf k fylds pkrf/ k lzif0fdf lhnnfel/sf ljbfnosf] k ltlglwtj lyof]. sfo{qmdx n] cem cufl8 a9\g k ]/0ff lbp. cfhljg ;b:o ag]f. @)$( ;fndf kfr]{ pkzfvf u7g eof]. cwoifsf] lhdd]jf/l lnpf. kfr]{ pkzfvfsf] ;lqmotfdf To; If]qdf /]8qm; efjgfsf] k rf/k ;f/ ug]{b]lv ljljw ultljlw ;DkGg ul/of]. @)%) ;fndf sf:sl zfvfsf] ;b:osf] lhdd]jf/l ldnof]. ejg agfpg] vfg]kfgl kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf dxtjk"0f{ sfdx sf] ;' jft ul/of]. $ jif{kl5 csf]{ sfo{;ldlt agof]. ol b'j} sfo{sfndf /]8qm; sf:sln] w]/} /fd f] sfd ul/;s]sf] / s]gb df pts[i6 zfvfsf] x}l;ot k fkt ul/;s]sf] lyof]. @)^@ ;fndf k sf]k pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] lhdd]jf/l k fkt eof]. To; sfo{sfndf sf:sldf klx/f]sf] a9l k efj k of]. bfªl;ªsf] g]pkfgsf] klx/f], ;/fªsf]6sf] ;]tl ju/sf] klx/f] tyf x]dhf nufotsf :yfgdf epsf] af9l klx/f]sf kll8tx nfo{ p4f/, /fxtsf

sfdx sf ;fy} sxlf k'gm:yfkgfsf] sfd klg eof]. ;+u7g lj:tf/, ;fd'bflos ultljlwsf] sfd klg lgs} cufl8 a9\of]. @)^& ;fndf dgqlsf] lhdd]jf/l k fkt eof]. ljutsf sfdsf] lg/gt/tf;lxt v'nf lb;fd'qm lhnnf agfpg] sfd, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'gm:yfkgfsf sfdx ;w}f e}+m eo/x]sf lyp eg] sd{rf/lsf] ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwfsf] af/]df klg sf]ifsf] :yfkgfh:tf sfdx ep. j}zfv dlxgfdf ;]tldf cfpsf] af9ln] ck"/0flo Iflt eof]. p4f/ /fxt / k'gm:yfkgsf] nflu dxtjk"0f{ sfdx df xfd f] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x\of]. @)&) ;fndf d]/f] g]t[tjdf ;j{;ddt lgjf{rgaf6 sf:sl zfvfnfo{ cftdlge{/ agfpg Pj+ u'0fftds ljsf; u/l /]8qm; cleofgnfo{ ;a}sf] dg dlit:sdf bl/nf] agfo{ cufl8 a9fpg] lhdd]jf/l 5. -9'Ëfgf, g]/];f] sf:sl zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ cftd;gt'li6sf] ;fy hljg ;fy{s epsf] dx;'; 808/fh zdf{, sf:sl d sfo{/t ljbfno kz'klt prr df=lj= /fdhf 9fF6L kj{tdf @)$^ ;fn cufj} g]=/]=;f]= lhnnf zfvf kj{tn] h'lgo/ ;s{n u7g u/l /]8qm; af/] ljbfnodf cled'vls/0f u/fpkzrfft\ /]8qm; dfgjtf, lgikiftf, t6:ytf, :jfwlgtf, P]lR5s ;]jf, Pstf / ljzjjofkstfh:tf ;ft cfwf/e"t l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t ep/ ljzjjofkl kdf cfˆgf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ u/]sf] Ps ;zqm lqmofzln dfgjlo ;+:yf epsf] s'/f a'e\mg] cj;/ ldn]s} cj:yfdf @)$^ ;fndf lhnnf lziff sfof{no kj{tsf] kxndf /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf k fkt ug]{ kl/j]z agof]. tt\kzrft\ kj{t lhnnfdf lzif0f k]zfdf /xg] a]nf;dd /]8qm;sf] ultljlwdf ;fd]n ep/ lqmofzln x'g] cfsf+iff ep/ klg To:tf] cj;/ h'6\g ;s]sf] lypg. @)$* ;fn r}qdf lzif0f k]zfaf6 :j}lr5s cjsf; lnpkl5 /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf kj{taf6 sf:sldf ljlwjt\ :yfgfgt/0f u/fpf. s'g} klg k sf/sf] JolQmut :jfy{ / k nf]egegbf dfly p7]/ ;fdflhs If]qdf dflg;sf] b'mvsf] ;fylsf] kdf cfˆgf] klxrfg :yflkt ul/;s]sf] ljz'4 ;fdflhs ;+:yf /]8qm; cfˆgf] affsl hljgsf] dxtjk"0f{ ;do JotLt ug]{ lglj{snk ;+:yf xf] egg] s'/f cfˆgf] dg dl:tisaf6 g} 5gf]6 eof]. @)%) ;fnb]lv sf:sl zfvf pkzfvf k4ltcg';f/ ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5!@ jif{;dd qmdzm kf]v/f & pkzfvfsf] ;lrj, pk;efklt x'fb} @)^@ ;fndf g]=/]=;f]= sf:sl zfvfsf] ;b:o, @)^^ ;fndf sf]iffwoif / @)&) ;fndf pk;efkltsf] lhdd]jf/l jxg ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. lg/gt/ kn] @! jif{;dd of] ;+:yfdf u/]sf] :jo+;]jl sfdaf6 cftd;gt'li6sf] ;fy dfgjlo lx;fan] hljg ;fy{s epsf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. d]/f] syf 85

cu h /]8qm;sdL{x sf] dfu{bz{g, xfdlleqsf] phf{sf] P]Soa4tf / lg/gt/ lqmofzlntfsf] pkh s[i0f ltldln;gf sf:sl 86 d]/f] syf xfd f] huuf clwu x0f u/]/ ag]sf] xfnsf] klzrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfndf 6f9f6f9faf6 cfpg] / Nofpg] la/fdl 3fOt]x sf] kl8f, 56k6fx6, b'mv / j]bgfnfo{ glhsaf6 lgofln/x]sf] lypf. lj/fdl, 3fOt]x sf] cj:yf b]v]/ To;} dg b'mv]sf] x'gyof]. o; If]qdf / Qm ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] :yfkgf x'g] s'/fsf] kl/rrf{n] o;sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng l56f] e}lbp x'gyof] egg] nfuyof]. @)#% ;fn cfiff9 @ ut]b]lv pqm c:ktfnsf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 /Qm ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k f/de eof]. o; If]qdf Pp6f dflg;leq /x]sf] /utnfo{ csf]{ 3fOt] jf lj/fdldf ck ]zg nufotsf] cgo cfjzos pkrf/sf nflu /St;~rf/ u/fpsf] b[zoaf6 d w]/} k efljt epsf] lypf. o:tf] ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf t /]8qm; kf] /x]5. d]/f] slnnf] afn dl:tisdf /]8qm;k ltsf] >4f cufw kdf a9]/ cfof]. d]/f] ljbfnodf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g x'g] s'/f ;'Gbf d]/f] dg v';ln] 5rlNsof]. pqm ;s{ndf d}n] sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o x'g] cj;/ kfpf. To;sf] csf]{ jif{ ;s{n k'gu{7g x'fbf kbflwsf/lsf] >]0fLdf plsnb} upf. To;a]nfb]lv /]8qm; b]vg] ljlqs} >4fn] d]/f] lz/ lgx'l/g5. ;do latb} hffbf Ps bh{g egbf a9l ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf / o'jf Snax sf] g]t[tj txdf a;]/ sfd u/]+. o;} qmddf kf]v/f!) o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;+/Ifs ep/ /]8qm;df lqmofzlntf a9fpf. /]8qm; sf:slcgtu{t kf]v/f!)!! pkzfvfsf] ;j{k yd pk;lrj epkl5 nuftf/ b'o{ sfo{sfn;dd ;lrj epf. xfdl pkzfvfsf] g]t[tj txdf cfpkl5 pkzfvfn] cfˆgf] ejg lgdf{0f;fu} PDa'n]G; ;]jf ;~rfng u/l :t/f]gglt ub}{ cufl8 a9\of]. sf:sl /]8qm;sf %% pkzfvfx dwo] of] ;jf]{ts[i6 pkzfvf klg x'g k'uof]. d]/f] afn dl:tisdf /x]sf] /]8qm;k ltsf] cufw >4f / :g]xn] jo:stf;fu} df}nfpg] cj;/ k fkt u of]. d c egbf km/s 9Ën] s]xl u5'{ egg] dgleq c7f]6 lyof]. To;}cg' k sf:sl /]8qm;sf] lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o / k rf/ ;ldltsf] k d'v epf. csf]{ sfo{sfndf pkdgqlsf] e"ldsfdf lqmofzln epf. t]; f] sfo{sfndf clxn] /]8qm; sf:slsf] dgqlsf] e"ldsfdf lqmofzln /x]sf] 5'. sf:sl /]8qm; g]kfnsf] cu 0fL lhnnf zfvfsf] kdf / xl o;n] w]/} k6s ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf zfvfsf] kdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6laf6 k'/:s[t x'g] ;'j0f{ cj;/ k fkt u/]sf] 5. xfd f cu h /]8qm;sdL{x sf] dfu{bz{g, xfdlleqsf] phf{sf] P]Soa4tf / lg/gt/ lqmofzlntfsf] pkh xf] of]. -ltnln;gf, g]/];f] sf:sl zfvfsf dgql x'g'x'g5._

vfg]kfglsf] ;d:of xn ug{ ;kmn epkl5 /]8qm;df ptk ]l/t O{Zj/Lk ;fb cfrfo{, sf:sl @)%& r}qlt/sf] s'/f xf], d To; a]nf sfx'f uf=lj=;= df lhdd]jf/ kb ;dfnb} cfpsf] lypf. d s'g} lgjf{lrt hgk ltlglw eg] lyogf. t}klg lhdd]jf/, sd{7 ;dfh;]jl ep/ :yfglo /fhgllts g]t[tj ;dfnb} cfpsf] lypf. ufpfdf To; a]nf df}hfaf6 NofPsf] Ps dfq vfg]kfgl of]hgf epsfn] kof{kt lypg. sfx'fsf] tnnf] e]sdf hlxn] klg kfglsf] xfxfsf/ eo/xgyof]. ;f] a]nf sfx"f!,@,# sf dlxnfx ;lxtsf] 6f]nL / d sfx'f 8]nLu]zg cfo{ kfglsf] ;d:of af/]df cjut u/fof}f. t/ d Tof] ;d:ofsf] af/]df cgle1 eg] lyogf. of] ;d:of xn ug{ ljsnk vf]hg'k5{ egg] dgdf nfuof] / g]t[tj txsf uflj; cwoif lrqk ;fb nfld5fg] / pkfwoif v]d/fh cfrfo{ nufotsf jf]8{ ;b:ox ;Fu 5nkmn rnfof}+ / uflj; cwoifnufotsf ;fylx g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf sf:sldf lgj]bg;lxt k'uof}+. lhnnf zfvfsf al/i7 k zf;slo clws[tn]] tkfo{+sf] ufpfdf /]8qm;sf] pkzfvf 5 egbf gfhjfkm epf. To; a]nf;dd pkzfvf t sxff xf] sxff /]8qm;sf] af/]df ;d]t Tolt 1fg lypg. tkfo{+x n] of]hgf dfu ug]{ xf] eg] ufpfdf pkzfvfsf] :yfkgf ug'{k5{ clg dfq of]hgf cufl8 a9\5 eg]/ pxffn] egg'eof]. pkzfvf :yfkgf ug]{ k lqmofaf/] hfgsf/l lno{ sfx'fdf pkzfvf vf]ng] k lta4tfsf ;fy kmls{off}. kmls{p nuq} lhnnf zfvfdf epsf s'/fsfgl af/] uflj;sf] a}7sdf l/kf]l6{ª eof]. l/kf]l6{ª nuq} d]/f] ;+of]hstjdf pkzfvf :yfkgf u/l sfx'f!,@,#,& / * df vfg]kfglsf] ;d:of xn ug{ egl ;b:otf lj:tf/ ug{ d nufot ;fylx nfluk of}+. @)%* c;f/!% ut] sfx'f * drf/ldf ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf r6\ofªaf6 ;f]dgfy cfrfo{sf] d[to eof] / 3/df cfuhgl klg eof]. g]=/]=;f]= lhnnf zfvf sf:sln] ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f ug{ vfbfgg, lhg;l ;fdfg ljt/0f u of]. d[tssl wd{ktgl b]jl cfrfo{nufot To; e]udf /]8qm; ;b:o agg yfn]. o;/l *% hgf cfhljg / ;fwf/0f ;b:o agfo{ lhnnf zfvfdf k]z ul/of]. @)%* d+l;/ # ut] d]/} g]t[tjdf pkzfvf u7g eof]. pkzfvfsf] ;+:yfks ;efklt epkl5 /]8qm;sf ultljlw ;~rfngdf cle lr emg\ emg\ a9\b} uof]. @)^@ b]lv lhnnf /]8qm; ;b:odf lgjf{lrt epf. /]8qm;sf] sfo{qmd;fu} sfx'fsf] tnnf] e]sdf vfg]kfgl pkef]qmf ;ldlt u7g eof]. vfg]kfglsf] ;d:of xn ug{ d]/f] syf 87

;kmn epkl5 /]8qm;df ptk ]l/t x'fb} pkzfvf pts[i6, k yd, bf]; f] x'fb} cfpsf] 5. To;}n] xf]nf k'gm bf]; f] sfo{sfnsf nflu lhnnf ;b:o lgjf{lrt epsf] 5'. oxl xf] /]8qm;df d]/f] syf / Joyf. d]/f] /]8qm; syf nid0fk ;fb sf]o/fnf sf:sl 88 d]/f] syf lj=;+= @)$* c;f]hdf ev{/ cfo{=sd= kf; u/]sf] lypf. hflu/ vfg] ;f]r knfo/x]sf a]nf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l sf:slcgtu{t cfwf/e"t :jf:yo ;]jf tyf vfg]kfgl kl/ofhgfdf n]vfkfn kbsf] lj1fkgsf] vj/ kfo{ sfuhft kq;lxt cfj]bg lbpf. lnlvt k/liff / cgtjf{tf{df ;kmn epsf]n] @)$* sflt{s!) ut]b]lv d}n] klxnf] hflu/;lxt /]8qm;df klxnf] kfonf 6]s]+. ev{/ @! k'u]/ @@ nfub} ubf{sf] o'jf hf]z hffu/sf] pd]/, h] sfd cfonfu] klg d ug{ ;S5'Ú egg] nfubyof]. v';l / pdësf ;fy d]/f] /]8qm;df k j]z x'fbf sf:sl /]8qm; klg goff sfo{qmdsf ;fy cufl8 al9/x]sf] lyof]. hfkfg /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf lhnnf zfvf ljsf; sfo{qmd;fu vfg]kfgl kl/of]hgf klg ;~rfngdf lyof]. xfdl h'g;'s} sfd ubf{ klg zfvf / kl/of]hgf egb}gyof}+. ;a} sfo{qmddf plqs} ;xeful x'gyof}+ / ;xof]u uyof}{+. To; ;dosf] /]8qm;sf] sfd ug]{ z}nl / ;d"x Pstf ctogt} pt;fxhgs / gd'gfof]uo lyof]. @)$( ;fndf /]8qm;sf] dxflwj]zg sf:sldf x'fbf ctogt} ;lqmo / cu'jf e"ldsfdf ;a}sf] ljzjf; lhtg] cj;/ d}n] k fkt u/]+. ttsfnlg s]gb Lo / sf:sl /]8qm;sf kbflwsf/lx Pj+ ;b:ox af6 xfdln] /]8qm;sf] cfbz{ h'g ;ft l;4fgt hlqs} t'ngfof]uo nfuby]ú Tof] b]vof} / cg';/0f ug]{tk{m pgd'v eof}+. lj=;+= @)$( df sf:sl /]8qm;sf] cfof]hgfdf ;~rflnt % lbg] cffvf pkrf/ lzlj/df 3fGb 'sdf hffbf d}n] hljgd} klxnf] k6s /]8qm;d} /x]/ km/s vfnsf] dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ k fkt u/]+. em08} &% jif{dflysf h]i7 gful/sx cffvff lzlj/df pkrf/sf nflu PSn} cfpsf / cffvfsf] ck ]zgkl5 b'j} cffvfdf k L nufpsf tl la/fdlx sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/, vfgf kfgl v'jfpg], rkl{ n}hfg] / lb;f k'5\g] ;d]tsf sfd u/]sf] / pqm sd ubf{ s'g} 3[0ff gnfu]/ a? cftd;ddfgsf] cg'e"lt epsf] lyof]. tl j[4 gful/ sx n] Fb} tf t d]/f] eujfg\ eo;\ afa'ú egbfsf] If0f ;ffrr} d]/f] hljgdf clj:d/0flo /x\ of]. d clxn] klg tl lbgx ;DemG5' / hljgdf ;]jf efjsf] phf{ ylkpsf] dx;'; ub}{ @# jif{ ljtfo;s]sf] 5'.

;Dk"0f{ hljg /x];dd /]8qm;df ;dlk{t /fh]zs'df/ l3ld/], sf:sl @)$% lt/sf] s'/f xf] d dfwolds lziffsf] cfwf/ siffdf cwoog ub}{ lypf. lgoldt siffsf] vfnl ;do kf/]/ Pp6f ;d"x leq k:of] / Pp6f /l;b ydfof]. x]/]f ToxfF w]/} s'/f lyof]. ;a} a'lemg t/ Pp6f ;]tf] k[i7e"lddf /ftf] qm; lrgx b]v]+. To;sf] cy{ /]8qm; egl a'emfoof]. g]kfndf @)$! ;fndf 6]lnlehg lelqof]. xfd f] 3/af6! 306fsf] k}bn lxf8]/ k'lug] c3f}{+ ahf/df Pp6f 6]lnlehg cfpsf] 5 /] egg] ;'g]+. @)$* ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf] xfdl 6]lnlehg x]g{ uoff}. ToxfF ljzjsf vf8l o'4, dwok"j{ o'4sf 36gfx lbopsf] lyof]. o'4df /]8qm;n] 3fOt]sf] ;]jf u/]sf] k ToIf 6]lnlehgdf x]g{ kfoof]. o;egbf k"j{ ljljl; ;drf/ df ;d]t /]8qm;sf] ultljlw ;'g]sf] lypf. k ToIf b]vg] cj;/n] d]/f] dgsf] ;';'Kt cj:yfsf] /]8qm; efjgf PSsfl; hfu[t eof]. To;} ;doaf6 d klg of] kljq ;+:yfdf nfu]/ dfgj ;]jf u5'{ egg] b[9 c7f]6 u/]+. cfh h'lgo/ o'jf /]8qm; ;s{n, pkzfvf x'fb} lhnnf zfvfdf k ltlglwtj u/l dfgj ;]jf ug]{ df}sf ldn]sf] 5 / o;}df ;Dk"0f{ hljg ;dlk{t ug]{ c7f]6 u/]sf] 5'. cj ;+:yfut epkl5 ;]jf ug{ /fd f];fu af6f] v'nof]. ;fgf] 5Fbf d]/f] lgoldt gfsaf6 /ut auyof]. Tolt a]nf dnfo{ pqfgf] kf/l ;'Tg nufogyof]. ha d}n] @)^) ;fndf k fylds pkrf/ tflnd lnpf, of] k4lt lgtfgt unt /x]5. o;f] ubf{ dl:tisdf /ut uo{ dfg5]sf] d[to';d]t x'fbf] /x]5. wgg ;+of]un] d affr]. tflnd lnp/ k fylds pkrf/ k lzifs epsf] 5'. k fylds pkrf/ ubf{ o:tf s'/fdf d ljz]if ;fjwfgl / Wofg k' ofpg] ub{5'. klxnf] k6s /Qmbfg ubf{ 7"nf] 8/ / qf; lyof]. ToxL 8/n] xf]nf /Qmbfg ;lspkl5 p7\bf v' f sffk]sf lyp. kl5 otfplt ubf{ emg} rëf eph:tf] eof]. cfh uj{ nfu5, ;+;f/sf s/f]8f+} dflg;n] x[bob]lv dg k/fpsf] ljzjjofkl :jo+;]jl ;+:yfsf] d klg Ps :jo+;]jl 5'. k To]s gful/sx nfo{ /]8qm;;DaGwL 1fg x'g'k5{ sdnf yfkf, sf:sl rfnl; aif{ cufl8 d siff!) df k9bf j08/ a'sú gfdsf] lstfadf d}n] x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] af/]df k9]sl lypf. pgsf] of]ubfg / /]8qm; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsf af/]df k9]sf] slxno} la;]{sl lyogf. 8\o'gfsf] of]ubfgaf6 d k ]l/t epsl lypf. t/ Jo:ttfsf] sf/0fn] o; ;+:yfsf] d]/f] syf 89

ultljlw;fu kl/lrt x'g] cj;/ ldn]sf] lypg. d Pp6f lzlifsf epsf] gftfn] @)%@ ;fndf d dx]gb prr df=lj= goff ahf/df ; jf eo{ cfpf. To;kl5 /]8qm; ;+:yfdf w]/} of]ubfg lbo;sg' epsf lzifs ;"o{k ;fb 9sfn;Fu d]/f] e]6 eof]. pxffn] To; ljbfnodf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g ug'{eof]. clg dnfo{ lstfadf k9]sf] x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] ofb cfof]. To;kl5 /]8qm; k lt rf;f] nfug yfnof]. /]8qm; af/] w]/} s'/f l;sg] hfgg] cj;/ k fkt u/]+ / ;fwf/0f ;b:o ag]f. To;kl5 @)%% ;fndf cfhljg ;b:o klg ag]f. o; qmddf xfd f] ljbfnodf /]8qm;af6 % lbg] cfjf;lo /fli6«o sfo{qmd ug]{ cj;/ k fkt eof]. To; sfo{qmddf ;xeful eo{ cfdfsf] e"ldsfdf clego ug]{ cj;/ kfpf / ;kmn epf. ;fgf efo alxglx ;Fu ;xeful x'g kfpfbf ;fx } v';l nfuof]. /]8qm; dlxnf pk;ldlt u7g x'fbf ;=;lrj ag]/ sfd u/]+. /]8qm;af6 lbopsf] k fylds pkrf/ tflnddf efu lnpkl5 k fylds pkrf/ s;/l ug]{ egg] af/] yfxf kfpf. o; af/] cgle1 lbbl alxglx nfo{ hfgsf/l u/fpf. s]xl ;+:yfdf cfj4 epsf] x'gfn] k To]s g]kfnsf gful/sx nfo{ / cem} dlxnfx nfo{ /]8qm;;DaGwL 1fg x'g'k5{ egg] cfjfh klg p7fo/x]sl 5'. d Pp6f dlxnf epsf] gftfn] k of]uftds kdf ;a} dlxnfx nfo{ k fylds pkrf/ af/] hfgsf/l u/fpg /]8qm;n] ;+:yfut kdf / j8fut kdf tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfolbg'x'g klg cg'/f]w ub{5'. x]g/l 8\o'gf / /]8qm;sf] ;ft} l;4fgtnfo{ :jlsf/ ub}{ /]8qm;;DaGwL cfˆgf] syf kf]vg] cj;/ k bfg ul/lbg]] o; ;+:yfnfo{ wgojfb lbg rfxg5'. jgt M sxf 5, s'g l:yltdf 5, s;/l yfxf kfpg] < tly{/fh jgt sf7df8f} + 90 d]/f] syf lj=;+= @)@* ;fnlt/sf] >fj0f dlxgfdf clt jiff{sf] sf/0fn] b]zdf htftt} af9l, klx/f]n] lk/]sf] lyof]. To;tfsf /]8qm;n] g} cu ;/ ep/ htftt} /fxt ljt/0fsf] sfd ug'{kyof]{. /;'jf lhnnfdf klg htftt} klx/f] upsf]n] w]/} kll8t epsf lyp. ToxfF /fxtsf j:t' ljt/0f ug{ dnfo{ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l s]gb n] v6fof]. d hffb} ubf{ Ps hgf cd]l/sg x'g ;S5 /;'jflt/af6 kmls{/x]sf] e]6]f. p;n] sxff hfg nfu]sf] eg]/ ;f]wof], d}n] /]8qm;sf] /fxtsf] sfddf lxf8]sf] eg]+. pm sf7df8f}+df :jf:yo;dagwl sfd ug]{ /x]5 / /]8qm;sf dxfdgql 8f= hogf/fo0f lu/lnfo{ /fd } lrgbf] /x]5. p;n] s]xl ;dfrf/ n}hfg'k5{ ls eg]/ ;f]wof] d}n] d lgwf{l/t :yfglt/ uo/x]5 elglbg" eg]+. pm sf7df8f}++ kms]{/ 8f= lu/lnfo{ ltd f] dfg5] /;'jfdf uo/x]sf] 5 t/ kmls{g ;Sb}g xf]nf eg]/ elglbp5. Tof] ;dfrf/n] s]gb Lo sfof{nodf cwoif

ttsfnlg clw/fhs'df/l lk G;]k zfx / cgo ;a}nfo{ lgs} lrgtfsf] ljifo ag]5. To;tfsf ;~rf/sf] s'g} ;fwg dnfo{ pknaw lypg / cfhsn h:tf] g 6]lnkmf]g lyof] g cfsfzjf0fl g}. ;b/d'sfd w'gr]df ;fob cfsfzjf0fl lyof] ls, t/ d alrdf lypf. ljt/0f sfo{ ;s]/ 8«fOe/ ;fg'sfhl / d Pp6f el/of lnp/ kmsoff}{. af6f] emg\ emg\ sl7g nfug yfnof]. hffbf epsf] af6f] cfpfbf 7fpF7fpFdf klx/f]n] aufo;s]sf] /x]5. Ps 7fpFdf lxnf]sf] en alu/x]s]f lyof]. xfdl cflqoff} t/ kf/ ug}{ kg]{, csf]{ pkfo lypg. tlg} hgf k:of}f d}n] kfonf rfn]+,csf]{ kfonf lemsg vf]hbf d]/f] h'qf t lxnfd} u8\of]. uf]8f dfq lg:sof]. d s/ fpf. ;fg'sfhln] xft uf8]/ h'qf lemsof]. Pp6f uf]8fdf dfq h'qf nfp/ kf/ u/]+. ToxfF h'qf nfpg] l:ylt lypg. wgg afflrof]. kf/ u/]/ xfdl ;':tfof}+ s]xl a]/. l;dl;d kfgl kl//x]sf] lyof]. s]xl ;do lxf8]kl5 xfdl Pp6f 7"nf] klx/f]sf] 5]pdf k'uof}+. ToxfF xfd f] ;ftf] k'tnf] uof], ca s;/l kf/ ug]{ < la:tf/} df6f] tnlt/ l3l; /x]sf] lyof]. of t xfdln] hf]lvd Joxf]/]/ kf/ ug'{kg]{ lyof] of 7f8f] psfnf] r9]/ klx/f]sf] l;/fgdf k'u]/ csf]{tk{m emg'{kg]{ lyof]. xfdl s]xl a]/ /f]lsp/ ud vfof}+. s] ug]{ < :yfglo JolQmx bu'/]/ hf]lvd df]n]/ kf/ u/]sf] kfonfsf] 8f]a b]lvgyof]. xfdl h] knf{ knf{ eg]/ ;f]xl 8f]a k5\ofp/ bf}8\of}f. kf/ ul/of]. h'sfsf] k/jfx gu/l kf/lkl yrss a:of}+. sfn} 6/]sf] dx;'; eof]. dwofgxlt/ a]qfjtl k'u]/ xfdln] 5f]8]sf] hlk r9]/ ;ffemlt/ sf7df8f}+ cfok'u]+. To;a]nf 3/3/df 6]lnkmf]g klg gepsf]n] d kmsf]{ eg]/ dxfdgqlnfo{ va/ ug{ klg ;lspg. ef]lnkn6 ysfo nfu] klg lbpf;f] df]6/;fosn r9]/ sfof{nolt/ nfu]+. To;a]nf g]=/]=;f]= cfhef]ln k//fi6«dgqfnosf] Pp6f zfvf /x]sf] :yfg -o'gfo6]8 6]«8 ;]G6/sf] cufl8_ lqk'/]zj/df lyof]. d df]6/;fosndf 9f]sfaf6 k:gf;fy æcfof]æû eg]/ s/fpsf] 7"nf] :j/ ;'g]+. To;a]nf sfof{nosf] k6flëgldf cwoif >L % clw/fhs'df/l / sfo{;ldltsf s]xl ;b:ox / d]/f ;xsdl{x uf]nfsf/df d~rdf a;]/ dnfo{ sxff s;/l vf]hg] eg]/ rrf{ eo/x]sf] /x]5. df]6/;fosn /fv]/ d}n] gd:sf/ u/]kl5 ;a} v';l ep/ ;a}n] Ps d'vn] eg] xfdlnfo{ s:tf] lrgtf nfu]sf] lyof] jgt sxff 5, s'g l:yltdf 5 -d of] ls lhpfb}_ s;/l yfxf kfpg] < -jgt, g]/];f]sf k"j{ sfo{sf/l lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 91

/]8qm;k ltsf] cfj4tf, dfgjlo ;]jf efjk ltsf] k lta4tf k ]ds'df/ u}/],lrtjg dflysf] oxl efjgfaf6 k ]l/t ep/ xf]nf d ;fg}b]lv lbgb'mvl jf 3fOt]sf] ;]jf k lt clt k efljt x'g] uy]+{ / ;xof]u klg uy]{+. afun'ªb]lv a;fo{ ;/L lrtjg cfpkl5 lalegg 7fpFdf cfpg] hfg] qmddf lj= ;+ @)$! lt/ sf7df8f}+af6 cfpsf] 6«s d'ëlngb]lv!! ls=ld= otf k'naf6 vf]nfdf v;]sf] b]v]sf] lypf. d k5fl8sf] a;df cfo/x]sf] lypf. ToxfF s]xl dfg5] lbj+ut eo;s]sf / s]xl 3fOt] kl8fn] 56\k6fO/x]sf lyp. Tof] 36gfn] dnfo{ clt g} b'mvl agfof] / d]/f] kxndf c s]xl o'jfx sf] ;xof]uaf6 tl % hgf 3fOt]nfO{ e/tk'/ c:ktfndf NofP/ pkrf/ u/fpg ;xof]u ul/of]. tl 3fOt]dWo] s]xl afr] / s]xlnfo{ 8fS6/n] arfpg ;s]gg\. of] 36gfaf6 d clt g} b'mvl ep/ dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ ;+:yfsf] vf]hl ug{ yfn+]. 6«s b'3{6gfsf] bb{gfs b[zon] d]/f] dg / dl:tisnfo{ emsemsofof] / d dfgjlo ;]jfsf k ltd"lt{ dxfdfgj hff x]g/l 8\o"gfsf] l;4fgt / cfbz{af6 k ]l/t ep/ @)%) ;fnb]lv h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n nidl prr df=lj= n+s"sf] lzifs gfossf] dfwodaf6 /]8qm;sf ultljlwdf ;+nug ep. /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf lnp/ @)%@ ;fnb]lv dfgjlo ;]jf sfo{df lqmofzln x'fb} upf. o;} qmddf @)%* ;fnaf6 pkzfvf n+s"sf] ;lrj / @)^^ af6 ;efklt kbdf lgjf{lrt ep/ nuftf/ dfgjlo ;]jfsf] If]qdf sfd ub}{ cfpsf] 5'. o;} cg';f/ /]8qm;sdL{sf] kdf d}n] dfgjlo ;]jf u/]sf] 5' egg] cftd ;Gt'li6 x'g5. oxl g} k flkt xf]. o;} u/l eljiodf klg ;]jf ub}{ hfg kfpmf egg] cfzf 5. 92 d]/f] syf

3fOt] cf];fg{ ;xof]ul ag]+ @)#* #( ;fnlt/ nid0fk ;fb pkfwofo, 8f= ofbjk ;fb kgtsf] k ]/0ffaf6 lkk'n; SofDk;df o'jf /]8qm; ;s{n vf]nof}+. k fylds pkrf/ tflnd rnfof}+. d}n] klg pqm tflnd lnpf / SofDk; cjlwe/ ;s{nsf] pk;efklt /xl /]8qm; cleofgdf ;+nug epf. @)$^ sf] cfgbf]ngtfsf jl/ c:ktfndf sfo{/t lypf. cfgbf]ngdf 3fOt] epsfnfo{ ;]jf / pkrf/ ug{ 8f= dy'/fk ;fb >]i7, 8f= e/t k wfgsf] 6f]nL ;lqmo lyp. d klg 8/fO{ 8/fO{ 3fOt] cf];fg{ ;xof]ul ag]+. k"0f{gf/fo0f dfggw/ sf7df8f} + To;tfsf d ;fdflhs / ljsf; sfo{df ;lqmo lypf. sf7df8f}+df To; a]nf /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf lng ufx f] lyof]. @ $ jif{ k of; ubf{ @)$( ;fndf ;fwf/0f / kl5 cfhljg ;b:otf k fkt u/]+. tt\kzrft d}n] ;fdflhs ;]jf / dfgjlo ;]jf;fu} n}hfg] c7f]6 u/]+. @)^) ;fndf /]8qm;sf] wfkf;l pkzfvfsf] lgjf{rg eof]. d ;efkltdf lgjf{lrt epf. @)^@ ^# sf] hgcfgbf]ng eof]. cfk"fm uf]ª\ua'sf] afl;gbf. cfgbf]ng rls{psf] uf]ª\ ua' rf]sdf /]8qm;sf] em08f;lxt pd]z 9sfn, a;gt >]i7, /fhf/fd >]i7 cflbsf] 6f]nL 3fOt]x sf] pkrf/ / ;]jfsf nflu ;+nug lyp. d klg ;+nug epf. # sfo{sfn pkzfvfsf] ;efklt,! sfo{sfn lhnnf ;b:o / xfn lhnnf pk;efklt eo{ /]8qm;df lg/gt/ ;]jf/t 5'. ;]jfsf] sb/:j k /]8qm;sf] :j0f{ hogtlsf] cj;/df æ;]jf kbsæ klg kfpsf] 5'. d}n] hljgel/ g} dfgjlo ;]jfdf /]8qm;sdL{ eo{ /xg] k 0f u/]sf] 5'. /]8qm;sf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ dnfo{ cgt st} tfg]g s'/f @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]sf] xf]. b]zdf k hftgqsf nflu hg cfgbf]ngsf] tof/l x'fb} lyof]. kmfu'g! ut] k x/l lg/lifssf] k/liffkmn k sflzt eof]. d klg To; k/liffdf ;+nug lypf. ax'bndf ;+nug epsf] axfgfdf k x/l k ltj]bg k lts"n /x]sf sf/0f c;kmn epsf] hfgsf/l kfpf. o;} ;dodf hful/sf nflu ;]jf cfof]ux sf] tof/l ub}{ lypf. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ldf n]vf ;d"xcgtu{t n]vf ;xfos kbsf] lj1fkg eof]. k/liff lboof]. ljlegg cfof]ux sf ch' {g l/dfn sf7df8f} + d]/f] syf 93

nflu tof/ldf /x]sf sf/0fn] xf] ls k/liffdf ;kmn epf. @)$& h]7! ut]b]lv lgo'lqm kfoof]. Ps xktfsf] cled'vls/0f sfo{qmd lyof] h;n] d]/f] lbn 5f]of]. dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t g]kfn /]8qm;df sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ ldn]sf]df v';lsf] ;Ldf /x]g. cgo cj;/x lgs} cfpsf lyp. t/ oxffsf] jftfj/0fn] dnfo{ cgt st} tfg]g. /]8qm; cleofgdf sfd ug{ yfn]sf] klg @$ jif{ ljlt;s]5. h'g jftfj/0fdf x's]{, a9]+ ;f] egbf klg cg's"n jftfj/0f k'gmcfpg] 5 egg]df ljzj:t 5'. g]/];f]n] cjndag u/]sf] b"/b[li6, kf/blz{tf, k hftflgqs ceof; / ;xeflutfd"ns k lqmof o;sf sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx df cem ;zqm 9Ëaf6 nfu" x'g]5 egg]df k"0f{ ljzj:t 5'. o;n] cfˆgf] p2]zodf dfgjlo lziffsf] k rf/ tyf k ;f/ yk ug'{kg]{ tyo 68\sf/f] cfjzostf dx;'; u/]sf] 5'. cleofgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx nfo{ ;zst kdf sfof{gjog epsf] s'/fdf klg s'g} z+sf g/x]sf] tyo JoQm ug{ kfpfbf xif{sf] dx;'; ul//x]sf] 5'. o; cleofgdf d egbf klg xfdl egg] efjgf /fvl cufl8 a9\g ;s] g]kfn /]8qm; Pp6f gd"gfsf] kdf /xg] s'/f JoQm ug{ rfxg5'. 94 d]/f] syf hljgsf] Kof/f] ;+:yf zf/bf 9'+ufgf, lrtjg @)#) ;fnsf] s'/f xf] d gf/fo0fl ljbf dlgb/ dfwoflds ljbfnodf siff * df egf{ eo{ lziffnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbo/x]sf] a]nfdf cfkm"h:t} ;fylx n] h'/];df /xl ;]jf u/]sf] b]v]kl5 dnfo{ klg To; ;+:yfdf k j]z u/l dfgj ;]jf ug]{ OR5f hfuof]. lzifsgfos s'nk ;fb kf}8]nho"af6 k ]l/t eo{ h'lgo/ /]8qm;df k j]z u/l ;/sf/l c:ktfn e/tk'/df tflnd lng] df}sf kfpsf] lypf. To;kl5 P;=Pn=;L kf; epkl5 /]8qm; ;+:yfaf6 d s]xljif{;dd ;Dks{af6 6f9f x'g k'u]sf] lypf. nueu @)$* ;fndf km]l/ b'uf{ prr dfwolds ljbfnodf ;=lz= gfos ep/ h'/];df /xl sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpf. w]/} ;do;dd h'/]; uf]i7l, lzifs gfos uf]i7ldf efu lng] df}sf kfpkl5 emg\ dnfo{ /]8qm;df cfhljg ;b:o ep/ /xg] OR5f eof] / nuq} g]/];f] pkzfvf zf/bf gu/sf] cfhljg ;b:otf k fkt u/]f. sl/a!@ jif{ dgf]glt dlxnf ;b:o eo{ sfd u/]kl5 ostf ljbfnodf lzifs gfos ep/ sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpf. ljlegg uf]i7l, ;]ldgf/, If]qLo:t/sf sfo{qmdx / lhnnfdf;d]t ljlegg tflnd lng] df}sf kfpf. PrcfO{eL P8\; hljg pkof]ul ;Lk, ågå kll8t, k fylds pkrf/, k}/jl cflb k lzif0f lno;s]kl5 lhnnf:t/lo cnad k ltof]lutf nufotsf sfo{qmd rnfpsf] lypf. t/ clxn] klg d /]8qm;sf] enf] rfxg] epsf] x'gfn] e/v/} @)^( ;fndf?= @%,))). /sd a'emfo{ ljlzi6 ;b:o lnpsl 5'. jf:tjdf dnfo{ of] ;+:yf Kof/f] nfu5. /]8qm; ;+:yf cfˆgf] hljgsf] Kof/f] ;+:yf 7fg]sf] 5'. d ;b}j of] ;+:yfnfo{ dfof / ;xof]u u5'{.

/]8qm;n] lbg] /fxt ;fdu L w]/} geptf klg ttsfn k' ofpsf] ;]jf w]/} dxtjk"0f{ s'/f d gf} siffdf k9\bfsf] xf]. Ps lbg xfd f] ljbfnodf Pshgf nfdf] bfx L kfn]sf cwj+}z] pd]/sf JolQm klg /]8qm;sf af/]df ljbfyl{x nfo{ hfgsf/l lbg] p2]zo lnp/ cfpsf /x]5g\. To;kl5 ;/x n] /]8qm;sf af/]df ;'Gg / a'em\g OR5's ljbfyl{x sf] sf] 5g\ eg]/ cf cfˆgf] siffdf ;f]wg hfg'eof]. xfd f] siffdf klg ;'lgn ;/n] ;a}nfo} ;f]wb} hfg'eof], s;}n] ;'Gg] eg] t s;}n] g;'gg] eg]. ha d]/f] kfnf] cfof] d}n] g;'gg] egg] hjfkm lbpf. To;kl5 ;/n] h;sf] a'af /]8qm;df :jo+;]js ep/ lx+8\g'epsf] 5 p;s} 5f]/L ;'ifdf vltj8f emfkf /]8qm;sf] af/]df ;'Gg ;d]t grfxg] eg]/ ufnfdf Ps emfk8 xfgg'eof] / klg d}n] tl goff JolQmaf6 /]8qm;sf] af/]df hfgg], ;'Gg] sf]lz; g} ul/gf. d]/f] a'af klg ToxL ljbfnodf k9fpg'x'gyof]. ;fob /]8qm;sf] af/]df rf;f] glbpsf]df a'afnfo{ g/fd f] nfuof] Sof/], 3/ cfpkl5 ufnl ug'{eof]. t/ klg dnfo{ k5'tf] nfu]g lsgeg] d}n] /]8qm; eg]sf] s] xf] / o;n] s] sfd u5{ / Û egg] 7fg]sL lypf. ;do latb} hffbf @)%* ;fndf 7"nf] af9l cfof]. oxl af9ln] xfd f] uflj; / l5d]sl uflj;x dxfef/f / kffruf5l klg ;fx } g/fd /L k efljt eo{ ;of}+ dflg;x 3/af/ ljxlg x'g k'u]sf lyp. z/l/df nufpsf] Ps;/f] sk8fafx]s pglx n] s]xl arfpg ;s]sf lypgg\. of] bb{gfs l:ylt b]vbf hf] sf]xl klg efjljjxn x'gyof]. of] b[zo :jo+ d}n] klg k ToIf kdf b]v]sf] lypf. To;kl5 d]/} a'afn] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l emfkf zfvfdf va/ u/]kl5 /]8qm;af6 ttsfn lj:yflkt kl/jf/x sf nflu /fxt ;fdu L cfok'u]sf] lyof]. :yfglo JolQm, /]8qm;sf k ltlglwx ep/ tl af9laf6 k efljt kl/jf/x nfo{ /fxt ;fdu L ljt/0f ul/of]. /]8qm;n] h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf klg hlt ;Sbf] rff8f] /fxt ljt/0f u/]sf] b]v]kl5 d}n] /]8qm; af/] yfxf kfpf ls /]8qm;n] s]xl ubf{] /x]5 eg]/. /]8qm;n] lbg] /fxt ;fdu L w]/} geptf klg Tof] kl/l:yltdf ttsfn k' ofpsf] ;]jf pglx sf] nflu w]/} g} epsf] lyof]. o;kl5 dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] af/]df hfgg, a'em\g dg nfuof]. a'af;fu /]8qm;sf af/]df ;f]w]+. clxn] d /]8qm; h:tf] lg:jfy{ ;+:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5' / /]8qm; eg]sf] s] xf] < /fd f];fu yfxf eo;s]sf] 5. /]8qm;h:tf] lgm:jfy{ efjgfn] dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;w}f ;dlk{t x'g rfxg], x/]s lbg b'mvlsf] ;]jfdf tnnlg /xg] ;+:yfdf sfd ug{ kfpfbf d Psbd} v';l 5'. t/ klg clxn] kzrfqfk nflu/xg5 Tof] a]nfdf /]8qm;sf af/]df k rf/k ;f/ ub}{ lx+8\g] JolQm d]/f] syf 95

sf] lyp xf]nfg\ < clxn] sxff 5g\ xf]nf < lsg d}n] Toltv]/ tl JolQmn] eg]sf s'/f ;'lggf eg]/. To;}n] /]8qm;h:tf] dfgjlo ;+:yfsf] af/]df ;a}n] hfgg, a'em\g h?/l 5. /]8qm; lrgxleq s/f]8f}+ dflg;sf] v';l b]v5' /lagb s'df/ /fo{, a]n6f/ a;fxf gu/kflnsf ( d}n] /]8qm; lrgx / zab t ;'g]sf] klxn]g} xf] t/ /]8qm;sf] oyfy{tf a' g] df}sf @)$( ;fndf kfpf. To; a]nf /]8qm;sf] :jo+;]jssf] kdf l8kf]xf]n8/sf] lhdd]jf/l kfpf / tflndsf] ;Gbe{df To; a]nf kl/of]hgfsf s]gb Lo sfof{nosf pklgb]{zs blksrgb ah frfo{n] /]8qm; cleofgsf] af/]df / x]g/l 8o"gfsf] hljg sxfglsf] dfld{s kdf k :t'lt ug'{eof]. tt\ kzrft\ d}n] /]8qm;df cfa4 eo{ /xg] k 0f u/]+. To;}sf] nuq} d cfˆgf] ufla; a;fxfdf kms]{ / To;kl5 /]8qm;sf] lawfgcg';f/ lalwjt\ kdf @)%).(.@) df pkzfvf :yfkgf u of}+ / d ;lrj kbdf lgjf{lrt epf. To;kl5 d clal~5ggf kdf /]8qm;df cfa4 5'. xfn d ;f] pkzfvfsf] ;efklt 5'. dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] lrgx b]vbf uj{ nfu5. of] lrgxleq s/f]8f}+ dflg;sf] v';l b]v5'. /]8qm;sf] & l;4fgtg} o;sf] d"n h8 xf]. oxl sf/0fn] d /]8qm;nfO{ slxno} e'lnbg. ljbfnosf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g u of}+ lnnfgfy l3ld/], ;Db' % t]x y'd @)$@ ;fn df3!* ck/fgx #M#) ah]lt/ d]/f] l5d]sl k ]d lnda'sf] 3/sf] w'/ldf cfuf]sf] d':nf] b]lvof]. o;n] ubf{ d]/f] xf]; xjf;} p8\of], af]nl cfpg. t/ w}o{ eo{ ufpfsf s]6fs]6l, o'jfo'jtl, a[4a[4f e]nf u/fo{ cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/sf] ;a}n] df6f], s]/fsf af]6sf] k of]u u/l, /f8l ;d]t lehfo{ cfuf] lgefpg] k otg ul/of]. xfd f] s]xl nfu]g. cgtdf cfuf]n] 3/ v/fgl agfof] / ;f] 3/sf % hgf 7"nf dfg5] / @ s]6fs]6lsf] larnnl eof]. ufpf3/af6 n'uf, rfdn, cf]8\g] cf]5\ofpg], ksfpg] yfnh:tf ;fdfg vf]hl lbp/ lrqfn] a]/af/ u/l lrqfs} 5fgf] nufo{ ttsfnnfo{ cfaf;sf] Aoa:yf ul/lbof}+. Tolta]nf d!$ aif{sf] lypf. d}n] ;f]r]+ s] ljkb\df ;xof]u ug]{ cgo s'g} ;+:yf 5}gg\ < of] 36gfsf] af/]df d]/f siff ( sf ;fylx / u'?x nfo{ klg ;'gfpg kfpf. Tolta]nf labfnodf :sfp6 lyof]. ;/x n] o:tf] k sf]k kll8tnfo{ ;]jf ug]{ csf]{ d'vo ;+:yf 96 d]/f] syf

h'=/]=;=x'g5 egg'eof]. ;s{nsf] u7g u/f}+ egl xfdl siff ( /!) sf labfyl{nfo{ h'=/]=;=sf] ;b:o agfo ljbfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g u of}+. @)%$ ;fndf d cfhljg ;b:o eo{ kll8tnfo{ ;]jf ub}{ @)%& ;fndf dfgj;]jf pkzfvf ;Db'sf] tkm{af6 dnfo{ t]x y'd lhnnf zfvf DofËn'Ëdf k7fpkl5 /]8qm;sf] Oltxf;, dfgjlo d"no / dfgotfsf s'/fx a' g ;kmn epf. ;+:yfut?kaf6 ;]jf ug]{ dg;fo a9\b} hffbf @)^# ;fnb]lv g]=/]=;f]= dfgj;]jf pkzfvfdf xfn;ddf @ sfo{sfn ljtfo{ t]; f] sfo{sfnsf] ;lrj kb ;Dxfln/x]sf] 5'. o;} bf}/fgdf /]8qm;dfk{mt dfgjlo lxtsf w]/} sfo{x ug{ kfpsf]df cfkm}nfo{ :jo+;]jlh:tf] 7fg]sf] 5' / elaiodf klg cem} w]/} ;]jf ug]{ k 0f ;d]t ub{5'. cfunful, af9l, xfjfx'/l, klx/f] cflbaf6 k efljt aql; egbf a9l 3/df @)$% df / @)^* sf #% egbf a9l 3/sf e"sdk kll8tnfo{ cfazos ;xof]u ug{ ;kmn epsf] 5'. To:t} :jf:yo lzlj/x -cffvf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, kf7]3/ v;]sf, cf]7 kmf6]sf cflb_ nfo{ ;xof]u, labfnodf h'=/]=;= o'/]; la:tf/, ;f+u7lgs la:tf/ cflb sfo{df ;fy lbo/x]sf] 5' / casf lbgdf æsaving lives, changing mindsæ sf cfwf/af6 cl3 a9\g] p2]zo lnpsf] 5'. /]8qm;?kL ofqf d}n] labfnodf /]8qm; / 8o'gfsf] af/]df ;'g]sf] dfq lypf. /]8qm;;Fu glhlsg] s'g} cj;/ ldn]sf] lypg. t/ klg t?0fbn pbok'/n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] /Qmbfgdf /Qmbfg ug]{ cj;/ ldnof]. ;g\ @))% df g]=/]=;f]=pbok'/sf] cfof]hgfdf ;fd'bflos k fylds pkrf/ sfo{qmd pkzfvf /fdk'/df ;~rfng x'g nfu]sf] /x]5. To;df pkzfvf /fdk'/n] k lzifs k lzif0fdf k7fpg] lg0f{o u of]. Tolta]nf d Pd=P cwoog/t ep klg s'g} ;fdfgo tflnd uf]i7ldf 1fg]Gb v8\sf pbok'/ ;d]t ;xeful x'g] cj;/ ldn]sf] lypg. Ps}rf]6L k lzifs k lzif0fdf ;xeful x'fbf ;a} s'/f cgf}7f nfuy]. tflnd lgs} s8f x'gyof]. slxn]sffxl t @ # 306f dfq ;'Tg kfogyof]. klxnf] ;xeflutf ep klg /fd } ;xeflutf eof]. To;kl5 lg/gt/ s'g} g s'g} kdf /]8qm;df cfa4 x'b} cfo/x]sf] 5'. @))& df k fylds pkrf/ k ltof]lutfdf ;xeful eo{ t[tlo x'g] cj;/ klg h' of]. d]/f] syf 97

xfn d /fdk'/ pkzfvfsf] ;efklt 5'. d ;bf 8\o'gfnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ pkzfvfnfo{ bl/nf] agfpg] / sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfnfo{ hf]8 lbg s]gb nfo{ klg cg'/f]w ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. hj 8\o'gfnfO{ ;DemG5' d]/f cffvf clxn] klg /;fpf5g\. x]/f}+ /]8qm;?kL ofqf sxff;ddf k'u5. 98 d]/f] syf /]8qm;df d]/f] k a]z /fdeut v8\sf, pbok'/ @)$( ;fnsf] r}q dlxgfdf d cfˆgf] sfd laz]ifn] sf7df8f}+ upsf] lypf. sf7df8f}+ a;fosf] qmddf d]/f] Pshgf gftfn] bfh' kg]{ cfkmgtnfo{ e]6\g'kg]{ sfdn] pxff a:g] 8]/fdf upf t/ pxff cfˆgf] Pshgf ;fyl la/fdl eo{ c:ktfn egf{ epsfn] pt} hfg'epsf] /x]5. d}n] bfh'nfo{ e]6\g} kg]{ sfd epsf]n] pxffnfo{ al/ c:ktfnsf] ;lh{sn jf8df e]6\g ;lsg] hfgsf/l lno{ pt} e]6\g] dg;fon] kfonf cufl8 a9fpf. ;+of]ua; bfh';fu c:ktfnsf] u]6dfg} e]6 eof]. bfh' lgs} xtf/df x'g'x'gyof]. pxffsf] ;fylsf] znolqmof ug'{kg]{ epsf]n] pxff e[s'6ld08kl:yt /Qm;~rf/ s]gb lt/ nfug'epsf] /x]5. pxff;fusf] e]6kl5 d}n] pqm /Qm;~rf/ s]gb sf] af/]df lh1f;f /fvbf pxffn] /]8qm;n] ug]{ dfgjlo ;]jfsf] af/]df klg dnfo{ w]/} s'/f atfpg'eof]. bfh'sf] s'/fn] dnfo{ /]8qm;h:tf] laz'4 dfgjlo ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'g] k ]/0ff hfuof]. @)%) ;fnb]lv pkzfvfsf] ;efklt xf'b} xfn;dd g]=/]=;f]= lhnnf zfvf pbok'/sf] sfo{;ldltdf /xb}f /]8qm;sf] ultlalwdf oyf;so lqmofzln 5' / ca cfpfbf lbgx df klg /]8qm;n] ug]{ klaq / dfgjlo ultlalwx d} ;fy / ;xof]u k' ofpg s[t ;+slnkt 5'. lg0f{odf kf/blz{tf / ;+:yfsf] lbuf]kgf bl/nf] agfp b} st{aolgi7 s]bf/ axfb'[/ s6'jfn, t]x y'd d]/f] hgd @)@( ;fn cfiff9df cf]v ] * df epsf] xf]. d >L dlr5gb lg=df=lj= ;'bfkdf!$ jif{sf] pd]/df & siffdf k9\bf /]8qm;sf] s]xl hfgsf/l epsf] lyof]. eujtl df=la=cf]v] df s]xl labfyl{x /]8qm;;DaGwL ultlalw / sfo{qmddf efu lnfb} lyp. @)$% ;fnsf] g/;+xf/sf/l e"sdksf] /fxt ;ª\sng / lat/0f 6f]nLdf ;xeful epkzrft /]8qm; ;fflrrs} p4f/ ug]{ ;+:yf /x]5 egl lrgg] cj;/ kfpf. tt\kzrft\ @)%* b]lv cfhljg ;b:o /x] klg dg, arg / sd{n] ;]jf ug'{kg]{ cg'e"lt ep klg k f=la= labfnosf] lzifsdf hljgofkg ug'{kg]{ afwotf / ;xofql ;fylx sf] dgf]dfgln] tflnd ;]ldgf/df l;sg] l;sfpg] cj;/

kfpsf] lyofg. g]t[tj lasf; tflndn] d]/f] cffvf v'nfpsf] 5. lg0f{odf kf/blz{tf / ;+:yfsf] lbuf]kgfnfo{ bl/nf] agfpfb} st{aolgi7 ep/ /]8qm;sf sfo{qmdnfo{ cufl8 a9fpg] k lta4tf AoQm ub{5'. x]/f}+ ;don] s:tf] ;xof]u u5{. lrgx / sfdaf6 lrlgg] ;+:yf /]8qm; Psbd} lg:jfyl{ ;+:yf xf] / b'mv k/]sf] AolQmsf] nflu of] alnof] ;+u7g klg xf]. cgo 7fpFdf kx'frjfnfsf] dfq s'/f ;'G5g\ eg] /]8qm; eg]sf] ;f]emf;femf hgtfsf] dgdf nfu]sf] 3fpdf l56f]egbf l56f] dnd k L ug]{ ;+:yf epsf]n] dnfo{ klg s;}sf] nf]e nfnrdf gk/l Pp6f OdfGbf/ :jo+;]js ag]/ b'mvdf k/]sf bfh'efo tyf lbblalxglx nfo{ cfkm"n] ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ Psbd} dg k/]sf]n] / /]8qm;sf] gfd sfdsf] af/]df /]l8of], kqklqsf / 6]lnlehgdf klg Psbd} rrf{ epsf]n] dnfo{ o;df cfa4 eo{ sfd ug{ dg nfu]sfn] /]8qm;df cfa4 epf. c? ;+:yf gfdaf6 lrlgg5g\ eg] /]8qm; lrgx / sfdaf6 lrlgg] epsf]n] dnfo{ /]8qm; Hofb} dg k/l o;df ;+nug epsf] x'f. /]8qm; lgikif kdf dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ t/ /fhglltaf6 cnu /xg] x' bf ;ldem/xg5' d )%$ %% ;fndf c5fd SofDk; d+un;]gdf cwoog ul//x]sf] lypf. To; a]nf;dd dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] af/]df s]xl yfxf lypg. ;+of]uaz d]/f] uf=la=;=sf k"0f{ k sfz zdf{n] /]8qm; / o;n] ug]{ dfgjlo sfo{sf af/]df atfp. To;kl5 dnfo{ /]8qm;sdL{ ep/ sfd ug]{ OR5f hfuof]. clg xfdl b'a}hgfn] %% hgf ;fwf/0f ;b:o agfpfb} )%& ;fndf pkzfvf u7g u of}+ / d}n] pkzfvfdf ;lrj ep/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ k fkt u/]+. w]/} jif{ ;lrj ep/ sfd ub}{ clxn] pkzfvf ;efklt ep/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. uf=la=;=df lakb\df k/]sfx nfo{ lgikif dfgjlo ;xof]u, a]kqfsf] vf]hl u/l lhnnf zf/bf s'df/l Gof}kfg] c5fd s0f{ axfb'/ 7s'Nnf c5fd zfvfsf] lgb]{zgdf cfˆgf sfo{x cufl8 a9fpffb} uo/x]sf 5f}+. d}n] /]8qm;nfO{ ;ldem/xg'sf] sf/0f /]8qm; lgikif kdf dfgjlo ;]jf ug]{ /fhglltaf6 cnu /xg] / cfˆgf] 5' } klxrfg epsf] lazjjofkl ;+:yf epsfn] /]8qm;nfO{ d ;ldem/xg5'. d]/f] syf 99

c;n /]8qm;sdL{ ep/ lrgfpg] rfxgf wgsnf s'= v8\sf sflnsf @,;'ufnl /]8qm; eg]sf] ;aegbf /fd f] ;+:yf /x]5 lsgeg] of] ;+:yfn] cfkt\ ljkt\ jf cfunfulh:tf 36gf / b'mvdf k/]sf AolQmnfO{ xftdf xft ldnfp/ Psh'6 eo{ b'mvl, kll8t / ul/a c;xfox sf] ;xof]u ug]{ epsf]n] d}n] of] ;+:yfnfo{ w]/} dg k/fpsf] x'f. of] ;+:yfdf nfu]/ cfkm"n] klg To:tf cfkt\ ljkt\ k/]sf AolQmx nfo{ p4f/ jf ;s];dd ;xof]u u/]/ cfk"mnfo{ ;dfhdf c;n /]8qm;sdL{ ep/ lrgfpg rfxg5'. z' dfgjlo ;+:yfsf] kdf cl3 a9]sf] b]vbf k ]/0ff hfgsl af]x/f, ;ffkm]au/ gu/kflnsf, efuozj/ ( c5fdsf] vkt8 uf=lj=; df epsf] a9l klx/f]df g]/];f]sf] k fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLn] hljg /Iff ub}{ dfgjnfo{ ljkb\af6 arfpsf] b]v]/ d klg :jo+;]jssf] nflu g]=/]=;f]= df cfj]bg lbo{ :jo+;]js eo{ k fylds pkrf/ tflndsf] nflu ag]kf upf. d cfh k fylds pkrf/;dagwl bif :jo+;]ljsfsf] kdf 5'. cfh hxff sxlf o:tf] af9lklx/f] cfktljktsf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] ;]jf lbp/ hljg /Iff ub}{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5'. vf; u/l /]8qm;n] o;sf ;ftj6f cfwf/e"t l; fgtx sf] cwlgdf /xl z' dfgjlo ;+:yfsf] kdf cl3 a9]sf] b]vbf o;df nfug] k /0ff ldn]sf] xf]. ;xof]u u/]sf] b]vbf /]8qm;df k j]z ltnsjxfb'/ s8fot, sf]8/fb]jl, c5fd c5fdsf] vkt8df klx/f]n] k"/} ufpf aufp/ dfgjlo Iflt x'fbf /]8qm;sf ;fylx n] ahf/ ufpfdf /]8qm; lrgx k of]u u/l ;xof]u dfu ub}{ lyp. To;df d}n] klg?= @)). ;xof]u u/]sf] lypf. Tof] ;Dk"0f{ /sd hddf u/l vkt8af;lx nfo{ ;xof]u u/]sf] b]vbf d}n] /]8qm;df k j]z u/]sf] lypf. 100 d]/f] syf

/]8qm;n] p4f/ ug]{, :jfy{ lnp/ glx+8\g] g[kaxfb'/ af]x/f, ;]/f, ^, sdnahf/ c5fd xfd f] ufpf 3/df k sf]ksf] sf/0faf6 x'g] af9l klx/f], cfunfulh:tf s'/fx df /]8qm;n] p4f/ ug]{, o;n] s'g} :jfy{ lnp/ glx+8\g] / o; ;+:yfdf /fhgllt klg x'fb}g egg] s'/fx yfxf kfo;s]kl5 d /]8qm;df cfa epf. bfg ug{nfo{ wg s] rflxg5 / Û ;]jf g} bfg xf] /0faxfb'/ Yofot, jl/ky @)%) ;fndf :yfol lzifs epf. sfdsfhsf] l;nl;nfdf d+un;]g upf. cfpfg] hfg] af6f]df h'j' uf=lj=;= kyof]{. dnfo{ d+un;]gsf] /]8qm; lhnnf zfvf x]g]{ dg lyof]. x'fbf x'fb} PsfpGgdf h'a' uf=lj=;=df g]/];f] lhnnf zfvfn] gd"gfsf] 3/ agfof], ;fy} k};f klg lbof]. gd"gfsf] 3/ b]v]/ dg} 5f]of]. ttsfnlg sf]iffwoifn] dnfo{ pkzfvf btf{ ug{ ;'emfa lbg'eof]. To;}n] @)%# ;fndf OR5f zlqm a9\of]. @)%$ ;fndf jl/ky pkzfvf btf{ eof]. cfhljg ;b:o @^ hgf / w]/} ;fwf/0f ;b:o;lxt pkzfvf btf{ eof]. k lqmof k"/f u/l pkzfvf btf{ klg u/f]. kll8t kifx ;Fu 3'nldn u/l ;]jf u/]f. bfg ug{nfo{ wg s] rflxg5 / Û ;]jf g} bfg xf] egb} ;]jf sfo{df nflu/x]sf] 5' / /]8qm;sf ;ft l; fgtx ge'lnlbg cfu x ub{5'. ljb f]xl kifsf] ;b\efjn] /]8qm;df nflu/xg emg\ k ]/0ff xs{/fh zdf{, c5fd j/bfb]jl @ @)$* ;fndf d cfo{=p= bf]; f] jif{sf] k/liff lbp/ d]/f] 3/ c5fddf cfpsf] lypf. ;f] ;dodf g]/];f] c5fdn] pkzfvf u7g ug{] hfgsf/l d]/f] ufpfdf klg lb+bf pkzfvf u7g ul/of] h;df d pkzfvfsf] kbflwsf/ldf cfpf. ;dosf] rfn o:t} x'fbf] /x]5. lh=zfvf c5fdn] pkzfvf btf{ gx'g] lg0f{o u/]5. @)%! ;fndf d c5fd ;b/d'sfd d+un;]gsf] ifl8zf p=df=lj=sf] lzifsdf lgo'qm ep/ upf. ToxfF h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] cu ;/tfdf vfg]kfgl lgdf{0f epsf] b]vbf ddf /]8qm;k lt pt;'stf hfuof] / ;b:otfsf] k lqmofdf upf. ;do cufl8 a9\b} uof]. g]/];f] s]gb af6 8]lg; /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng epsf] ;fd'bflos kl/of]hgfdf d]/f] syf 101

j=sfof{no ;xfos kffrf}f txdf sfd ug{ yfn]f. @)%% ;fnsf] s'/f xf] d ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmddf sfd ul//x]sf] lypf. b]zdf ;z:q ågå rln/x]sf] lyof]. ågå k efljt If]q epsf sf/0f o; If]q ljb f]xl kifsf] ks8df lyof]. o; If]qsf] dflg; aemfë h]ndf /x]sf] /x]5 h'g s'/f ;DalGwt JolQmsf] kl/jf/af6 k fkt kq k9\bf yfxf eof]. ToxfF hffbf af6f]df /]8qm; c+lst lrgx 6f]kL nufp/ upsf] lypf. af6f]df ljb f]xl kifsf] ;f]wk'5sf] k lqmof kf/ ub}{ ;DalGwt 7fpFdf kq k' ofpf. vfgfsf] s'g} 7]ufg lypg. ef]s ef]s} lxfl8of]. sl/a! kfyl ds} / g'gafx]s s]xl lypg. d;fu ttsfnlg zfvf ;efklt a[s]z jf]u6l / u0f]z v8\sf x'g'x'gyof]. ljb f]xl kifn] xfdlk lt u/]sf] ;b\efjn] dnfo{ /]8qm;df nflu/xg emg\ k ]/0ff lbof]. @)%* ;fnsf] ;b/d'sfd cfqmd0f / @)^# ;fnsf] vkt8 af9l klx/f]af6 kll8tnfo{ ;xof]u / ;]jf ug]{ sfo{df d ;lqmo x'fb} upf. @)^) df sd{rf/laf6 /fhlgfdf lbo{ lhnnf zfvfdf ;b:o x'fb} xfn zfvf pk;efkltdf /x]sf] 5'. nfesf] ;f]r geo{ ;+s6f;ggtfdf /x]sf s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;]jfdf nfubf ;Gtl'i6 k fkt x'g5. cem, klg nflu/xg] k lta4tf 5. k fylds pkrf/sf] dfwodaf6 kll8tnfo{ ;]jf k ]d axfb'/ lu/l @)$% ;fnsf] e"sdkdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ln] kll8tnfo{ ;xof]u u of]. cfkm" klg h'/];sf] ;b:o epsf] gftfn] k};f ;+sng u/l kll8tx nfo{ ;xof]u u/]sfn] To;k lt ;dlk{t epsf] x'f. ;fy} a]nf avt ck7\of/fdf k/]sf, b'3{6gfdf k/]sf ;fy} ljbfnodf klg k fylds pkrf/sf] dfwodaf6 kll8tx nfo{ ;xof]u u/]sf]af6 cfkm" cfslif{t epsf]n] of] ;+:yfdf ;dlk{t epsf] x'f. To;kl5 lzifs gfos eo{ / pkzfvfdf ;b:o eo{ xfn;ddf klg of]ubfg lbfb} cfpsf] 5'. 102 d]/f] syf h'lgo/ ;s{n u7g?kgf/fo0f e /fo{, d+unaf/] uf=la=;=j8f g+=(, Onfd @)%& )%* b]lv labfnodf :yfkgf epsf] >L eujtl lg=df=la= hltk'/! df h'=/]=;=u7g u/l @ jif{;dd ;':t epkl5 o; ;+:yfdf cfhljg ;b:o ep/ /]8qm;dfk{mt ;s];dd ;xof]u ug]{ ;f]r]/ @)^$ ;fnaf6 cfhljg ;b:o eo{ lzifs gfossf] kbdf a;l ljbfnodf lzifs tyf ljbfyl{ ldqx df /]8qm;;DaGwL ;]jfd"ns efjgf hufpg'sf ;fy} ljbfno tyf siff sf]7f ;/;kmfosf ultljlwdf ;xof]u k' ofpf. ;fy} cfly{s kdf?=$,&)). ;xof]u u/l lg/gt/ kdf /]8qm;dfk{mt cem a9l ;xof]u ug]{ k 0f ub{5'.

d]/f] efjgfcg';f/sf] cfbz{ af]sg] / dfgjlo ultljlwx ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf s]bf/ clwsf/l, cfdrf]s & Onfd d}n] hfglghfgl ljlegg ;+3;+:yfdf k j]z u/]+. sfnfgt/df up/ d]/f] efjgfcg';f/sf] cfbz{ af]sg] / dfgjlo ultljlwx ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l /x]5 egg] yfxf kfpf. /]8qm;sf ultljlwx x]b}{ hffbf o;sf :jo+;]jsx n] sfd u/]sf] x]b}{ hffbf o; ;+:yfdf k j]z ug{ dg nfuof] / @)^@ @)^# ;fndf cfhljg ;b:otf lnpf / xfn;dd klg nuftf/ kdf o; ;+:yfdf ;dlk{t 5'. ljklqdf k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ epsf]n] /]8qm; dg k/]sf] l6sf/fd bjf8l, l;l4y'dsf # gfdwnf of] /]8qm;n] cfunfulh:tf cgo w]/} ljklqx df ;xof]u u5{ / ul/g5 / pglx sf] cffvfsf] cff;'nfo{ k'l5lbo{ kll8tx sf] dgnfo{ clnslt klg lrq gb'vfpg] x'fbf sy+ sbflrt kl5 dnfo{ klg o:tf] kl/xfn] /]8qm;n] ;xof]u u5{ egg] cfzf nfusf] 5. o;/l ljklqdf k/]sf dflg;nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ epsf]n] dnfo{ /]8qm; dg k/]sf] xf]. dxfg\ p2]zosf sf/0f /]8qm;k lt ;dlk{t uf}/j u'/fufo{, l;l4y'dsf * Onfd d @)&! ;fndf h'/];df cfa4 epsf] x'f. d]/f] /]8qm; syf nfdf] geptf klg /]8qm;sf] ;]jfd'vl efjgf / dxfg\ p2]zo epsf] sf/0f d}n] /]8qm;k lt ;dlk{t x'g] xf};nf kfpsf] 5'. eljiodf lg/gt/ /]8qm;h:tf] dxfg\ ;+:yfdf ;+nug /xl ljljw kifdf ;]jf ug]{ c7f]6 lnpsf] 5'. ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ hgdfg;df /]8qm;k lt ;sf/ftds x'fb} ;]jf ug{ cu ;/ agf}+ egg] ljgd cg'/f]w ub{5'. d]/f] syf 103

t lrtf, d k' ofp 5' ljh]tf kf}8]n, l;l4y'dsf * Onfd @)&) ;fndf d siff ^ df k9\bf ;fdflhs lziff ljifo k9fpg' x'g] ;/n] /]8qm; / cgo k/f]ksf/l ;+:yfsf ljifodf w]/} s'/f ;'gfpg' epsf] lyof]. To;} lbgb]lv dnfo{ klg /]8qm;df nfu]/ ;dfhsf] ;]jf ug]{ OR5f hfu]sf] lyof]. ætf lrtf, d k' ofpf5' eg]em}æ xfd f] ljbfnodf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g /]8qm;sdL{ dxfg'efjx sf] pkl:yltdf ul/of]. To;}lbg d h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] >L k~rdl c+u ]hl af]l8{ë :s"naf6 ;j{;ddltn] cwoif x'g] cj;/ kfpf. To;}n] h'/];df nfu]/ P]lR5s ;]jf ug]{ ;f]rfo lnp/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5'. ck7\of/fnfo{ kg5fp b} kll8tx nfo{ ;xof]u ug{ /]8qm;df cfa4 of]u]z lg/f}nf, uh'/d'vl ^ Onfd s'g} klg ;+:yfdf cfj4 x'gsf lgldt k To]s JolQmsf] OR5f x'g5. pqm OR5fnfO{{ k"/f ug{sf lgldt d}n] Ps kljq cd[t;dfgsf] ;+:yf /]8qm;df cfj4 x'g kfpf. /]8qm;df cfj4 x'g kfpfbf dnfo{ uj{sf] cg'e"lt eo/x]sf] 5. OefË uflj; glhs} nfu]sf] cfuf]n] k' ofpsf] Iflt x]g{sf] nflu xfdl ToxfF k'u]sf lyof}+. ToxfFsf] l:ylt b]vbf d]/f] dg l5ofl5of epsf] lyof]. o;}n] k To]s ck7\of/fnfo{ kg5fpfb} kll8tx nfo{ ;xof]u ug{ d /]8qm;df cfa4 5'. d]/f] syf d]/f]] larf/ klg of]u]z lg/f}nfsf] h:t} 5. dlgb/f /fo{, ;f]ofs! Onfd. 104 d]/f] syf

ljkb\df k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ /x]5 egg] cg'e"lt o; ;+:yfaf6 k fkt lzj/fh lnda', sgofd ha d!$ jif{sf] lypf. /]8qm;sf] af/]df ljbfnolt/ rrf{ x'g] ub{yof]. To; ;dodf xfd f] ljbfnodf /]8qm;n] ljlegg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof]. To; a]nfb]lv dnfo{ klg o; ljbfnodf /]8qm;sf] ;b:o /x]/ sfd ug]{ rfxgf eof]. blgb'mvl / ljkb\df k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{/x]5 egg] cg'e"lt o; ;+:yfaf6 k fkt eof] / d ljbfnodf o"=/]=; sf] cwoif epf. cwoiffsf] gftfn] ljlegg sfo{x df ;xof]u ug]{ df}sf k fkt eof]. o;af6 dnfo{ w]/} ljifo tyf s'/fx l;sg] df}sf k fkt eof]. /]8qm;n] c;xfo / ljkt\df k/]sfx nfo{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{ epsfn] dnfo{ /]8qm;sf] ;b}j ;Demgf /xg] ub{5. x]g/l 8o"gfh:tf /]8qm;sf] ;+:yfksnfo{ xfdln] nfvf+} nfv wgojfb k s6 ug'{kb{5. k fylds pkrf/sf] tflndaf6 dfgjlo ;]jfnfo{ cem k efjsf/l agfpg ;lsg] ;f]d/fh cof{n, sf]na'ë & Onfd /]8qm;n] g]kfndf / ljzjdf u/]sf] dfgjlo ultljlwaf6 k efljt ep/ d lj=;= @)^@ ;fnaf6 /]8qm;df nfu]sf] x'f. Tolta]nf d lzif0f k]zf uy]{. z'?z'?df d}n] h'/]; ;xlzifs eo{ sfd z'? u/]. s]xl ;dokl5 d cfhljg ;b:o klg epf. af9l kll8t, clug kll8t, cfunfulh:tf ;d:ofx df ;fdfgo ;xof]u h'6fpfb} ;do ldnfp/ xfn;dd % j6f lhnnf:t/ Lo h'lgo/ o'jf uf]i7ldf ;xeful ;d]t eo;s]sf] 5'. cj k fylds pkrf/sf] tflndsf] cfzfdf 5' / o;af6 dfgjlo ;]jfnfo{ cem k efjsf/l agfpg ;lsg] s'/fdf ljzj:t 5'. h'/]; dfkm{t /]8qm;df cfj4 O{Zj/ k ;fb jfun], Onfd @)^& ;fndf jfu]zj/l df=lj= ;"of]{bo gu/kflnsf! df u7g epsf] h'/]; u7g k lqmofb]lv d /]8qmdf cfj4 epsf] x'f. o; ;+:yfdf lgm:jfy{ efjgfn] sfd ug{ kfpfbf dnfo{ Hofb} v'zl nfu]sf] 5. o; ;+:yf dfkm{t ufpfdf ;]jf klg lbfb} cfpsf] 5'. d]/f] syf 105

cwoogkl5 /]8qm;k lt k efljt b'uf{k ;fb clwsf/l, ;]/f uf=lj=; j8f g+! c5fd ;fdflhs lziff k9fpfb} ubf{ ;/n] /]8qm; / 8o"gfsf] af/]df egg' epsf] lyof]. c5fd lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfd d+un;]gaf6 6o";g k9\g hffbf h'lgo/ tyf o'jfsf] /fli6«o uf]i7ldf efu lnp/ cfpsf Pshgf ;fyl;fu e]6 eof]. 306f+}sf] s'/fsfglkl5 dnfo{ pxffn] >L sflnsf df=lj= kf]v/f sf:slsf] h'lgo/sf] d'vkq lbg'eof]. To;sf] cwoogkl5 d /]8qm;k lt k efljt epf / h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf lnpf. o;/l d]/f] /]8qm;df ;+nugtf eof]. @)$) lt/ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;b:o, )$$ lt/ /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:o / )%@ df cfhljg ;b:o eo{ ljlegg kbdf /xl sfd ub}{5'. xfn lhnnf zfvf c5fdsf] ;b:o kbdf sfd u5'{. Ps!* jif]{ o'jtl arrf hgdfpg g;s]/ c:ktfndf # lbgb]lv 56k6fO /x]sl / ck ]zgaf6 arrf lgsfng' kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ /ut cfjzos epsf] va/ kfpkl5 d Ps /]8qm;sdL{sf] x}l;otn] c:ktfn k'u]f. k/lif0f u/l x]bf{ An8 u' k klg ldng] / /ut lb+bf km/s klg gkg]{ 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ klxnf] k6s /ut lboof]. arrf / cfdfsf] Hofg arfpg kfpfbf ;fx} v';l nfuof]. b'o{ tlg aif{cufl8 c5fd lhnnfdf emf8f kvfnfsf] k sf]k al9/x]sf] lyof]. :jf:yo ;+:yf / :jf:yosdl{sf] kx'fr Tolt lypg. lhnnf c:ktfnsf] ;xfotfn] xfdl s]xl /]8qm;sd{L{x k fylds pkrf/df h'6]sf lyof}+. o; sfo{n] la/fdlsf] cj:yf ;'wf/df d2t k'u]sf] lyof]. /]8qm;sdL{sf] x}l;otn] ljkb\df k/]sf dflg;x sf] ;xof]u ug{ kfpfbf v';l nfu5. a}1flgs agg dg nfuyof] === === tf/f u'?ª, sf7df8f} + 106 d]/f] syf d dfoqmf] afonf]hlsf] ljbfyl{ x'f. arrfb]lv a}1flgs agg dg nfuyof]. To;}n] d}n] cfˆgf] df:6/ l8u L l;wofpkl5 h'lgo/ ;folg6:6sf] kdf sfd ug{ ljlegg Nofax df cfjb]g ul//fv]sl lypf. To;} a]nfsf] cui6lt/sf] s'/f xf] k"jl{ g]kfnsf] sf]zldf 7"nf] af9l cfof]. o;sf sf/0f xhf/f} dfg5]x lj:yflkt epsf] 6]lnlehg ;dfrf/df b]v]+. Tof] b]v]kl5 dnfo{ b]zdf oqf]

7"nf] ljkb\ k/]sf] 5. oltsf dfg5] lj:yflkt epsf 5g\. Tof] 7fpFdf up/ s]xl ug{ kfp x'gyof] egg] dgdf nfuof]. :jo+;]jss} kdf sfd ug{ kfp klg x'gyof] eg]/ s'g} ;+:yfdfk{mt\ sfd ug{ vf]lh/fv]sl lypf. d s'g} ;+:yf;fu cfa4 ep/ ;]jf ug{ rfxgy]+. j]e;fo6x vf]hl ug]{ qmddf /]8qm; o:tf] cj:yffdf sfd ug]{ Pp6f /fd f] :jo+;]jl ;+:yf xf] egg] yfxf kfpf. To; a]nf d]/f] Ps hgf ;fyl /]8qm;df sfd uly{g\. pglaf6 sf]zlsf] af9ldf Ps dlxgfsf] nflu Ps hgf lkmn8df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/l dfu epsf] ;"rgf klg kfpf. To;sf nflu cfj]bg lbpf, gegb} hflu/} kfpf. d Psbd v';l epf. of] d]/f] hljgsf] Pp6f clj:d/0flo If0fx dwo] Ps xf]. sf]zlsf] af9laf6 k efljt Pj+ lj:yflkt dflg;x nfo{ glhs}af6 lgofn]/, ;Fu;Fu} a;]/ Ps dlxgf;dd sfd u/]+. sfo{qmdsf] cjlw nldap/ tlg dlxgf;dd ;]jf k' ofpg] df}sf kfpf. o;alrdf dnfo{ ljlegg l/;{r Ol:6Ro"6x af6 hful/sf] nflu k :tfjx cfof]. t/ dnfo{ l/;{r u/]/ hltnfo{ ;]jf k' ofpg ;S5' Tof] egbf xhf/f}+ u'gf a9l o:tf cfjzos k/]sf] JolQmx nfo{ ;]jf k' ofpg ;S5' h:tf] nfuof]. To;}n] g]kfn /]8qm;sf] s]gb Lo sfof{nodf cfp/ sfd ug{ yfn]+. d}n] /]8qm;df sfd ug{ yfn]sf] clxn] ^ jif{ ljlt ;Sof]. /]8qm;;Fu sfddf ;+w} /dfo/x]sl 5'. h] xf];\ arrf a]nfb]lv ;folg6:6 agg] ;f]r lyof]. ;folg6:6 t algg t/ o;df b'mv egbf klg dfgjlo ;+:yfdf ;+nug ep/ dfgjlo lxtdf sfd ug{ kfpsf]df dnfo{ a9l v';l nfu]sf] 5. /]8qm; ljklqdf k/]sfnfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf @)@# ;fndf Pp6f S5] egg 3/ lyof] / 3/s} gfpfaf6 6f]nsf] gfdfs/0f epsf] lyof]. Tof] 3/ bgbgl cfuf]n] aln/x]sf] dnfo{ clxn] klg emnemnl ofb cfpf5. /ftsf] ;do lyof]. To; a]nf xfdln] x/]s 3/3/df up/ xf/ u'xf/ u/]/ ufu L, afln6gx df kfgl cf];fl/of]. Tolt ubf{ klg cfuf] lgefpg ;lspg. ;q c7f/ 3/x Wj:t ep. dfgjlo Iflt rflx Ps hgfsf] dfq} eof]. Tof] b[zo clxn] d}n] b]lv/fv]sf] 5'. d Pp6f sd{rf/l lypf, kz' lrlst;fnodf. @)#% ;fndf d bf]nvfsf] r/lsf]6df ; jf ep/ cfpf. d]/f] 3/ l6sfgf/fo0f k wfg bf]nvf klg bf]nvf ahf/d} epsf] gftfn] led]zj/sf] bz{g ug{ hfgy]+. ToxfFaf6 kms]{/ cfpkl5 lrd'/vfg jtf;]kf6ldf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] lhnnf zfvfsf] af]8{ d}n] b]v]+. d]/f] syf 107

clg dnfo{ klg Tof] leq k;f}+k;f}+ h:tf] nfuof]. Tof] leq upf, bf]nvfs} bfh' efo{x x'g'x'gyof]. clg /]8qm;sf] s'/fx a'e]+m. @)@# ;fnsf] kl8fx klg To; a]nf ;ldempf. To; a]nfdf /]8qm; eo{ lbpsf] ep To:tf] Iflt x'fb}g lyof] egg] s'/fx klg ToxfF d}n] ;fylx af6 kfpf. To;a]nf dnfo{ /]8qm; ljklqdf k/]sf dfg5]x nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf /x]5 egg] nfuof]. dnfo{ klg of] ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'g kfp x'gyof] egg] nfu]/ ;fylx nfo{ cg'/f]w u/]+ @)#% ;fndf d /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:o ag]+. To;kl5 @)$@ ;fnb]lv d cfhljg ;b:odf k j]z u/]+. ;a}sf] ;xdlt cg';f/ g} g]/];f] bf]nvf lhnnf zfvfsf] pksf]iffwoifsf] lhdd]jf/l klg kfpf. To;kl5 s/lj rf/ sfo{sfn sf]iffwoifdf sfd u/]+. ;fylx n] klg ljzjf; ub}{ cfpg' eof]. d}n] klg cfˆgf] a9legbf a9l ;do /]8qm;nfO{ lbg ;kmn epf. b'o{ sfo{sfn dgqlsf] kb klg d}n] ;Dxfn]. clxn] ;a} ;fylx sf] ;fy / ;xof]uaf6 lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;efklt kb d}n] kfpsf] 5'. dfg5]x c ;+:yfdf up/ x/]s sfd ug]{ u5{g\ t/ d rfflx oxl g} /dfo/x]sf] 5'. ha af9l, klx/f]af6 Iflt eo dfg5]x /f]o{ s/fo{ /x]sf] b[io d}n] b]v5', ta up/ pxffx sf] kl8fnfo{ ;s];dd sd ug]{ / arfpg] k of; xfdlaf6 eo/x]sf] 5. -k wfg, bf]nvf lhnnf zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ g/]zk ;fb l;+x wg'iff d]/f] k j]z h'lgo/ /]8qm; d xfo:s"ndf k9\bfv]l/sf] ;dodf ufpfdf kfokx cfpsf] lyof]. Tolt a]nf ufpfdf sn x'fb}g lyof]. vfnl Ogf/sf] kfgl xfdln] vfgyof}+. cgf}7f] lrhx b]v]/ of] s;n] NofPsf] /x]5 eg]/ a'em\bf, of] t /]8qm;n] NofPsf] /x]5. kl5 yfxf eof] hfkflgh /]8qm;n] h'lgo/sf] nflu k7fpsf] /x]5. clg dnfo{ yfxf eof] P /]8qm;n] t kfok klg uf8\bf] /x]5. csf]{ s'/f xfd f] ufpfegbf k"j{lt/ Pp6f s]zjs'6l egg] ufpf 5. ToxfF cfunful epsf] a]nfdf /]8qm;sf] ;a} dfg5]x, c~rnfwlz, k x/l ;a} hgf upsf /x]5g\ /fxt aff8\gsf nflu. Tolta]nf xf] yfxf epsf] /]8qm;n] o:tf] klg ubf]{ /x]5 eg]/. To;kl5 d}n] nuq} h'lgo/ /]8qm;df ;b:otf lnp/ sfd u/]+. d]/f] k j]z h'lgo/ /]8qm;af6 epsf] xf] / To;kl5 lj:tf/} xfdl klg ufpfdf o'jfx ldn]/ k':tsfno v8f klg u of}+. 108 d]/f] syf

Tolta]nf pkzfvfsf] wf/0ff cfo;s]sf] lypg. Pp6f ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g u/]/ xfdln] cufl8 a9fof}+ / ToxLaf6 xfdln] bz}, ltxf/ / ljlegg cj;/x df sfd ug{ yfnof}+. z' df d ;b:oaf6 k j]z u/]+. w]/} jif{;dd g]/];f] wg'iff lhnnf zfvfsf] dgql ep/ lg/gt/ kdf sfd u/]+. clxn] lhnnfsf] prr kb ;efkltdf cfpsf] 5'. o;/l g} /]8qm;df nfluof] / ;a} kl/jf/x klg /]8qm;df 5g\. dnfo{ slxno} o:tf] cg'ej x'fb}g d 7"nf] xflsd lsg algg, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/ lsg algg egg] c;gt'li6 slxno} epg. dnfo{ nfu5 d]/f] hljgsf] cfwf ;do ca /]8qm;d} ljlt;sof]. t/ ca dfgj;]jf g} ;dfh ;]jf xf] h:tf] nfu5. cfk"mnfo{ /fd } sfd u/]sf] 5' egg] ;Gt'li6 x'g5. -l;+x, g]/];f] wg'iff zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ ;fdyo{jfg\ agfpg ;kmn /]8qm;nfO{ wgojfb zfgtf zfx, xfk'/ uf=lj=;=bfª ljbfyl{ hljg ;'? epsf] ^ jif{ ljtbf klg dnfo{ yfxf lypg /]8qm; eg]sf] s] xf] < hj d siff & df k9\b} lyp ufpfsf] glhs} /x]sf] wfld{s:yndf d]nf x]g{ upsf] j]nf s]xl dflg;x ;]tf] sk8fdf /ftf] Kn; lrgx epsf] kl affw]/ la/fdl / rf]6k6s nfu]sfx nfo{ ;fdfgo pkrf/ u/]sf] / kfgl lat/0f u/]sf] b]v+]. d}n] ;flgdf;fu loglx 8fS6/ x'g\ú eg]/ ;f]w+]. pxffn] xf]ogg\ /]8qm;df sfd ug]{ :jo+;]js x'g\ú eg]/ hjfkm lbg' eof]. d}n] ;Dem]+ /]8qm; egg] kf7 t siff ^ df ;fdflhs ljifodf k9]h:tf] nfuof]. ;flgdfn] s] ;Dem]sf] cem} s'/f a'em]gf}ú egg'eof]. ljbfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g u/]/ loglx nfo{ :jo+;]jssf] kdf oxff k7fopsf] xf] eg]kl5 dnfo{ klg /]8qm;df cfj4 x'g dg nfuof]. ufpfsf] ljbfnodf ;s{n lypg. @)^! ;fpg dlxgfdf d P;Pn;L kf; u/]/ ahf/ sf] ljbfnodf k9\g upf. h'lgo/ ;b:o gep klg o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;b:osf] kdf @ jif{ :jo+;]js ep/ ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l bfª lhnnf zfvfåf/f ;~rflnt PrcfO{eL, dfgj a]rlavg / ;fdflhs e]befj lj?4 o'jf ;zqmls/0f sfo{qmd cgtu{t xfk'/ uflj;df kl/of]hgf nfu" epsf] /x]5. xfk'/ uflj;sf] sfof{nodf ;d'bfo ptk ]/ssf] nflu ;"rgf 6fF; ul/psf] /x]5. Tof] k9]kl5 dn} b/vf:t lbo{ k/lifdf ;fd]n epf / To; kbdf d}n] lgo"lqm klg kfpf. ljut! jif{b]lv xfk'/ uflj;df ;d'bfo ptk ]l/sfsf] kbdf /xl sfdsfh ub}{ cfo/x]sl 5'. o; sfo{qmddf nfu]/ d]/f] JolQmut, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ljsf; dfq gep/ ;d'bodf k5fl8 kfl/psf / lx+;fdf k/]sf JolQmx sf] klg ;]jf ug]{ df}sf kfpsl 5'. ;d'bfodf ;d"x u7g u/l s'l/tl / lj;+ult x6fpg ;kmn epsl 5'. o;/l dnfo{ ;fdyo{jfg agfpg ;kmn x'g] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lnfo{ wgojfb lbfb} o;sf] k ultsf] sfdgf JoQm ub{5'. d]/f] syf 109

;s{nsf] ;fwf/0f ;b:o ep O{Zj/f ;'j]bl bfª= @)$# ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf] d hghof]lt dflj uh'n /f]nkfdf siff & df cwoog ub{y]+. pqm ljbfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g epsf] /x]5 / lnnfdl0f ;'j]bl lzifs gfos x'g'x'fbf]/x]5. pxffn] Pp6f ult xfdlnfo{ s07 ug{ nufpg'x'gyof] h'g ult clxn];dd klg d]/f] sfgdf u'l~h/xg5 æ;xof]u lbg] xf], x]g/l 8\o"gfnfO{ ann lrlgof] Æ. d kl5 h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;fwf/0f ;b:o epf. ljbfnodf h'/];sf ultljlwx klg lgoldt x'g] ub{y]. o; ;dob]lv ddf /]8qm;k lt ddtfsf] efjgf hfu[t eof]. @)%^ ;fndf cfhljg ;b:otf lng] cj;/ kfpf. /]8qm; cleofgsf lnkmn]6, kqklqsf k9]+, lhnnf zfvfsf] lhnnf clwj]zgdf / /]8qm; k rf/k ;f/ sfo{qmddf ;xeful ep clg dfq j'em]f ultsf] dd{, efj clg ;Gb]z. @)%* ;fn df3 dlxgfdf d g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf /f]nkfsf] sfo{;ldltdf dgf]glt epf. lhnnf zfvfdf cfj4 eo;s]kl5 zfvfsf lgoldt ultljlwx ;DkGg ug{ ptk ]l/t epf. lhnnf zfvfdf sfd ug]{ lhdd]jf/l klg ylkof]. ågåsf] ;dodf klg /f]nkfsf] b'u{d ufpfdf k'u]/ kl/jf/nfo{ e]6l /]8qm; ;Gb]z k' ofpfy]+ / k ltpq/ lnp/ kmls{gy]+. /]8qm; k rf/k ;f/ tyf ;'/lift dft[tj;dagwl hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ufpfdf rnfpg'kb{yof]. pqm lhdd]jf/l klg k"/f u/]sl lypf. @)^) ;fn df3b]lv d}n] PrcfO{eL /f]syfd tyf k hgg :jf:yo sfo{qmdcgtu{t lkmn8 sf]cl8{g]6/ kbdf g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{noaf6 lgo'lqm kfpkl5 lhnnf zfvf /f]nkfdf sfo{/t x'fb} xfn;dd o; bfª lhnnf zfvfdf sfo{/t 5'. o;/l /]8qm;df dfgjlo ;]jfsf efjgfn] cf]tk f]t /xl lhnnf zfvfcgtu{t 3f]/fxL /Qm;~rf/ ;]jf s]gb sf] :t/f]ggltsf nflu?= @%,!@%. ;xof]u u/]sl 5' / dfgjlo ;]jfdf lg/gt/ nfug k of;/t /xg] 5'. 110 d]/f] syf

/]8qm; ;+:s[lt dnfo{ /fd f] nfu5 /]8qm; k j]z ug'{egbf nuq} cufl8 d lzifs lypf. d nlntk'/l:yt >L ;/:jtl df=lj= n]n]df k9fpfb} lypf. g]kfn /]8qm;n] @ @ k6s sfo{qmd clws[t kb lj1fkg u of]. b'j} k6s lnlvt k/liffdf ;kmn epf t/ cgtjf{tf{df c;kmn. /]8qm;af6 k'gm k f]u fd clkm;/sf] lj1fkg x'fbf k]ml/ cfj]bg lbpf. lnlvt k/liff kf; u/+]. cgtjf{tf{df ;kmntfsf] cfzf lypg. @ @ k6s cgtjf{tf{ ljkmn epkl5 d]/f] cgtjf{tf{ lbg] z}nl kl/:s[t ep5 Sof/]. o; k6s d ;kmn epf. s'g} s'g} j]nf ;+of]usf] klg crddsf] x'fbf] /x]5. lji0f'xl/ b]jsf]6f uf]/vf g'jfsf]6df uo{ :YffoL lzifs kbdf pkl:yt x'g g;sg] l:ylt cfpkl5 ;/:jtl df=lj=sf k =c= n] cfk}+m lhnnf lziff sfof{no g'jfsf]6 uo{ dnfo{ df=lj= sf] :yfol lzifs kbdf n]n]df ;?jf u/fpg'eof]. cl3nnf] lbg j]n'sf ;?jf k"hl{ lno sf7df8f}+ cfof}+ / ef]ln kn6 /]8qm;sf] k f]u fd clkm;/df ;kmn epsf] hfgsf/l kfpf. låljwf ptkgg eof]. To;j]nf lzif0f ;]jf Tolt cfsif{s lypg. clkm;/ kbn] nf]eofof], z'e lrgtsx n] lgo'lqm lng ;Nnfx lbp. lgo'lqm kfpf. sfo{qmd af/] s]gb Lo sfof{nodf ;~rflnt cled'vls/0f sfo{qmddf ;l/s epf, tb\kzrft\ d tgx"f vl6pf. /]8qm; k j]z u/]kl5 oxffsf] jftfj/0f Psbd} km/s kfpf. dfgf}+ of] Pp6f 5'6[} ;+;f/ xf]. Tolt j]nf ;/ sf/l lgsfodf tnnf] kbsf] sd{rf/ln] dflynnf] txsf] sd{rf/l;fu xft ldnfpg] s'/f ;+ej} lypg. 7"nf] sd{rf/ln] ;fgf] sd{rf/lnfo{ >4f ug'{ klg plqs} /fd f] xf] egg] s'/f ;f]lr+b}gyof]. sfdsf] nflu ;xof]ul af]nfpfbf 306L /ggg ahfp/ af]nfpg] rng. /]8qm; k j]z u/]+. cfk"megbf lgss} dflynnff] txsf] cl3s[tn] klg :g]x;fy xft ldnfpfbf /x]5g\, xflsdl /jfkm slq 5}g, jf]nfodf d[b'tf, ;/ntf / ;xhtf. s'g} klg dflynnf] :t/sf] JolQm;Fu e]6\g hfg lr6sf] cfjzostf gkg]{ /x]5. cfk\mgf s'/fx /fvg ;lsg]. s'g} ef]h jf sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf x'fbf sfof{nosf] pknnf] sd{rf/lnfo{ cl3 a9fp/ cfk"mkl5 vfg'kg]{ xfd f] ;+:sf/. cxf oxff t a}7sdf vfgf vfg] a]nf eof] prr clws[t t j]kqf. ;a}n] yfn ;dfp/ cfk}+mn] k:sl vfg yfn]sfn] d}n] klg cg';/0f u/]+. s'g} lr7l kq sfuh s;}nfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug{ k/] ;+ej ep;dd cfk}+m up/ lbg]. 3G6L ahfp/ cfb]z lbg] rng /x]g5. kl5 yfxf kfpf ls /]8qm;sf] l;4fgtn] egbf] /x]5 /]8qm;df ;a} dflg;sf] OHht a/fa/. -b]jsf]6f, g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{nodf lgb]{zs x'g'x'g5. _ d]/f] syf 111

tf/f e /fo{ eqmk'/ /Qmbfg u/]/ cfltdotf uf ;] sf7df8f}fsf] d'6'df} hgd]sf]n] klg xf]nf ;fob, :n]6 sfvl RofkL :s"n hfg'k"j{ g} la/fdlnfo{ c:ktfn nfg] PDa'n]G; / /ut lbg] ;+:Yffsf] af/]df dnfo{ hfgsf/l lyof]. xfd f] afnosfndf b]zdf :jf:yo ;'ljwf ctogt} gfh's lyof]. hgtfdf :jf:yo;djgwl r]tgfsf] klg cefj} lyof]. xfd f] 6f]n tyf ;8sx df /]8qm;sf] PDa'n]G; s'lb/x]sf] x'gyof]. PDa'n]G; b]vof] ls cfkm" klg To:t} la/fdl eo{ PDa'n]G; r9]/ c:ktfn hfg'knf{ eg]/ v'a 8/fpFYof}+. slxn]sfxlf /ftsf] ;Ggf6fdf PDj'n]G; 6fO{F6'O{F ub}{ s'b]sf] ;'g]kl5 3/} prfn]/?gy]+ d. clxn] ;ldemfbf plxn]sf s]6fs]6l ;fx } ;f]emf x'fbf /x]5g\ h:tf] nfu5, ;fob Tof] ;do ;~rf/sf] ljsf; gep/ klg xf]nf. @)#* ;fn nidl k"hfsf] lbg, afg]zj/df /Tg/fHo :s'nn] /Qmbfgsf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof]. d}n] hljgdf klxnf] k6s ToxL lbg /Qmbfg u/]/ g]kfn /]8qm;l;t cftdlotf uff;]sf] lypf. @)%) ;fnsf] s'/f] xf], d ljzjlziff gfds cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yfdf sfd uy]{+. Tof] ;do, eljiodf ;F:yfsf nflu aflx/af6 ah]6 gcfpg] v"a xnnf eo/x]sf] lyof]. 7Ls To;}a]nf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] vfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo ljefusf] nflu ;km\6j]o/ sf]cl8{g]6/ kbsf] nflu lj1fkg lg:sof]. d]/f ;a} lxt}iflsf] ;Nnfxdf cfj]bg e/]+, ;Fu;Fu} yfkfylnl:yt le6fldg P gfds cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yfdf klg cfj]bg lbpf. b'a}df gfd lg:sof]. ;'ljwfsf] lx;fjn] le6fldg P d]/f] nflu w]/} g} /fd f] lyof]. s'g ;+:yfdf k j]z ug]{ < cndlng yfn]+. lgo'lqm kq a'em\g /]8qm;af6 tf/gtf/ kmf]g cfo/x]sf] lyof]. Pslbg 3/df wfvjf ;/s} kmf]g cfof]. d t'?gt} pxffnfo{ e]6\g cfpf / cfkm" cndln/x]sf] sf/0f k i6;fu /fv]f. pxffn] ;'ljwf ylklbg] arg lbfb} egg' eof] Psk6s sfd u/l x]g'{;\, To;kl5 tkfo{+ oxffaf6 lgl:sg la;{g'x'g]5. /]8qm;leq k:g] åf/ 5 t/ oxff PlSh6 åf/ 5}g. pxffn] 7Ls} egg'epsf] /x]5. upsf] efb @# ut], /]8qm; k j]z u/]sf] @! jif{ k"/f ep5. v} Û cem} d]/f] cgt/ftdfn] lg:sg] åf/ e]l6/x]sf] 5}g. x/kn cem} klg d]/f] x[bodf wfvjf ;/n] egg'epsf] afso u'lgh/x]sf] kfpf5' d. -e /fo{, g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf pklgb]{zs x'g'x'g5._ 112 d]/f] syf

;s{nsf] cwoif x'g] cj;/ ldnof] d]/f] a'jf k]zfn] lzifs x'g'x'g5. pxffn] g} dnfo{ bf}+t/l lziff laifos rf/ lbg] tflnddf ;xeflutfsf] nflu k7fpg'eof]. Tof] tflnd g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf ;'v]{tn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof]. Toltv]/ d >L=g]=/f=p=df= lj= d]x]ns'gf &, a8fvf]nldf siff!) df cwoog/t lypf. ToxL sfo{qmdsf] cj;/df /]8qm;sf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/l kfpf. sfo{qmdaf6 kms]{kl5 cfkm\gf] :s'ndf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g u/]+, h;sf] cwoif d :jo+ x'g] cj;/ ldnof] / /]8qm;sf] sfo{qmddf ;lqmo kn] nfu]+. lj=;=@)^^ ;fndf cfhljg ;b:otf lnpf / pkzfvf 3'dvx/]df cfj4 epf. df]xddb cfot'nnf /xdfg ;'v] {t o;}u/l lj=;=@)^& ;fndf ;'v]{t SofDk;df o'jf ;s{n u7g u/]+, h;df klg cwoifsf] g]t[tj d}n] g} ug]{ df}sf kfpf. o;} qmddf d}n] w]/} ca;/x kfpf. /]8qm;df nfubf s'g} klg Joltmsf] Ifdtf a[l4 x'fbf] /x]5h:tf] cg'e"lt u/]+. /]8qm;sf] :jo+;]js ep/ sfd ub{} hfbff lj=;+=@)^( r}qdf g]/];f] pkzfvf 3'dvx/]df lgjf{rg eof]. To;kl5 pkzfvfsf] sfo{;ldlt ;b:odf ;j{;ddt kdf dnfo{ NofOof]. ;a}sf] ;fy ;xof]u / xf};nfn] ubf{ /]8qm;k ltsf] :jo+;]jfdf cgt/ dgb]lv g} ptk ]l/t epf. To;kl5 pkzfvfsf] x/]s sfdx df sl6a kdf nfu]+. d}n] cfkm\gf] pkzfvfnfo{ cfly{s?kn] dha"t agfpg] p2]zon] pkzfvfaf6} ljlzi6 ;b:otf lnpf. b]zsf] s'g} klg 7fpFdf /]8qm;sf :jo+;]jsx af6 ;]jf lbo/x]sf] b]vbf jf ;'Gbf dg leq}b]lv v';l x'g5. clg :jo+;]jf ul//xg dg nfu5. d]/f] /]8qm; syf xl/s'df/ /fo{, wgs'6f 7\ofSs} ldlt ofb epg ;fob lj=;+= @)$! ;fnlt/ xf] h:tf] nfu5. d w/fgdf ;fgf] siffdf cwoog uy]{, siff klg ofb epg. /fds'df/ /fo{ d]/f] dfjnl bfo x'g'x'gyof]. jxff w/fgsf] lgs]tg egg] kf7zfnfdf cwoog ug'{x'gyof]. jxff h'/];sf] sfo{stf{ x'g'x'gyof] xf]nf ;fob. To;}n] xf]nf /]8qm;sf] ultljlwdf ax't ;+nug x'g'x'gyof] jxff. /]8qm; lbj;s} lbg jxffn] dnfo{ ofnldf nfg'eof]. dnfo{?=@ sf] gf]6 lbg'eof] / egg'eof], lbblx n] Aofr nufolbpkl5 pglx n] af]s]sf] 6f]s/Ldf xflnlbg'. gegb} k s[of o:t} eof]. Tof] ofnl d]/f] syf 113

/]8qm; zfvfsf] ejgdf k'uof]. /]8qm;sf] sfof{nodf ToxL lbg k j]z u/]+. clg /]8qm;Fu cf}krfl/s lrgfhfg ToxL lbg u/+]. @)$% ;fnsf] lagfzsf/l e"sdk cfof]. To;n] xfdlnfo{ dlxgf} lbg 3/ ep/ klg ;'s'daf;l hljg ljtfpg jfwo agfof]. Tolta]nf /]8qm;n] kfn lbpsf] lyof] h;leq xfd f] af; eof]. klxnf] lrghfgdf?=@ /]8qm;nfO{ lbpsf] lypf, bf]; f] lrgfhfgdf dnfo{ 3/ lbof] /]8qm;n]. ;do ljtb} uof] wgs'6fsf] cfxfn] uflj;df /]8qm;sf] ;fd'bflos ljsf; kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)^) af6 nfu" eof]. d To; cfxfn] pkzfvfsf] ;lrj epf. To;kl5 lhnnf ;efsf] clwj]zg @)^# ;fndf wgs'6fdf eof]. d ;b:odf lgjf{lrt epf. lhdd]jf/lsf] lx;fjn] pkdgql / dgql x'g k'u]+. ;fob sf]l/psf] To:t} lyof] xf]nf hf] d]l6pg dfgjtfsf] cleofgdf sfo{sfl/0fldf k'ug]. km]l/ dnfo{ @)^& sf] zfvf clwj]zgn] ;b:odf gjls/0f u/fof]. d k'gm dgqlsf] lhdd]af/l kfpf hf] xfn;dd df}h'bf 5'. dnfo{ nfu5 of] /]8qm; cleofg eg]sf] dxfef/tsf] cledgo"n] n8]sf] u'kt n8fofh:t} xf] hf] l5g{ ;lhnf] 5, lg:sg d[to' g} s'g{'k5{ cledgo" em}. To;}n] d klg of] cleofgdf nflu/xg]5' ;f]rg] clg ;Demg] zlqm /x'~h]n;dd lg/gt/ clg clj/n clj/n. /]8qm; olt Kof/f] eof] ls aofg ug{ g;sg] d P;=Pn=;L lbp/ a;]sf] ;dodf g} l;gw'nl lhnnfsf] ledfg uf=lj=;=df g]/];f]af6 ;fd'bflos ljsf; kl/of]hgf z'? epsf] lyof]. pqm kl/of]hgfsf nflu ledfg pkzfvfaf6 d ;fd'bflos ptk] /ssf] kdf 5gf]6df k/]f. d ptk ]/s epkl5 z'?df lktfda/ ;/ af6 /]8qm; / o;sf l;4fgtsf] af/]df ;fdfgo hfgsf/l lbg'eof]. cled'vls/0fsf nflu s]gb Lo sfof{no ;fd'bflos ljsf; ljefu o;f]bf kf]v/]n cfof}+. ;f]xl qmddf >LdtL /flwsf /f]sfn] sfd ug]{ tl/sf /fd f];fu sf7df8f} + l;sfpg'eof]. pxff sfo{qmd Joj:Yffks x'g'xf'bf] /x]5. To;kl5 sf7df8f}+af6 sfe ]sf] kgf}tlsf] k'n lgdf{0f u/]sf] / ;'Fu'/ kfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd x]/]/ kmls{of}f. /]8qm;sf] kl/ro, 8o"gfsf] sxfgl, & l;4fgt / :jf:yo tyf ;/;kmfo;dagwl nfdf] tflnd lnpkl5 dfl;s sfo{of]hgf agfo{ klxnf]! jif{ t /]8qm; / l;4fgtx sf] siff lbfbflbfb} /]8qm; olt Kof/f] eof] ls aofg ug{ g;sg] epf. @)%) ;fn df3 @) ut] /flt * jh] afn ljsf; k fljdf k f}9 siff ;~rfng eo/x]sf] lyof]. ;f]xl siffdf up/ /]8qm;sf] 114 d]/f] syf

kl/ro lbo/x]s} cj:yfdf @ hgf ;xefulx nfnl6g afnb} cfok'ug'eof]. d siffsf] cufl8 9f]sfsf] 5]pdf plepsf] x'gfn] ToxLF glhs cfp/ pqm aln/x]sf] nfnl6gdf!) ln6/ hfg] UofnLgaf6 dl t]n xfnbf Hjfnfdf k/l d plepsf] jl/kl/ kx]fnf] cfuf]sf] Hjfn}Hjfnf eof]. d 9f]sfsf] glhs} epsf] x'gfn] cfuf]sf] Hjfnfd} lxf8]/ aflx/ lg:sf]. dnfo{ yfxf gep klg hlpdf nfu]sf] cfuf] ;xl tl/sfn] lgefp5'. c? $ hgf ;f8lsf] 5]pdf ;Ns]sf] cfuf]] lnp/ bf}8g'eof]. pxffx nfo{ x]bf{ cfuf]sf] Hjfnf lx+8] h:tf] b]lvgyof]. ToxfFsf ;xefulx dfg5]df nfu]sf] cfuf] lgefpg ;xof]u gu/l :s"nsf] cfuf] lgefpg yfn]. drfflx Psf]xf]/f] dfg5]nfo{ arfpmf, :s"n kl5 agfpfbf x'g5 eg]/ s/fpfb} lypf. d s/fpsf] ;'g]kl5 P xfd } dfg5] kf] anb} lxf8]sf /x]5g\ eg]/?g] s/fpg] ub}{ 9ln;s]sf dfg5] 5]pdf k'ubf clgtd cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf lyp. pglx sf] pkrf/sf nflu /flt!) jh] /fglr'/l 8fF8faf6 ledfg :jf:yo rf}sldf cfok'uof}f. v';lsf] s'/f d}n] dfg5] jrfpm eg]s} sf/0f @ hgf 3fOt] ep/ klg affr]. b'mvsf] s'/f @ hgfnfo{ arfpg ;lspg. Tof] 36gfaf6 arg kfpsf] g} /]8qm;df a;]/ ;]jf u/]/} xf]nf egg] nfu5. To;kl5 /]8qm;sf ;ft l;4fgtsf] af/]df k rf/k ;f/ ug{ yfn]f. @@ jif{ ljlegg lhnnfdf sfd ubf{ c?n] tkfo{+ s'g kf6l{ egbf d /]8qm; kf6l{ egb} lx+8+]. ;fob!& jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g} /]8qm; /]8qm; egb} lxf8]/ xf]nf cyjf ;d'bfosf dfg5]nfo{ k/]sf] b'mv dnfo{ g} k/]sf] dx;'; x'g] / ;xof]u ug]{ ep/ xf]nf dnfo{ cftd ;Gt'li6 eo/x]sf] 5. /]8qm; / d]/f] hljg ofqf k~5l/fd zdf{, ;'gk'/ bfª lj=;+= @)#$ ;fndf cfof]hgf ul/psf] /]8qm; cled'vls/0fdf d klg k wfgfwofkssf] x}l;otn] efu lng pkl:yt lypf. To; sfo{qmddf /]8qm;sf] hgd, o;sf l;4fgtx sf] hfgsf/l kfpg'sf] ;fy} hxff b'mv ToxfF /]8qm; / tg, dg, argn] ;]jf u/ff} egg] d"n dgq l;sg kfpfbf v';l nfuof]. @)#$ ;fn kmfnu'0f dlxgfdf /]8qm; ;+:yfn] k To]s ;xeful ljbfnosf k wfgfwofksx nfo{ k fylds pkrf/ afs; ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof]. s]xl cf}ifwlx / hfgsf/ld"ns tflnd lbg'sf ;fy} cf}ifwlsf] k of]u / pkrf/ ljlw ;d]t hfgsf/l u/fopsf] lyof]. ljbfno kmls{p/ upkl5 afnaflnsf / cleefjs;d]t pkrf/sf nflu ljbfno cfpg yfn]. Toltj]nfsf] ;dodf gt cf}ifwl k;n g} lyp gt k ;:t dfqdf cf}ifwl g} lsgg d]/f] syf 115

kfogyof]. bfªsf] dfgk'/df dfq Pp6f :jf:yo lsnlgs lyof]. ToxfF k'ug klg lbge/sf] af6f] lxf8\g'kyof]{. s]xl cf}ifwl ljbfnosf] cfˆg} vr{af6 lsg]/ ljbfnodf 3fOt] ljbfyl{ Pj+ cleefjssf] pkrf/ ug{ yfnf]. d}n] Tof] ;dodf 8fS6/sf] pkflw kfpg yfn]f. @)$^ ;fnsf] ljbfyl{ cfgbf]ngdf klg w]/} 3fOt] ep. pglx sf] pkrf/df klg ;xof]u ug]{ df}sf kfpfbf lgs} v';l nfu]sf] 5. To;kl5 cfˆgf] ufpf zflgtgu/ lr/f3f6df :jf:yo lsnlgs vf]nl lj/fdlx sf] ;]jf ubf{ ub}{ @)$$ ;fndf lj1fg lzifsdf lgo'qm eo{ lzif0f k]zf c+ufn]. To; ljs6 If]qdf up/ lziff / :jf:yo b'j} If]qdf sfd ubf{ ToxfFsf afl;gbfx af6 ckf/ dfof kfpf. oxffsf] $ jif{sf] a;fodf w]/}sf] pkrf/ ug{ kfpsf]df d cfkm"nfo{ uj{ x'g5. @)$( ;fndf df lj Eo"8x/df ;?jf eo{ lzifsgfosdf 5gf}6 eo{ /]8qm;;DaGwL y'k } cg'ej xffl;n ug]{ cj;/ kfpsf] 5'. ;fy} 6f9f 6f9faf6 klg dsxff lj/fdlx cfpg] qmd hf/l /x]sf] 5. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf bfªn] ;~rfng u/]sf sfo{qmdx df ;Fw} ;lqmo ;xeful xf'b}?vaf6 n8]sf 3fOt]sf] p4f/ tyf pkrf/, cfunful epsfx nfo{ ;xof]u, PrcfO{eL / P8\; ljifodf tflnd k fkt u/l % ljbfnodf ;xhls/0f tyf ljbfnodf ;~rfng ul/g] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf ultljlwdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. @)%% ;fndf cfhljg ;b:o klg ag]f. @)$% ;fndf dflj t'n;lk'/n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] /fli6«o h'/];sf] uf]i7ldf ;xeful x'g] cj;/ ldng'sf ;fy @)%* ;fndf lhnnf zfvfsf] h'/]; o'/]; pk;ldltsf] ;b:o kbdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ ;d]t k fkt u/]sf] lypf. @)^& ;fndf d+l;/!( ut] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l kjggu/ pkzfvfsf] ;b:o lglj{/f]w eo{ sf]iffwoif kbdf lhdd]jf/l k"/f ub}{5'. d]/f] /]8qm;sf] hljgofqfn] cem} klg lj>fd lnpsf] 5}g. cfˆgf] of] %* jif]{ pd/];dd o;} ;+:yfk lt ;+nu\g x'fb}}{ lat]sf] 5. cem} lzif0f k]zf 5f]8L o;} ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ OR5f hfx]/ ub}{ /]8qm;k lt cfˆgf] hljgsf syf oxlf;dd /fvg rfxg5'. 116 d]/f] syf

/]8qm;sf] dfwodjf6 ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] If]qdf w]/} sfd ug'{kg]{ lj=; @)#( ;fndf siff!) df cwoog/t ljdn cfrfo{n] h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] sfo{qmddf ;xeful ep/ cfpkl5 ttsfnlg k BfgfWofks lj/jxfb'/ l;+;fu ljbfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g ug{ cg'/f]w u/]. k wfgfwofksn] dnfo{ ;s{n u7g ug{ lgb]{zg ug'{eof]. /]8qm;sf] jf/]df hfgsf/l gxf'+bf cln cndndf k/] h:tf] 7fgL k wfgfwofksn] sfd ub}{ hffbf l;lsg5 eg]/ dnfo{ /]8qm;df nfug k ]/0ff lbg'eof]. To;kl5 ljbfnodf h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; sfo{ k 0ffnL lgb]{lzsf jdf]lhd ;s{n u7g ul/of]. u'dfg/fh k'nfdl Ko"7fg To;sf] nuq} lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfddf ;~rflnt k lzif0f sfo{df ;xeful x'g] cj;/ kfpf. zlz kgyl / hfkflgh :jod\;]jsjf6 lbopsf] @ lbg] k lzif0fjf6 /]8qm;sf] ljifodf w]/} s'/fx l;sg kfpf. /]8qm;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fgt, d"no / dfgotf cflbsf] hfgsf/ljf6 d]/f] /]8qm;Fu cem} ;fldkotf j9\g k'uof] / @)$) kf}if!%!& ut] lrtjgdf cfof]lht k yd /fli6«o h'lgo/ /]8qm; lzifs gfos uf]i7ldf ;xeful eo{ yk phf{ lnp/ cfpf. ;f]xl jif{ kmfnu'g @@ ut]sf lbg /fli6o lgjgw k ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf u/l] :ofª\hf ;b/d'sfddf cfof]lht rf}yf] /fli6«o h'lgo/ /]8qm; uf]i7ldf k'/:sf/ / k df0fkq lnp/ ;xeful x'g k'u]+. o;/l lhnnf :t/lo / /fli6«o :t/sf sfo{qmddf ;xeful x'+b} ubf{ d Pp6f lhdd]jf/ lzifs gfos jgg k'u]5'. lhnnf zfvfsf] h'lgo/ ;ldltdf /x]/ /]8qm;sf] ;+u7g ljsf; / ultljlw ;~rfngdf ;lqmo ;xeful epf. sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf / h'lgo/ ;ldlt ;b:osf] lhdd]jf/l kfpkl5 /]8qm;k lt cem df]x j9\of]. @)$# ;fnsf] kmfu'g / r}q dlxgfdf s]gb n] :jo+;]js ljlgdo sfo{qmdjf6 pbok'/ lhnnfdf v6fof]. pbok'/ /]8qm;sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df Ps dlxgf sfo{ ubf{ /]8qm; cleofg, k fylds pkrf/ tyf k ltof]lutftds k bz{g, lhnnf h'lgo/ uf]i7l, ;s{n u7g, sfof{no ;~rfng cflbn] k fyldstf kfp. ;g\!((! df g]kfnu~hdf cfof]lht cgt/f{li6«o dfgjlo sfg'g;dagwl kl/roftds sfo{qmddf ;xeful epkl5 w]/} s'/fx hfgg] cj;/ kfpf. @)$^ ;fnb]lv lhnnf zfvfsf] sfo{;ldlt ;b:o, pk;efklt x'+b} @)^& ;fndf ;efkltsf] lhdd]jf/l kfpf. @)&! ;fndf klg k'gm ;j{;ddtjf6 ;efkltsf] lhdd]jf/l kfpkl5 d cem udel/ jgg k'u]sf] 5' lsgls d}n] /]8qm;sf] dfwodjf6 ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] If]qdf w]/} sfd ug'{kg]{ x'g5. -k'nfdl, g]/];f] Ko'7fg zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 117

cd]l/sfdf j[xt kdf ;kmn /Qmbfg cleofgnfo{ ljzjjofkl agfp b} 5' ch'{gk ;fb d}gfnl, sfe ]knf~rf]s d!(^* df sfe ]knf~rf]s lhnnfdf hgd]sf] xf]. kl5 sf7df8f}+ cfo;s]kl5 g]kfn sdz{ SofDk;df k9\bfv]l/ Pp6f b An8 8f]g/Ú egg] zlif{s cgtu{tsf] n]vdf Pp6f JolQmn] /ut lbp/ w]/} JolQmnfO{ arfpsf] lyof]. d To;af6 k efljt epsf] lypf.!(*& cui6 @) df ljzfn ahf/df 3'Db} hffbfv]l/ ToxfF /Qmbfg sfo{qmd epsf] b]v]+ / d}n] ToxfF klxnf] k6s / Qmbfg u/]+. o;kl5 d lg/gt/ kdf An8 a}+s hfg yfn]+. An8 a}+sdf sltko cj:yfdf dfg5]x n] ToxfF /ut gep/ ;lhnf];fu /ut gkfpsf] l:ylt b]v]f. tkfo{+n] /ut lbg'xf];\ of] / ut ;f]wegf{ u/l csf]{ ldng] u 'kx vf]h]/ lbg5' egbf klg dfg5]n] 8/fP/ /ut glbpsf] d}n] b]v]+. To;kl5 d}n] ca o; ;DaGwdf hgr]tgf hufpg'k of] eg]/ cleofg rnfpf. x/]s tlg dlxgfdf /Qmbfg ug{ z' u/]+. cfk"mn] /Qmbfg u/]sf] ;f]x f}+ k6ssf] a]nfdf g]kfne/ ;fosn ofqf u/]+. /Qmbfg u/]/ klg sl7g sfd ug{ ;lsg5 egg] Pp6f ;fosndf af]8{ /fv]/ aif{df Ps k6s /Qmbfg u/f}+ egg] gf/f lnp/ upf. kl5 d nfog; Snadf ;+nug epsf] sf/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ nfog; Snax /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf nfu]+. d}n] nfog; Snadf!(*( df k j]z ubf{ hddf tlg rf/ ;o o'lg6 /ut ;+sng x'g'x'gyof].!((( df! xhf/ ^ ;o @) o'lg6 /ut ;+sng epsf] lyof]. ;g\ @))) df d cd]l/sf hfg] a]nfdf em08} $( k6s t g]kfnd} /Qmbfg eo;s]sf] lyof]. cd]l/sf uo;s]kl5 ToxfF klg /utsf] olts} h /L /x]5. z' df d PSn}n] An8 a}+sdf up/ /ut lbg yfn]+. kl5 s]xl ;fylx lnp/ hfg yfn]. @))& otf g]kfnl ;d'bfodf ;+:yfut kdf / Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/of]. @))& otf / cfhsf] lbg;dd s/lj kffr xhf/ g]kfnl hgtfx n] g]kfnl ;+3 ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmddf /Qmbfg ul/;sg'epsf] 5. dnfo{ w]/} v';l nfu]sf] 5. cd]l/sfdf of] cleofg Psbd} j[xt kdf ;kmn eo;s]sf] 5. o;nfo{ ljzjjofkl kdf ;~rfng ug{ nflu/fv]sf] 5'. ljzjsf!( j6f b]zdf /Qmbfg sfo{qmd epsf 5g\. d h'nfo{!@ df /Qmbfg ug{} eg]/ Go"of]s{af6 dsfpm hfg] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf cfpsf] xf]. g]kfndf cfpfbfv]l/ b'o{ rf/ hgf /Qmbftf / /Qmbfg;DaGwL snd rnfpg] ldqx nfo{ pk/fi6«kltsf] xftaf6 ;Ddfg sfo{qmd klg lyof]. ;fy} /Qmbfgdf ptk ]/0ff ug]{ ;+:yfx nfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ d]/f] of]hgf klg lyof]. d cfk}m lgoldt /Qmbftf / /Qmbfg ug]{ ;+:yfx nfo{ ;3fpg klg kfpsf] 5'. o:tf] k'0o sfdx u/]/ tkfo{+x /]8qm;n] klg w]/} /fd f] sfd ul//fvg' epsf] 5. tkfo{+x ;a}nfo{ w]/} wgojfb 5. -d}gfnl, xfn cd]l/sf /lx g]kfnsf] ultljlwdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfpg'epsf] 5._ 118 d]/f] syf

hljgdf g} kl/jt{g cfzf ;'gf/, bfª ljbfno k9\g z'?jft u/]sf] w]/} ;dokl5 d}n] hf x]g/l 8\o"gfsf] hljgl / /]8qm; cleofgsf] ljifoj:t' k9]/ yf]/} 1fg kfpf. To;sf] ;fy} k':ts kqklqsf, 6LeLdf /]8qm;n] ljkb\df k/]sf] ;dodf ;xof]u u/]sf] k9]/, x]/]/ yfxf kfpf. ;fg}b]lv d klg /]8qm; cleofgdf ;dfj]z x'gkfp s:tf] x'gyof] xf]nf egl o;df cfj4 x'gsfnflu sf]lz; ub{y]f. d}n] lzifsx ;+u klg /]8qm;sf] ljifodf lh1f;f /fvg] ub{y]f. ljbfnosf] k':tsfnodf klg /]8qm;sf] lstfj vf]h]/ k9\g] ub}{upf. To;} sf/0fn] ubf{ d]/f] dgdf ;dfh ;]jfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; xf'b} uof]. ufpf3/df s]xl cfunfulsf 36gfx ep eg] ;xof]usfnflu d cufl8 x'gy]f. s]xljif{kl5 gf/fo0fk'/ uflj;df g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf bfªåf/f ;~rflnt PrcfO{eL, dfgj a]rlavg / ;fdflhs e]befjlj?4 o'jf ;zqmls/0f sfo{qmd nfu" eo{ ;d'bfo ptk ]/s kbsf nflu klqsfdf ;"rgf lgsfn]sf] k9]f. To;kl5 /]8qm;df d}n] b/ vf:tlbp,f lnlvt / df}lvs b'j} k/liff eof]. d Ps gda/d} 5gf]6 eo{ lgo'lqm kfpf. o;af6 dnfo{ 9'+uf vf]hbf b]ptf ldn] h:tf] dx;'; eof]. gf/fo0fk'/ uflj;sf ( j6f j8fdf dlxnf ;d"x u7g ul/of]. d}n] lhnnf zfvfaf6 kl/of]hgf;dagwl ljifoj:t'df ( lbgsf] ;d'bfo kl/rfng k lzifs k lzif0f lng] cj;/ kfpf. o;af6 /]8qm; cleofgsf] af/]df yk 1fg k fkt eof]. tflndkzrft\ dlxnf ;d"xdf uo{ a}7sdf 5nkmn ug]{, cfocfh{g ultljlwsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{, dlxnf ;d"xdf a}7s ;~rfng ug]{, 3/b}nf], k ]if0f ;]jfh:tf sfo{qmd ug]{ u/]sl 5'. klxn] cfunful / af9lklx/f] upsf] a]nfdf dfq /]8qm;n] ;xof]u ub{5 egg] lyof] t/ clxn] o;sf] sfo{if]q w]/} /x]5 / PrcfO{eL, dfgj a]rlavg / ;fdflhs e]befjlj?4nufot h'g;'s} klg dfgjlo If]qdf o;n] sfdubf]{ /x]5 egl ;d'bfodf s'/f ub{5g\. pglx yfxf gepsf] ljifodf hfgsf/l lnp/ c?nfo{ klg PrcfO{eL, dfgj a]rlavg / ;fdflhs e]befjsf] ljifodf l;sfpg ;kmn epsf 5g\. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ldf sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 d]/f] hljg g} kl/jt{g epsfn] /]8qm;nfO{ d wgojfb lbg rfxg5' / o; sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5'. -;'gf/, g]/];f]sf] ptk ]/ssf]?kdf sfd ub}{ x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 119

hok ;fb pk ]tl yf]sn'ª t]x y'd 120 d]/f] syf h'/]; uf]i7laf6 k efljt @)$@ ;fndf sfzlgfy lg=df=lj= ofª\v'jf g]h'/]; u7g x'fbf ;j{ k yd /]8qm;;Fu kl/lrt eo{ ;s{nsf @ jif{;dd lzifs pk gfos epf. To;kl5 ^ jif{ lzifs gfos /!* jif{ ;+/Ifs epf. @)$& ;fnb]lv xfn;dd k6sk6s u/l lhnnf:t/lo h' o'= /]8qm; pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf!! jif{ ;d]t hddf @( jif{ h' o' /]8qm;df /xl o;sf ultljlw cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{df k of;/t 5'. @)$$ ;fnsf] /fli6«o uf]i7ldf ;xeful x'fbf o; uf]i7ln] dnfo{ /]8qm;df sfd ug{ emg\ phf{ ylklbof] / ;f]af6 kmls{p/ lhnnfdf cfpkl5 uf]i7laf6 k fkt 1fg / /]8qm;sf hgdbftf x]g/l 8\o"gfsf] hljglsf] 36gf qmdaf6 emg\ k efljt ep/ ;]jf g} wd{ xf] egg] ;DemL hljge/ JolQmut?ksf ;fy} ;+:yfut kdf dfgjlo sfo{ ug{ /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf lnpf. @)$% ;fndf cu jtl{ k f=p= k lzifs k lzif0f, @)$& df /fli6«o cfwf/e"t b}jlk sf]k p4f/ k lzif0f lnpkl5 ;f] 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfjzos k/]sf] jvt k of]u u/l dfgjlo sfo{ ub}{ cfpsf] lypf. lhnnfdf h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; uf]i7l tyf k fylds pkrf/ @ k6s ;~rfng u/]sf] lypf. sf:slsf] eb sfnl df=lj= df / kffry/ gfª\lugsf] l;4 b]jl df=lj= df ;~rflnt lh= :t/lo h'=/]= uf]i7ldf s]gb Lo k ltlglwsf] kdf ;d]t ;xeful epsf] lypf. @)$* df d':tfë lhnnfdf! dlxg] :jo+;]js ljlgdo sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]+. ;f] sfo{qmddf ;xeful x'fbf sfhsf] Joj:yf eptf klg ljbfnosf] k7g kf7gdf afwf gkg]{ u/l cfˆgf] tnaaf6 s6[f u/l! hgf ;xof]ul lzifssf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/l /]8qm;dfk{mt ;]jf k bfg u/]sf] lypf. @)$* ;fndf yf]sn'ª uflj;df g]/];f] yf]sn'ª ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g u/l ;f]sf] ;+:yfks ;lrjdf ^ jif{ /xl ;f] ;ldltnfo{ k s[of k"/f u/l @)%$ ;fndf pk zfvfdf kl/0ft u/fo{ ;f]sf] ;+:yfks ;efklt eo{ * jif{ sfo{ u/]sf] lypf. ;f] ;dodf ;+:yfsf] gfddf ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu huuf btf{ u/fo{ JolQm tyf ;+:yfx af6 ;fwg ; f]t h'6fo{ ejg ;d]t lgdf{0f u/fpsf] / xfn pqm ;+:yfsf] ;+/Ifs tyf ;Nnfxsf/sf] kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. @)$& ;fnb]lv xfn;dd k6sk6s u/l lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o kbdf % jif{ / pk;efklt kbdf!) jif{ / xfn ;b:o kbdf sfo{/t eo{ cgt/f{li6«o /]8qm;df h'lgo/ o'jf /]8qm;sf ultljlwx cufl8 a9fpfb} /]8qm;df nflu kl//x]sf] 5'.

k wfgfwofkssf] k ]/0ff /]g'sf hf]zl, ;'gs'8f ^, aemfª @)^( ;fndf d siff * df >L eujtl lgdgdfwolds ljbfno kf]v/ldf cwoog ub{y]+. aif{sf] z' d} a}zfv dlxgfsf] % ut] ljbfnosf k wfgwofks l;4/fh hf]zln] xfdlnfo{ ljbfnosf] rf}/df hddf x'g eg]/ egg'eof]. To;kl5 xfdl siff! b]lv * ;Ddsf ;a} ljbfyl{x hddf eof}f. k wfgwofks ;/n] egg'eof] efo alxglx cfh xfdl xfd f] ljbfnodf!! ;b:olo h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g ug{ uo/x]sf 5f}+. To;}n] cfh xfdl e]nf epsf xf}+. z' df k =c= n] /]8qm;sf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/l lbg'eof] / To;kl5 u7g k lqmoflt/ uof}+. o;/l ;j{k yd d}n] /]8qm;sf] af/]df ;'g]sl lypf. To;kl5 d h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;lrj ag]/ hljgf]kof]ul ;Lk ;DaGwL tflnd / cgo cled'vls/0f sfo{zfnfdf klg ;xeful epsl lypf. ljbfnodf /]8qm; vu]gb af]x/f, ;'gs'8f (, aemfª ha d siff ( df k9\y]+. To;a]nf z' df /]8qm;sf] af/]df ljbfnosf k wfgfwofksaf6 ;'g]sf] lypf. /]8qm;sf] af/]df w]/} s'/fx ;'lg;s]kl5 of] t kljq ;+:yf /x]5. o;df d}n] klg k j]z u/]/ ;]jf ug]{ cleofgdf nfug'k of] eg]/ ;f]r]+. h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 d cwoif kbdf lgjf{lrt epf. To;kl5sf lbgx k fomu/l d}n] /]8qm;df latfpf. /]8qm;leq k j]z ul/;s]kl5 ljlegg sfo{qmdx df klg ;xofql x'fb} cfpsf] 5'. ;]jf g} /]8qm;sf] d'n dgq hutaxfb'/ dnn, ;'gs'8f #, g]6fsf]6, aemfª ;'gs'8f prr dfwolds ljbfnodf cwofkg ug]{ ;dodf lr/ If]qdf aiff{sf] kfgl / klx/f]n] 3/af/ljxLg ep/ ljrnnl k/]sf kl/jf/x nfo{ /fxt ;fdu L k bfg ul/psf] ;do lj=;+= @)%% ;fpgdf d}n] /]8qm;sf] ;]jf efjaf6 k efljt eo{ lhnnf /]8qm; zfvf aemfªaf6 ;b:otf lng] hdsf]{ ubf{ ttsfnlg ;efklt :j= >L bl3{/fh hf]zlsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ /]8qm; cleofgdf ;+nug x'g] lg0f{o u/]sf] lypf. ;b:o ;+Vof a9fo{ ;'gs'8fdf /]8qm; pkzfvf :yfkgf u/l /]8qm;åf/f ;~rflnt k fylds pkrf/ ;Lk, ljlegg sfo{qmd / v'nf lb;fd'qm d]/f] syf 121

;'gs'8f cleofgdf dxtjk"0f{ sfd ug{ kfpfbf uf}/jflgjt epsf] cg'ej ub{5'. o;afx]s b'mvl, u/lj, 3/jf/ljxLg, af9l kll8t, klx/f] kll8t / c;xfo JolQmx nfo{ /fxt ljt/0f ub}{ s]xl ;dosf] nflu ep klg ;xof]u ug{ kfpfbf dnfo{ ;w}f ;Gt'li6 ldng] u/]sf] 5. ;]jf g} wd{ xf]. dfgj ;]jf g} ;jf]{ts[i6 sd{ xf]. ;a}sf] p4f/ ug{ cu ;/ x'g'k5{ egg] /]8qm;sf d"n dgqx n] dnfo{ ;w}f ;]jf efjk lt cfslif{t ub{5. jf]x/f ;/sf] d'vaf6 ;'g]+ hgs/fh hf]zl, ;'gs'8f ^, x'8lvff8, aemfª % jif]{ k fylds lziff xfl;n u/l cwoogsf] nflu eg]/ lj=;+= @)^^ df >L ;'gs'8f prr dfwolds ljbfnodf egf{ epsf] lypf. j}zfvsf] dlxgf xl/ofnl a;gtsf] cfudgdf k"mln/x]sf nfnl u'f/f; / u'lgh/x]sf sf]onlsf w"gn] ;'gs'8f prr dfwolds ljbfnosf] ct'nglo zf]ef al9/x]sf] lyof]. j}zfvsf] bf]; f] z'qmaf/sf] ;fot kf/]/ lzifs gfos xl/ af]x/f ;/n] xfdl ;a} ljbfyl{x nfo{ ljbfnosf] k fª\u0fdf af]nfpg'eof] / pxffn] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g k lqmof l;4fgt, /0fgLlt / sfo{ If]qsf af/]df atfpg' eof]. h'g lbg d]/f] nflu cljid/0flo /x\of]. lsgls /]8qm; egg] zab d}n] ;j{k yd ToxL lbg ;'g]sf] lypf. pqm lbg g} d h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] cwoif agl h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nleq k j]z ug]{ :jl0f{d cj;/ k fkt u/]sf] lypf. h'=/]=;= df k j]z ul/;s]kl5 d ljlegg k fylds pkrf/ tyf cgo tflnd uf]i7ldf ;xeful x'fb} cfpsf] 5'. d /]8qm;k lt cfk\mgf] lhgbul /x];dd ;dlk{t eo/xg] 5'. /]8qm;sf l;4fgtnfo{ c+lusf/ u/l ;+nug x'g] afrf ;/f]h hf]zl, ;'gs'8f ^, aemfª lj=;+= @)^( h]7 dlxgfdf d >L eujtl lgdgdfwolds ljbfno kf]v/ldf siff * df kl9/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljbfyl{ / lzifssf ;fy Pp6f ;fwf/0f ;ef a:of]. pqm ;efdf lzifsn] egg'eof] ljbfyl{ efo alxglx cfh xfdln] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g ug{ of] ;efsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf xf}+. h'g ljbfyl{x sf] /]8qm; ;DaGwL Ps ;dfh;]jl ;+u7g xf]. ca tkfo{+x n] Ps hgf cwoifsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\. ;Dk"0f{ ;fylx n] dnfo{ cwoifsf] kb lbg'eof]. To;kl5!! hgfsf] ;ldlt u7g ul/of]. lzifsn] xfdlnfo{ /]8qm;sf] sfd, st{jo 122 d]/f] syf

af/] hfgsf/l lbg'eof]. siff * df k9\g] a]nf xfd } ljbfnodf hljgf]kof]ul ;Lkdf cfwfl/t # lbg] sfof{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf eof]. o;df xfdlnfo{ s]xl hljgsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx / /]8qm;af/] hfgsf/l lbg'eof] / d To;af6 /]8qm;k lt k efljt epf. o;} jif{ r}t dlxgfdf >L ;'gs'8f prr dfwolds ljbfnodf lhnnf clwj]zg eof]. o;df /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf, sfo{ l;4fgt af/] :ki6 kfg'{eof] / d o;af6 /]8qm;k lt emg k efljt epf. siff * pql0f{ u/]/ d >L ;'gs'8f prr dfwolds ljbfnodf egf{ epf / ToxfF klg dnfo{ ;fylx n] h'lgo/ ;s{nsf] cwoifdf 5gf]6 ug'{eof]. To;kl5 d}n] ;Dk"0f{ ;fylx nfo{ cfk"mn] hfg] hlt /]8qm; af/] hfgsf/l lbpf. To;af6 y'k } ;fylx klg /]8qm;k lt cfslif{t x'g yfn]. siff ( df k9\bfv]l/ xfdlx n] ljlegg ljbfno:t/lo k ltof]lutftds sfo{qmd / ToxL jif{ ;'gs'8f uf=lj=;= v'nf lb;fd'qm cleofgdf lyof]. o;df xfdlx n] klg 7"nf] ;xof]u u of}+. siff ( df k9\ bfv]l/ g} >L ;'lg lkknrf}/ prr dfwolds ljbfno ;'j]8fdf If]qLo clwj]zgsf] cfof]hgf eof]. o;df d klg pkl:yt epf. k lzifsho"x n] xfdlnfo{ /]8qm; af/] Jofks hfgsf/l u/fpg'eof]. To;kl5 t dnfo{ cfˆgf] hljg g} /]8qm;df ck{0f u F egg] ljrf/ hfu[t eof]. oxffaf6 lkmtf{ ep/ d}n] d]/f] ;d'bfo / ljbfnodf /]8qm; af/] hfgsf/l lbpf. d]/f] sfo{sfn l;l4g] a]nf d}n] d]/f] kb csf]{ ;fylnfo{ x:tfgt/0f u/]+. clxn] d siff!) df klg /]8qm;sf] ;b:o ag]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. o;/l siff * b]lv d /]8qm;df ;ª\nUg epf / d]/f] ljrf/cg';f/ cfˆgf] hljgel/ /]8qm;sf] l;4fgtnfo{ c+lusf/ u/l /]8qm;df ;+nug x'g] afrf ub{5'. Pp6f gf}nf] cg'e"lt k fkt x'g] /fh]gb l;+x v8\sf, af/f ljbfyl{ hljgb]lv g} ljkb\df k/]sf JolQmx nfo{ ;]jf ug]{ lr /x]sf] / ljlegg ljkb\df k/]sfx nfo{ ;]jf ubf{ dnfo{ Pp6f gf}nf] cg'e"lt k fkt x'g] ub{yof]. ;f]xl qmddf @)@^ ;fndf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf ttsfnlg s]gb Lo pkfwoif >L rgb ljqmd zfxho";fu e]63f6 eof]. pxff g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] :yfkgf ug]{ lznlznfdf af/f cfpg'epsf] lyof]. pxffaf6 /]8qm;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ s'/f hfgsf/l kfpkl5 g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf k fkt ug]{ cj;/ kfpf / d nufot d]/f] s]xl ;fylx ldn]/ af/f lhnnfdf /]8qm;sf] ;b:o agfpg] cleofg g} rnfof}+. kmn:j k @)@& ;fndf af/f lhnnfdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] :yfkgf eof]. @)@& ;fnb]lv @)#* ;fn;dd dgql, pkdgqlsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] cj;/ k fkt u/]/ @)#* ;fnb]lv xfn;dd ;efklt kbdf /xl dfgjlo ;]jfsf ultljlwx ;~rfngdf ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5'. o;} qmddf @)$) ;fnb]lv @)%% ;fn;dd hfkfglh /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf s]gb Lo sfof{nodfk{mt o; lhnnfdf vfg]kfgl d]/f] syf 123

;/;kmfosf ultljlwx ;~rfngsf] dfwodn] lhnnfdf /]8qm;sf] klxrfg, k rf/ k ;f/df pnn]vglo clej[l4 epsf] dx;'; ul/psf] 5. kl5nnf] ;dodf klg /]8qm;nufot ljlegg ;+3;+:yfx ;Fu ;fe]mbf/ldf ljlegg dfgjlo ;]jfsf ultljlwx ;~rfng ul/b}+ cfpsf] 5. o;} qmddf ljlegg If]qsf] ;xof]udf lhnnf zfvfåf/f @)$^ ;fndf cfˆg} ejg lgdf{0f u/l sfof{no ;~rfng tyf cfo cfh{g ejg lgdf{0f u/fo{ lhnnf zfvfsf] cfdbfglsf] ; f]tdf j[l4 u/foof]. g]kfnu~hdf cfof]hgf epsf] s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltsf] #^ cf}+ s]gb Lo dxflwj]zgn] d]/f] d"nofíg u/l dnfo{ /]8qm; pts[i6 ;]jf k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt ul/psf] lyof]. b]zjofkl ;~hfn, ;+u7g / xfdl :jo+;]jsx af6 /]8qm;sf] ultljlwdf OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;+nugtfn] g} g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l b]zs} ;a} egbf dfgjlo ;+:yf k dfl0ft epsf] 5. -v8\sf, g]/];f] af/f zfvfsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ 124 d]/f] syf /]8qm; efjgf c+s'l/t ep/ nfu]sf] x' 8f= uf}/lz+s/ nfnbf; sf7df8f} + /]8qm; :yfkgf x'g'egbf cufl8 Ps lbg sdn /f0ff / lk G;]k zfx cs:dft d]/f] clkm;df k'ug'epsf] lyof]. d ;'kl/6]g8]g6 lypf Tof] a]nfdf, d]/f] Sjf6/ cufl8 lrofl;of vfg'eof]. Tof] a]nf d]/f] aff;'/l lyof], aff;'/l ahfpg egg'eof]. w]/} dg k of] pxffnfo{. To;a]nfdf pxff;fu lrghfg eof]. clg kl5 klg pxffn] dnfo{ w]/} dfgg'x'gyof]. 8f= gfu]zj/k ;fb l;+x Tolta]nf :Jff:Yo dgql x'g'x'gyof]. gfu afa' -8f= gfu]zj/k ;fb l;+x_ d]/f] Snf;d]6 g} x'g'x'gyof]. 8f= h]pg lu/l -hogf/fo0f lu/l_ ;Fu d}n] 6f]vfdf ;Fu} sfd u/]+. pxffn] a]nfot k9\g hffbf ToxfFsf] hf]g PDa'n]G; ;f];fo6ldf w]/} s/f]:k]g8]g6 ug'{eof]. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l v8f ug'{k5{ eg]/ pxlfb]lv g} pxffn] n]vfk9l ug'{epsf] lyof]. cfo{;lcf/;ldf / cgt sxffsxff pxffn] n]vfk9l ug'{eof]. l;+xb/jf/sf] s}nfzdf k yd h'g ldl6ª epsf] lyof] To;sf] cwoiftf gfuafa'n] ug'{epsf] lyof]. ToxfF /d]zs'df/ klg x'g'x'gyof], clg sdn /f0ff klg x'g'x'gyof]. /fhkl/jf/sf] JolQm epkl5 ;+:yfnfo{ w]/} ;xof]u k'u5 eg]/ lk G;]k zfxnfo{ Nofpg'k5{ eg]/ pxffn] -gfuafa'_ cg'/f]w ug'{eof]. ;a} ldn]/ cg'/f]w ubf{v]l/ pxffn] P; egg'eof]. dnfo{ t'n;l lu/l / gfu afa'nufot w/} ;fylx n] /]8qm;df af]nfpg'eof]]. clg d}n] x'g5 eg]/ /]8qm;sf] efjgf

c+s'l/t ep/ d /]8qm;df nfu]sf] x'f. g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf] :yfkgf epsf] nueu Ps jif{kl5 lgjf{rg epsf] lyof]. To; lgjf{rgdf d}n] bf]; f] a9l dt NofP/ lht]sf] lypf. ToxL a]nfb]lv g} d /]8qm;df cfpsf] lypf. /]8qm;df w]/} ;do sfd ul/;s]kl5 /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf @)%& ;fndf cfo'qmsf] kdf lgo'lqm kfpf. @)%( @)^) df eqmk'/ df /]8qm;sf] lgjf{rg epsf] lyof]. To;df d}n] k lt:kwf{ ul/gf. -nfnbf;, g]/];f]sf] s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltsf] k"j{ ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ IMMENSE PLEASURE AND JOY FOREVER Until I joined Red Cross in Nepal as a regular staff member in 1991, I never thought that I will also donate blood to save someone s lives, either knowingly or unknowingly. I was posted in one of the village in Dhanusha district of Nepal as a community development officer when I was introduced on how exactly the blood donation works - thanks to the then colleagues of Dhanusha chapter of NRCS blood transfusion centre who educated me on this and motivated to donate blood during a camp. It Mukesh Singh IFRC, Jaffna -Sri Lanka was certainly bit scary to go for it at the first time but once it was done, I really felt so comfortable and all fear factors suddenly flew away. Since then, I have probably donated blood at least 14 times with three incidences where I was called upon to help someone who really needed B (-) blood urgently, and the staff members at the blood centre of NRCS Dhanusha were well aware that I belong to the same blood group. I recall, it was a late evening of summer day in 1992, when a person came to my office (cum residence) requesting that if I can donate blood to someone who is hospitalized after a bus accident. He also informed me that as he was coming this way, he was requested by a NRCS blood bank staff to urgently contact me and inform that there is no one in the town with same blood group. At that time, we didn t have any mobile phones or other means of communication to instantly contact a desired person at the distance, especially in villages, where I was living. Knowing the urgency I decided to immediately go - took my motorbike and reached at the blood centre within an hour (on bad roads). After taking few minutes d]/f] syf 125

rest the blood technician took my blood, did few quick tests and sent it to the hospital (next door) where the person was hospitalized in critical condition. My job done I felt satisfied and went to uncle s residence for overnight stay in the same town as it was already late night to go back to my place. Next morning, before going to my work station, I decided to pass through the blood centre which was also the NRCS Dhanusha chapter office. The moment I reached there, I found a young man waiting there to thank me. I knew that the person to whom my blood was transfused was this young man's mother. He explained me what happened and how I saved the lives of his mother. I was also told that if I was not there in time, he would lost his mother, just because of non-availability of B (-) blood in town or any other donors with same blood group. There was only possible way to get blood from Kathmandu, which would take at least another 12-15 hours until the next flight from Kathmandu arrives to Janakpurdham. This was the wonderful moment for me with full of satisfaction that one could save many lives by just giving few pints of blood which doesn t cost anything, rather provides an immense pleasure and joy forever. Such incidences continues at least three times in my life so far and each moment motivated me to keep donating blood and always do something more and better for the people in need. (Mr. Singh is working at Jaffana Srilanka for IFRC) km]g;l as;n] nf]eofof]m @% -krrl;_ k};f lt/l h'lgo/ ;b:o d's'gbaxfb'/ k wfg sf7df8f} + lj=;+= @)@@.@# ;fnsf] s'/f xf]. d kßf]bo xfo{ :s"ndf siff ^ df k9\y]+. cltl/qm lqmofsnfkdf?lr /fvg] d To; a]nf :s"nsf] sj :sfp6sf] Kofs ln8/ lypf. Ps lbg g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6lsf s]xl JolQm ->L b]j/tg wfvjf, xfnsf dxfdgql ;d]t_ cfo{ /]8qm; af/] s]xl hfgsf/l lbp / xfd f] :s"ndf h'lgo/ /]8qm; :yfkgf ug]{ x'fbf To;df ;b:otf lng cfjxfg u/]. s]xl ;fylx t'?gt} ;b:otf lng cufl8 a9] t/ :sfp6k lt w]/} nufj /fvg] d nufotsf s]xl ;fylx ;b:otf lng pt;'s epgf}+. 126 d]/f] syf

To;a]nf cd]l/sfsf s]xl ljbfyl{x n] g]kfnsf h'lgo/ ;s{nsf ;b:ox sf] nflu egl k]mg;l as;x pkxf/ :j k k7fpsf] /x]5. k To]s h'lgo/ ;s{nsf ;b:ox n] Ps kfpg] tl k]mg;l as;df l;zfsnd, k]lg;n s6/, k'tnl, u'rrf, rsn]6 cflb ljlegg z}lifs tyf v]ng] ;fdfgx /flvpsf lyp. h;} xfdln] of] s'/f yfxf kfof+}, pqm k]mg;l as; k flktsf] nf]edf h'lgo/ ;s{nsf] ;b:otfsf] nflu hgxl @% -krrl;_ k};f lt/l ;b:o agof}+. o;/l d /]8qm; cleofgdf k;]+ / /]8qm; sfo{qmdx df ;l/s x'g yfn]+. :s'n] hljgsf] w]/} kl5 @)$% ;fndf ttsfnlg sf7df8f}+ lhnnf ;efklt :jul{o cv08 zdz]/ ha/faf6 lhnnff sfo{;ldltdf dgf]glt epf. lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf ttsfnlg cwoif /d]zs'df/ zdf{af6 dnfo{ s]gb Lo h'lgo/ tyf o'jf ;ldltsf ;b:odf dgf]glt ul/of]. o; ;ldltdf lgo'qm epnuq} d]/f] ;+of]hstjdf g]kfn /]8qm;sf] Oltxf;df klxnf] kn6 ljlegg :yfgsf lzifs gfosx nfo{ Joj:yfkg tyf kl/of]hgf n]vg tflnd lj/f6gu/, sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f tyf g]kfnu~hdf ;~rfng ul/of]. ljz]ifu/l /]8qm; cleofgsf] tflnd tyf Joj:yfkg ljwfdf d]/f] ;+nugtf a9\b} uof]. / d}n] /]8qm; cleofgdf s]xl dxtjk"0f{ cg'ej xfl;n u/]+. lj=;+=@)$^ b]lv xfn;dd ljlegg ;dodf s]gbl o:t/sf] h'lgo/ tyf o'jf ;ldlt, ;+u7g tyf ljsf; ;ldlt, s]gb Lo n]vf ;ldlt, s]gb Lo /Qm ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o ;efklt eo{ ;]jf k bfg u/]+ / s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o tyf /fli6«o dfgjlo l;4fgt tyf s'6gllt ;ldltsf] ;efkltdf klg sfd u/]f. o:t} @)^! b]lv @)&) c;f]h;dd @ sfo{sfn lhnnf zfvfsf] ;efklt epf. -k wfg, g]/];f]sf] k"j{ s]gb Lo ;b:o x'g'x'g5._ d}n] /]8qm;nfO{ o;/l lrg] d]/f] uffpdf @)%! ;fndf cfunful epsf] lyof]. cfunful k efljtnfo{ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l affs] lhnnf zfvfn] /fxt ljt/0f u/]sf] b]v]sf] lypf. pqm cfunfuldf @ hgf, afns / lghsf cfdfsf] hn]/ d[to' x'g'sf ;fy}! hgf k'?if 3fOt] epsf lyp. 3fOt]nfO{ /]8qm;sf] PDa'n]G;n] g]kfnu+h pkrf/sf nflu k'/\ofpsf] lyof]. s]xl jif{kl5 vfg]kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmd ;~rfng epsf] / Tof] sfo{qmdåf/f cfof]lht tflnddf d]/f] uffpsf s]xl JolQm ;xeful x'g upsf] b]v+]. tl dflg; /]8qm;sf k xnfb ljzjsdf{ affs] d]/f] syf 127

s'/f ug]{ u/]sf] ;'Gbf d klg tflnddf hfpmf h:tf] nfuof]. t/ cwoog klxnf k"/f ug'{k5{ egg] s'/f a'jfn] egg'eof]. ;f]xlcg';f/ cfufl8 a9+]. cfunful / af9l ljkb\ k efljt d]/f] uffpdf s]xl jif{kl5 ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t b}jlk sf]k k"j{tof/l sfo{qmd ;~rfng eof]. pqm sfo{qmddf ;fd'bflos k lzifssf kdf 5gf}6 eo{ tflndkl5 ufpfdf tflnd klg ;~rfng ul/of]. kl5 /]8qm;n] ljlegg k sf/sf] tflnddf ;xeful u/fpfb} ubf{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'fb} uof]. kl5 a3f}8f If]qdf pkzfvf lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu kxn x'fb} ubf{ pkzfvf u7g ug{df d]/f] e"ldsf a9l /Xof] / t;y{ ;ldltsf] ;lrj klg epf. g]kfn /]8qm;sf] ljwfgcg';f/ lgjf{rg eof]. lgjf{lrt pkzfvf sfo{;ldltdf! sfo{sfn ;lrj ep/ sfd ubf{ ub}{ ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdcgtu{t /xg] u/l k]zfut :jo+;]jssf kdf bfë lhnnfdf sfd ul/of]. sfdsf] cg'ej / Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu g]/];f] affs] zfvf / s]gb af6 sl/a @ bhg{egbf a9l tflnddf ;xeful epf. s]xl aif{ Pg=hL=cf]=df sfd ubf{sf] cg'ej / /]8qm;df sfd ubf{sf] cg'ej km/s b]vf]. /]8qm;df dfgjlo efjgf / ;d'bfosf] /]8qm;k lt ljzjf; a9l /x]sf] kfog5. kqsfl/tf ug]{ qmddf w]/} JolQm;+u /]8qm;sf] af/]df a'em\bf pxffx n] /]8qm;sf] af/]df JoQm u/]sf] s'/faf6 s] yfxf eof] eg] dfgjlo sfo{ ;a} egbf 7"nf] sfo{ xf] h:tf] nfub5. /]8qm;sf] ;+/rgf / ;+hfn 7"nf] 5. oxl dfgjlo efjgf / /]8qm;k lt cf:yf / ljzjf;sf ;fy xfn;dd /]8qm;;+u g} ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5'. -ljzjsdf{, xfn g]/];f] affs]df sd{rf/l x'g'x'g5._ ljs6 If]qdf klg /]8qm; k'u]s} 5 dfgaxfb'/ l;+x hfh/sf]6 d]/f] 3/ hfh/sf]6 lhnnfsf] ljs6 uflj; gfosjf8fdf k5{. d k fljlws P;Pn;L kf; u/]/ al;/x]sf] lypf. @)$( ;fndf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6låf/f hfh/sf]6 lhnnfsf] k'gdf, vnëf / hutlk'/ uflj;nfo{ ;d]6]/ ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] ep5. ToxL sfo{qmdsf] nflu ;acf]e/l;o/sf] kf]i6 v'n]sf] 5 egg] s'/f ;fylaf6 yfxf kffp. /]8qm; zfvfdf up/ gf]l6; x]/]kl5 d]/f] ljifo klg ldng] epsf]n] cfj]bg xfn]. kl/iff / cgt/jftf{df 5gf]6 ep/ hflu/]sf]?kdf d}n] /]8qm; k j]z u/]sf] xf]. 128 d]/f] syf

;L8LkLsf] lkmn8 hffbf # $ 306f k}bn lx+8\g' kg]{] 7fpF klg lyp. t/ klg zfvfsf :jo+;]js / sd{rf/lx ;Fu 6Lddf cf cfkm\gf] lhdd]jf/lsf] sfd ul/gyof]. ;Nnfx, ;'emfjsf] cfbgk bfg x'g] ub{yof]. Hofb} ;xof]ul 6Ld epsf]n] sfd ubf{ /dfonf] nfuyof]. xfn d s]gb Lo sfof{nodf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljefudf cg'udg / clen]v clws[tsf] kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5'. /]8qm;sdL{ ep/ sfd ug{ kfpfbf dnfo{ t ;Gt'li6 ldln/x]sf] 5. csf]{ s'/f hfh/sf]6sf] d]/f] 3/ epsf] If]qdf Tolta]nf s'g} afl9klx/f] uof], cfunful eof] eg] k efljtn] ^ dlxgfdf klg /fxt kfpg g;sg] b'mv nfubf] cj:yf lyof]. /]8qm;sf] g]kfnu~hl:yt If]qLo uf]bfdaf6 vrr/, el/ofnfo{ af]sfp/ ;fdfg n}hfg'kyof]{. Tof] s'/ fn] d]/f] dg 5fof]. d ;L8LkL d} sfd ub}{ ubf{ d}/} ;lqmotfdf gfosjf8f, /f]sfof ufpf / / fdl8f8fsf] alrdf kf/]/ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l af/]sf]6 pkzfvf :yfkgf u/]sf lyof}+. ljkb\ sf a]nf /fxt aff8\g / ;dgjo ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/} of] pkzfvf u7g u/]sf lyof}. clxn] klg Tof] pkzfvfn] ljkb\nufotsf cfsl:ds ;dodf ;lqmo?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5. %) egbf a9l cfhljg ;b:ox? 5g\. h] xf];\ o:tf] ljs6 If]qdf klg /]8qm; k'u]s} 5 o;df v'zl nfu5. k ltof]lutftds sfo{qmddf ;w} pts[i6 x'gy] @)%* >fj0f @ ut] /fltsf] clj/n jiff{n] jflnª gu/kflnsf!), dfgv'df elif0f klx/f] uo{ b'o{3/ aufpg'sf ;fy} nfvf}fsf] wg;dklq gi6 eof]. of] va/ yfxf kfpgf;fy d ef]lnkn6 cqflnfb} dfdf3/ k'u]f. klx/f]sf] ;Defljt 8/n] l;ëf] ufpf g} knnf] kfvfdf a;fof ;/]sf] /x]5. kfvfdf agfopsf] Pp6f 6x/fdf d}n] a[ xh'/a'af / xh'/cfdfnfo{ e]6]f. klx/f]sf] kghfaf6 pldsg ;kmn epsfdf pxffx hlt v';l x'g'x'gyof], cfkm\gf] pj{/e"ld g} klx/f]df k/l :jfxf epsfdf Tolt g} b'mvl klg b]lvg'x'gyof]. 3/a:tL g} sdn sf]o/fnf, bfl;{ª :ofª\hf klx/fn] nlulbpkl5 s]xl k flktsf] cfzfdf xft lkmfhf/]/ al;/xg'epsf pxffx sf] kll8t / zf]s;+j]lbt dgdf dndk L nufpg lbpf;f]lt/ /ftf] qm;lrxg clít 6f]kL nufpsf s]xl dflg; cfok'u]. klx/f] upsf] :ynsf] lg/lif0fkzrft\ pglx n] nqfsk8f, vfbfgg / k};f ljt/0f u/]. kll8t JolQmx sf] p4f/df ;j{tf]efj]g ;dlk{t x'g] ltg} /]8qm;dfuL{x sf] k/f]ksf/l efjgfaf6 clek ]l/t ep/ d /]8qm;df cfa4 x'g k'u]sf] x' F. Tolta]nfb]lv g} d cfˆgf] ljbfnodf klg /]8qm;df ;lqmo epf. d]/f] syf 129

ljbfnox df x/]s jif{ u7g x'g] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;b:o, ;lrj x'fb} cwoif;ddsf] kbef/ u x0f ug{] cj;/ k fkt eof]. o;}qmddf ljbfno / ufpf6f]ndf cfof]lht ;/;kmfo, j[if/f]k0f, /Qmbfg tyf gf6s, xflh/lhjfkm, sljtfh:tf k ltof]lutftds sfo{qmdx df ;xeful x'fb} uoof]. jf:tjdf /]8qm;åf/f cfof]lht ljbfnotxsf s'g} klg lhnnf:t/lo sfo{qmddf efu lng 5'6fOPg. k ltof]lutftds sfo{qmddf ;xeful x'fbf lhnnfdf dfq} gep/ /fli6«o:t/df ;d]t k'/:s[t x'gy]f d. @)%( ;fndf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6l lhnnf zfvf :ofª\hfsf] cfof]hgdf ;fyl lzifs tflnddf ;xeful epkl5 of}g/f]u, P8\; tyf k hgg :jf:yo;dagwl Jojxf/f]kof]uL 1fg xfl;n ug{] cj;/ k fkt eof]. d}n] @)^) ;fndf /]8qm;sf] ;b:otf lnps} jif{sf] h'lgo/ /]8qm; lbj;df klxnf]rf]l6 ;b/d'sfddf Ps lkg6 /Qmbfg u/]f. x/]s jif{sf] jiff{ofddf cffwlvf]nfdf cfpg] af9l / To;af6 kll8t xhf/f}f dflg;sf] p4f/df rgbf;íng ug{] g]t[tjstf{sf kdf klg cfkm\gf] uflj;sf k To]s 3/df k'luof]. eljtjo k/]sf 7fpFdf lhnnfel/ g} Pp6f /]8qm; cleogtfsf kdf el/zso ;xeful x'g] k of; ul/of]. dfgj;]jfh:tf] kljq sfo{df ;+nug x'g pmhf{ k bfg u/]sf sf/0f d /]8qm;nfO{ ;ldem/xg5'. d ; u hf]l8psf] d]/f] /]8qm; syf afns[i0f ;]8fO{ emfkf /]8qm;;Fusf] d]/f] klxnf] ;fiffts/ @)$* ;fndf lj/f6gu/l:yt /]8qm; /Qm;~rf/ s]gb df d}n] klxnf]k6s /Qmbfg u/]kl5 epsf] xf]. 7"nf]j'jf l;ls:t epsf]j]nfdf /ut lng hffbf gkfpkl5 Tof] ;+of]u k/]sf] lyof]. ToxfF;Dd cfok'ubf /]8qm;n] lj/fdlsf] nflu /utsf] Joj:yfkg / lj/fdl cf];fg{ PDj'n]G; lbg5 egg] ;Dd dfq yfxf lyof]. To;j]nf d /]8qm;dfkm{t dfgjlo ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g5' eg]/ snkgf;dd klg u/]sf] lyogf. To;sf] 7Ls % jif{kl5 nlntk'/sf] cfbz{ljwof dlgb/df cwofkg ub}{ubf{ /]8qm;af6 ;fd'bflos ljsf; ljefu cgtu{t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/ k fylds pkrf/ sfo{qmdsf nflu sd{rf/lx sf] kbk"lt{sf] nflu ul/psf] lj1fkg b]v]kl5 Psrf]l6 sf]lz; u/ff}g egg]nfuof] / k/liff lboof]. VofnVofnd} gfdklg lg:sof] / ;Kt/Lsf]nflu 5gf}6 eo{ 5f]6f] cled'vls/0fkl5 sfo{if]qtkm{ nfu]kzrft dfq d]/f] /]8qm; ofqf z'?x'g5. nueu @ bzs nfdf] ptkfbgd"ns ;do slxn] t/fo{, slxn] s0ff{nlsf ljs6 lhnnf t slxn] kxf8sf clt ;+s6f;gg 130 d]/f] syf

lhnnfx sf ;d'bfo;+u hf]l8p/ lat]5. pltj]nf ;Kt/Ls]f d}lynl ;d'bfosf nflu ul/psf] ;fd'bflos ljsf;, ljkb\ / k fylds pkrf/sf sfo{ xf];\ jf emfkfb]lv c5fd;ddsf PrcfO{eLjf6 ;+qmldt ;d'bfosf kifdf ulpsf] sfo{ tyf xhf/f}f lszf]/lszf]/lsf nflu ;~rfng ul/psf] hljgpkof]ul ;Lk;DaGwL sfo{ / kl5nnf] ;dodf ljkb\ k"j{tof/lsfnflu :jf:yif]q ptyfgzln ultljlwdf /x]sf] ;+nugtfn] c? w]/} /]8qm;sdL{sf] nx/df ;fgf] epklg /]8qm;;Fusf] dfgjlo sfo{df cfkm"nfo{ hf]8]/ s]xl km/s ug{;s]sf] cg'ej x'g5. d clxn] klg ;DemG5', /]8qm;dfkm{t k fkt ljifout tflndx af6 cfkm\gf] Ifdtfdf epsf] a9f]q/l, ;d'bfoaf6 k fkt Ps k sf/sf] ;sf/ftds efjgf, cu h /]8qm;sdL{x af6 k fkt ;fy, ;xof]u / cfkm"leq ;'if'kt kdf /x]sf] ;dfh;]jfk ltsf] rfxgfsf] sf/0fn] xf]nf d;fu hf]l8psf] d]/f] /]8qm; syf ;do;+u} cufl8 a9\bf]5. -;]8fO{ g]/];f] s]gb Lo sfof{nosf jl/i7 clws[t x'g'x'g5._ Crisis and trouble taught me... Of getting relief from the Red Cross, the seeds of love to Red Cross got sprouted in my heart, when it was the time of sever crisis for butter, bread and shelter, as my family was the first family to be shifted to the district headquarters of Bajhang due to the civil war in 2055 BS. Since then, I wondered to know Red Cross and its activities despite of my blind faith on it as a relief donor agency. My desire to get more information was only suppressed in the soul. However, I had esteemed faith on Red Cross as a helping hand of helplesss and dreamt to serve sufferers under the flag of Red Cross. Sakun Kumar Joshi Sitapaila Kathamandu My aspiration to take part in RC Movement came true when my respected teacher Mr Lal Bahadur Khadka, the then teacher sponsor of Satyavadi Higher Secondary School, led senior students of school to take part in the anti-polio rally. And, it was I who was the happiest participant of the rally, because I was holding a flag of Red Cross. I repeated the slogan, in the rally, time and again raising the flag. I wished everybody could see me and recognize me as a RC activist. After the completion of the rally, I talked about Red Cross with my teachers and Red Cross staff, and got much information about it. Then, I committed to lead my journey in the path of Red Cross Movement and started to take d]/f] syf 131

part in the RC Movement from my schooling. Crisis and trouble tough me a sweet lesson to work for others as a part of Nepal Red Cross Society, and it has miles to go ahead... (He is an active youth volunteer in NRCS) Inspired by news of Red Cross I was inspired by the Red Cross work when I would listen to the Red Cross news helping people in Iran Iraq war in my childhood. I was passionate to work something challenging and tangible to change lives of vulnerable people. I preferred to go to rural community in Tanahun District in Nepal to manage Water and Sanitation Program. I was impressed by the efforts Indra Adhikari community made in cooperation with the Nepal Red Cross and Japanese Red Cross to curve down the trend of water-borne diseases, which was the most cause of death and illness in those communities. The best thing to me was to be a leader in the change process. Everyone: women, children, youth, and adult, farmers and laborers, teachers and leaders were involved in the way. It was fabulous. People-centered has become now the mainstream philosophy in disaster and development but it was already there in Nepal Red Cross. I took manager responsibilities, such as information, monitoring and evaluation in the Drinking Water and Sanitation Program at the headquarters. On top them, I lead HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Program, which has great contribution to reduce the risk among young people, the challenge of the time. Starting from 16 districts, the program covered more than half of the country (40 districts). As the armed-conflict heightened to its peak in 2001, funding, donor reporting, communications, Transparency, and accountability were major challenges, but I could meet them with marvellous team efforts. Cooperation from Red Cross Partners: Norwegian, Swiss, SDC/N, Nepal Government, UNAIDS should be acknowledged. I believe that it was a huge contribution to the millennium development goal in Nepal. 132 d]/f] syf

Another challenging job was communications and identity promotion of Red Cross movement as the armed conflict was at the climax around 2005. I accepted the challenge as an opportunity. Opted out Red Cross for teaching profession (seven years), I have volunteer experience with Canadian Red Cross for last three years. I believe that Red Cross is second to none for humanitarian services. I am expecting to be with Red Cross for long being motivated by the RC fundamental principles and universal values. (He worked for NRCS as director) d]/f] /]8qm; syf @)#* lt/sf] s'/f xf]. e/tk'/ c:ktfndf An8 a}+s lypg. /ut lbg] dfg5] vf]h]/ NofP/ lbg'kyof]{. d}n] /ut lbg] dfg5] vf]h]/ ;xof]u k' ofolbgy]+. Tolta]nf Pshgf!)!@ jif{sf] arrfnfo{ /utsf] cfjzostf k of]. d}n] /ut lbgsf] nflu dfg5] vf]h]/ NofPF t/ /ut r9fpg s]xl l9nf epsf] sf/0f Tof] arrfsf] d[to' eof]. To;df dnfo{ clt b'mv nfuof]. d}n] @)#* ;fnd} /]8qm;sf] cfhljg ;b:otf lnp/ /]8qmddf ;+nug epsf] xf]. lxdsfgt zdf{ Gof}kfg] lrtjg d]/f] /]8qm; syf k'?iff]qd/fh >]i7, l;;f}l/of, ;nf{xl s'/f @)%$ ;fnsf] xf] g]/];f] lhnnf sfo{ ;ldlt ;nf{xlsf sd{rf/l >L /fdlszf]/ kl08tåf/f g]/];f] ;DaGwL hfgsf/l k fkt u/l pt;flxt eo{ d / s]xl ;xof]ul ;fylx? ldn]/ cfˆg} uf=lj=;= df pkzfvf ;~rfng u of}+. d vfg]kfgl ;+:yfdf sfo{/t epsf] sf/0f pkzfvf sfo{ ;ldltdf s'g} klg efo{6n kbdf ga;l ;fwf/0f ;b:o eo{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfo{ ub}{ /x]f. kmn:j?k pkzfvfsf ttsfnlg ;efklt >L z'e gf/fo0f kl08tn] dnfo{ k'/:sf/ ;d]t lbg' epsf] lyof]. @)^* ;fnb]lv xfn;dd @ cjlw lglj{/f]w ;efklt kbdf sfo{/t 5'. @)&! r}tdf lhnnf sfo{ ;ldltsf] r'gfjdf ljhol eo{ :jf:yo pk;ldltdf ;b:o kbdf dgf]lgt epsf] 5'. b'ef{uo s'/f @)&@ j}zfv!@ ut] b]zdf upsf] dxfe"sdkdf k/l dfgf / 5fgfsf] nflu t8\kl /x]sf kll8tx?sf] nflu /fxt ;+sng u/l ljlegg ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf d ;d]t @) hgfsf] 6f]nL uo{ l;gw'kfnrf]s lhnnfsf] df+vf uf=lj=;= nufot l5d]sl uf=lj=;= df @)&@ j}zfv!@ ut]b]lv @^ ut];dd vfgf ksfo{ v'jfpg] / ljt/0f u/l 5fgfsf] nflu d]/f] syf 133

kfn klg pknaw u/fof}+. vfgf vfg kfpfbf kll8tx? v'zl eo{ wgojfb lbg' :jefljs lyof]. /fxt sfo{af6 kms]{ nuq} :jo+;]jsx?sf] ;Ddfgdf pkzfvfdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf k d'v cltly lhnnf sfo{ ;ldltsf ;efklt >L gfu]gb rf}w/lho"n] egg'eof] o:tf] ;x fglo sfo{ lhnnfdf s'g} ;+:yfaf6 epsf] 5}g. ;'Gbf cem k efljt epf. o:tf] ljkbx?df ;xof]u ug'{af6 sbflk k5l gx6g] k lt1f ub{5'. casf] Ps jif{df d]/f] ufp ;/;kmfosf nflu gd"gf agfp 5' 3f]uf] /fhj+zl, emfkf d]/f] gfd 3f]uf] /fhj+zl xf]. d cfh egbf ^^ jif{cl3 o;} emfkf lhnnfsf] dx]zk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ df hgd]sf] JolQm x'f. d]/f] ufpf k"0f{ kdf cflbjf;lsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] ufpf xf]. d of] ufpfsf] z'e sfo{sf] kl08tofo{f -7fs'/_ u5'{. hfgg] ;'Gg] JolQmdf ulgg5'. t/ of] a'9];sfn;dd cfok'ubf s'g} lbg klg rkl{df lb;f ug]{ cg'ej lypg dnfo{. dnfo{ nfubyof] Ps} 7fpF ;w}+ lb;f ubf{ s;/l lb;f cfpf5 / ugfp/ a:g ;lsg5 / Û hf] sf]xl cfk"fm egbf ;fgfn] lb;f u/]sf 7fpFdf cfk"fm s;/l a:g' / Û cflb lh1f;f ddf lyof]. d]/f] ufpfdf d]/f]h:t} w]/}sf] 3/df rkl{ lypg. ;8s, af6f]3f6f], aff;3f/l, lrofaufg cflbdf v'nf lb;f ug]{ kl/kf6l clxn] klg 5. xfd f] ufpfdff ;w}+h;f] s]6fs]6l a'9fkfsf ljdf/l kl//xg5g\. xfdln] sdfpsf] ;a} k}+of k};f cf}ifwl pkrf/df g} vr{ x'g5. t/ o;} jif{ /]8qm;n] xfd f] cffvf vf]lnlbpsf] 5. d oxff /]8qm;åf/f ;~rflnt jftfj/0flo ;/;kmfo sfo{qmdsf] j8f g+= ^ sf] cwoif x'f. ddf t olt kl/jt{g cfpsf] 5 ls d}n] ufpfdf ;a}egbf klxn] d]/} 3/df rkl{ agfpsf] 5'. d]/f] b]v]/ c n] klg wdfwd rkl{ agfpg yfn]sf 5g\. ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs sfddf d cu'jf ep/ lx8f\b} 5'. /]8qm;n] d]/f] cffvf a'9];sfndf vf]lnlbpsf] 5. lxhf] cfh t kl08tofof{ ug{ hffbf klg rkl{ / ;/;kmfosf s'/f u/]/ ;Demfpg] u/]sf] 5'. ;a}nfo{ kl/jt{g cfkf}maf6 z' ug'{k5{ egl ;Demfpg] u/]sf] 5'. tlg dlxgfcufl8sf] htftt} kmf]x/ clg lb;f b]lvg] xfd f] ufpf clxn] km/s x'g yfn]sf] 5. ca t d ;/;kmfosf] s'/f ug{ cfˆgf] ufpf dfq x}g cf]nnf] knnf] ufpfdf klg hfg] u/]sf] 5'. kss} klg casf] d]/f] affsl cfo' ufpfsf] ;/;kmfodf ;'wf/ u/]/ ufpfn]nfo{ lg/f]ul agfo{ /fvg ;s] d]/f] wd{ k"/f x'g5 egg] 7fg]sf] 5'. To;}n] d c7f]6 u5'{ casf] Ps jif{df d]/f] ufpf ;/;kmfosf nflu gd"gf agfpf5'.ú 134 d]/f] syf

æds}sf] Ps emf]tl / g]kfn /]8qm; :yfkgf lbj;sf] JofrÆ k fylds txsf] ljb\ofnosf] k9fo{ k"/f u/]/ rf/ siffdf k9gsf] nflu xfo{:s'n >L dft[e"ld Joj;flos dflj ;ftf}+ xl of df egf{ ep/ k9fo{ ;'? u/]+. @)#$ )#% ;fn lt/ efb dlxgfsf]!( ut] g]kfn /]8qm; :yfkgf lbj; dgfpg ljb\ofnosf] Ps 7fFpdf ep/ /]8qm; ljifodf k jrg ug]{, lhnnf zfvfaf6 k fkt JofFr ljt/0f ug]{ ul/gyof]. ljbfyl{x n] Ps emf]tl ds} ljb\ofno ;s{nnfo{ pknaw u/fpkl5 :yfkgf lbj;sf] Jofr nufpg] ul/gyof]. o;/l Jofr nufpg]nfo{ km/s dflggyf]. gf/fo0f nfld5fg] :ofªhf o;/l h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] sfd / x]g/l 8\o'gfsf] hljglaf6 k efljt eo{ /]8qm; k lt efjgf hfu[t x'fb} cfof]. 3/b]lv ljb\ofno / ljb\ofnob]lv 3/;Ddsf] af6fdf / sklsf] kggfdf /]8qm; lrgx sf]b}{ lx8\bf /dfo{nf] nfuyof]. ;fylefo{;fu k lt:kwf{ ub}{ s;sf] /fd f] lrgx egb} lxl8of]. d ljbfno :t/sf] h'lgo/ ;s{ncgt{ut b}jlk sf]k 36gf ;"rgf ;ldltdf ;b:osf] kdf @)#% ;fndf ;s{ndfkm{t /]8qm; cleofgdf ;+nug epsf] x"f. lj=;+=@)#^ )#& ;fnsf] b]zsf] /fhg}lts cfgbf]ngsf] k efjn] d]/f] siff & b]lv dflysf] cwofog csf]{ ljb\ ofno >L dgsfdgf dflj k]nsfrf}/df k f/de eof]. To; ljb\ofndf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n ;b:o ag]/ x/]s jif{sf] g]kfn /]8qm; :yfkgf lbj;sf] cj;/df 3f]u] cleofg -ds}sf] Ps emf]tl ;+sng _ ug]{ sfo{nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbb} ;s{nsf] cfo ; f]t a[l4 ul/b} cfoof]. ;f] cleofg oblk ;s{nn] xfn ;Dd klg hf/l /fv]sf] 5. o;} u/l g]kfn h'lgo/ /]8qm; :yfkgf lbj; @@ kmfu'gdf x'g] lhnnf :t/lo sfo{qmdx df klg rf;f] /lx/xgyof]. lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf hfkflgh /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf s]gb Lo sfof{no ;+u7g tyf hgzlqm ljsf; ljefudfkm{t ;~rflnt lhnnf zfvf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu :ofª\hf lhnnf klg 5gf]6 eo{ sd{rf/l egf{sf] nflu lj1fkg x]/]/ d}n] klg cfj]bg u/].!( hgf k lt:kwl{df d ;kmn ep/ @)$* ;fn efb! ut]b]lv ;xfos lhnnf zfvf clws[tsf]?kdf g]/];f]df sd{rf/lsf]?kdf ;]jf k a]z u/]. lhnnf zfvfsf] cfhljg ;b:osf] clen]v d]/f] syf 135

qm; #)) df gfd clen]v x/g] u/l %)) ;b:otf z'ns / % k a]z z'ns a'emfp/ cfhljg ;b:otf lnp. lhnnf zfvfdf sl/a!& jif{ sfo{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df cem km/flsnf] If]qdf sfdug]{ u/l @)^% ;fn ;fpgb]lv s]gb Lo sfof{nosf] ;+u7g ljsf; ljefudf :jo+;]js Joj:yfkg clws[tsf] kdf sfo{ug]{ cj;/ kfpf. lhnnf zfvf / s]gb Lo sfof{nodfkm{t sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf tyf ;~rfngsf] bf}/fg g]kfnsf ^) egbf j9l lhnnfdf k'ug] df}sf /]8qm;n] lbpsf] 5. xfn;ddsf] / cf=j=@)&) )&!sf] sfo{;dkfbgsf] cfwf/ ldlt @)&! r}qsf] clgtd ;ftf s}nfnl, wgu9ldf ;DkGg s]gb Lo ;efsf] $$cf+} dxflwj]zgsf] cj;/df g]kfn /]8qm; pts[i6 sd{rf/l ;]jf k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt x'g] df}sf kfpf. /]8qm;df sd{rf/lsf]?kdf cfj4 /xfbf ljlegg tflnd k lzfif0f / cg'ej cfbfg k bfgn] d]/f] JolQmTj ljsf;df 7"nf] 6]jf k'u]sf] 5. ;sf/tds ;f]r / prr dgf]jn ;fy sfd ug]{ k /0ff ;a}af6 ldln/x]sf] 5. cfufdl lbgdf klg hljg k ogt s'g} g s'g} e"ldsdf /]8qm; cleofgdf ;+nug /lx/xg] ljzj; lnpsf] 5'. ho /]8qm;, ho dfgjtf. -nfld5fg], g]/];f] s]gb df sfo{/t x'g'x'g5._ /]8qm; l;4fgtaf6 k ]/0ff nlnt h+u zfxl h'dnf ljqmd ;Dat @)@% ;fndf h'dnf lhnnfdf /]8qm; zfvfsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu em08f ufl8psf] a]nfsf] dnfo{ ;Demgf 5. of] d ^ siffdf k9\bfsf] s'/f xf]. ttsfnlg /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:o cbg l;+ s7fot /]8qm;sf] ;efklt x'gf'eof]. To; lbg pxff nufot cu hx?n] x]g/l 8\o"gfsf] of]ubfg, /]8qm;sf l;4fgt / /]8qm;n] ug]{ dfgjlo sfdsf] k jrg ug'{epsf] lyof]. dfgjtf, P]lR5s ;]jf / lgzkiftf h:tf l;4fgtsf] JofVof ToxfF ;'g]kl5 /]8qm;df ;+nug x'g dnfo{ k ]/0ff ldn]sf] xf]. d ;fgf] 5bfF w]/} dflg;x?n] dnfo{ 7"nf] epkl5 s] agg] egg] k Zg uy]{ / d]/f] pq/ x'gyof] d ;dfh ;]jf u5'{. d]/f] Tof] pq/ clxn] ;fsf/ epsf] 5 lsgls d /]8qm;sf] ;fy;fy} ;dfhdf ;sf/ftds kl/jt{gsf] nflu clxn] klg vl6/x]sf] 5'. @)@* ;fndf d!^ jif{sf] pd]/df g]/];f] h'dnf lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o epf. ToxL jif{sf] r}tdf kf]v/fdf epsf] rf} yf] dxflwj]zgsf] k ltlglw x'g kfpf. To;kl5 h'nnf lhnnf /]8qm;sf] ;efklt klg epf. 136 d]/f] syf

To;kl5 lg/gt/ d /]8qm;df ;+nug 5'. g]kfn /]8qm;sf] s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] ;b:o, s]gb sf ljlegg ;ldltsf] ;efklt, s]gb Lo pkfwoif / clxn] /fli6«o dfgjlo l;4fgt tyf s'6gllt ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] kbdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5'. d /fhgllt / c? k]zf Joj;fodf klg ;+nug 5' t/ dnfo{ uj{ 5 ls dnfo{ /]8qm;;Fusf] ;+nugtf ;j} egbf Kof/f] 5. /]8qm;sf] cg'ej ;'vb 5 / clj:d/0flo klg. -zfxl, g]/];f]sf s]gb Lo ;b:o Pj+ /fli6«o dfgjlo l;4fgt tyf s'6gllt ;ldltsf] ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ b}jl k sf]k tflndn] /]8qm;df tfgof] d ljbfnodf ;fdflhs lziff ljifo k9fpfy]. To;df /]8qm;sf] kf7 klg lyof] t/ @)%) ;fn;dd /]8qm;af/] yk 1fg d ;Fu lypg. la=;+ @)%! ;fn h]i7 # ut] df b]jl prr df=lj=af6 ;?jf eo{ kb\d prr df=lj b/jf/if]qdf xflh/ x'g cfpf. /]8qm; eqmk'/ lhnnf zfvfn] Tolx lbgb]lv ;'? x'g] b}jl k sf]k Joj:yfkg tflndsf] nflu ;xeflu x'g ;f] ljbfnosf] Ps hgf lzifsnfo{ klg af]nfpsf] /x]5. To; lbg :s"ndf kl/iff rln/x] dgf]hs'df/ yfkf eqmk'/ sf] sf/0fn] s'g} c? lzifs hfg] epgg\. k =c= laqmd axfb'/ sfo:yn] dnfo{ Tof] % lbg] tflnddf hfg egg'eof]. dnfo{ dgdg} v'zl nfuof] lsgls d ;dfh;]jfdf OR5's epsf] / ;fdflhs ljifosf] lzifs klg epsf]n]. b}jl k sf]k Joj:yfkg tflndn] dnfo{ k efljt u of]. d}n] ttsfn} /]8qm;sf] cflhjg ;b:otf lnpf. ljbfnodf h'lgo/ ;s{n u7g u/]f / lzifs gfos eo{ sfd u/]f. dwodf~rn If]qsf] h'lgo/ uf]i7l cfkm} ;+of]hs eo{ cfof]hgf u/]f. d]/f] ;lqmotf / uf]i7lsf] /fd f] Joj:yfkg b]v]/ xf]nf d lhnnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o epf. kl5 sfdub}{ hffbf pkdgql, pk;efklt / ;efklt clg s]gb Lo sfo{;ldltdf ;b:o / ljlegg ;ldltx?sf] g]t[tjdf /xl sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpf. of] lg/gt/ 5. -yfkf, g]/];f]sf s]gb Lo ;b:o Pj+ /fli6«o ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;efklt x'g'x'g5._ d]/f] syf 137

/]8qm; cleofg / d P;Pn;L kf; u/]kl5 prr lziff xfl;n ug]{ qmddf sf7df8f}+ cfpsf] lypf. sdz{ k9\g sf7df8f}+sf] lkkn; SofDk;df egf{ epf. Tolta]nf kxf8af6 zx/df k9\g cfpg] w]/}h;f] o'jfx?n] cfkm\gf] k9fo vr{ wfgg ;fgf] ltgf] hflu/ jf cgo s]xl ug'{ kg]{ afwotf lyof]. d}n] eg] Joj;fosf]?kdf Pp6f ef]hgfno rnfpfb} cfkm\gf] cwoognfo{ klg cufl8 a9fpfb} nu]+. o; alrdf g/]gb >]i7 ndh'ª lgoldt?kdf lkkn; sn]haf6 cfo{sd / ;/:jtl ax'd'vl sn]haf6 lasdsf] k9fo ;s]+. ca dnfo{ Joj;fo 5f]8]/ hflu/ vfg] OR5f hfuof]. lalegg ;/sf/l, u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx?df b/vf:t xfng yfn]+. oxl qmddf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fo6ln] vfg]kfgl sfo{qmdcgtu{t t/fo{sf lhnnfx?sf] nflu lkmn8 ;'k/efoh/ kbsf] la1fkg k sfzg u/]sf] /x]5. ;f] kbdf b/vf:t e/]+, lnlvtdf gfd lg:sof] t/ cgtjf{tf{df ;kmn x'g ;lsg. cfkm" c;kmn ep klg o; k6s eg] g]kfn /]8qm;sf] sd{rf/l 5gf}6 k lqmofaf6 d ctogt} k efljt epf. b/vf:t a'emfpg] clgtd Dofb ;lspsf] s]xl lbgd} lnlvt k/liff eoxfng], nut} cgtjf{tf{ lno{ ;f]xl lbg jf ef]lnkn6;dd t clgtd glthf yfxf kfpg ;lsg]. cgoq o:tf] sd} x'gyof]. lnlvt k/liff / cgtjf{tf{sf lgwf{l/t ldltdf gx'g]. slxn] sfxlf t lj1fkg g} /2 klg x'g]. o:tf] lgolt ef]lu/x]sf] a]nf /]8qm;df sd{rf/lx 5gf}6 k lsof ;dod} / lgikif x'g] /x]5 egg] ljzjf; hfuof]. dnfo{ ;Demgf 5, @)$^ ;fndf epsf] ;f] cgtjf{tf{df wfvjf ;/ / jgt ;/nufot x'g'x'gyof]. cgtjf{tf{ lbg cfpg] pdd]bjf/x k lt pxffx?n] ug'{ epsf] Jojxf/af6 cem k efljt epf. ;do latb} uof], Joj;fo klg rnb} lyof]. o; alrdf @)%! ;fndf km]l/ /]8qm; s]gb Lo sfof{nosf] nflu al/i7 sfof{no ;xfossf] nflu lj1fkg k sfzg eof]. /]8qm;k ltsf] d]/f] ;sf/ftds efjgfn] ubf{ of] k/liff lbpfm lbpfm nfuof] / ;fd]n klg epf. o; k6s eg] d cgtjf{tf{df klg ;kmn epf. o;/l d sd{rf/lsf]?kdf /]8qm; k j]z u/]+. xfn s]gb Lo sfof{nodf hg;dks{ clws[tsf] kdf sfo{/t 5'. hflu/] hljgn] klg b'o{ bzs kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5. o;alrdf b]zsf %) egbf a9l lhnnfsf b"/b/fhdf k'ul /]8qm;sf nfefljgtx?;fu enfs';f/l ug]{, pglx sf] cfjfh ;'Gg] / dfl;s klqsf, /]l8of] / ;f];n ldl8ofx dfkm{t k sfzdf Nofpg] sfo{df cfkm"n] k' ofpg ;s]sf] ;]jfaf6 d cfkm" ;Gt'i6 5'. 138 d]/f] syf

/]8qm;df k j]z dfq 5 ågåsfn. Ps lsl;dn] ufpf 5f]8]/ ;kl/jf/ /fhwfgl k;]sf lyof}f s]xl jif{cl3. Jofjxfl/s egf}f of afwotf, ufpf kms{g] ;Defjgf klg lypg. epsf] gf]s/laf6 klg /fhgllts bfpk]rsf] sf/0f xft w'g'k/]sf] cj:yf lyof]. sf7df8f}+ a:gnfo{ klxnf] cfjzostf gf]s/l. To;}sf] vf]hldf ef}ftfl/fb} ubf{ Ps hgf cfkmgtdfkm{t ljb]zl ;+:yfdf sfnlsf]6 uo{ sfd ug]{ k :tfj cfof]. dlxgfsf] $) xhf/ tna. gsfg]{ s'g} s'/} k'ikf vgfn Onfd lypg. 6«fen Ph]G;Ldf sfd ug]{ ;fyldfkm{t\ ;'v]{t;ddsf] l6s6 sf6]/ sfnlsf]6 hfg tof/ epf. ttsfnlg zfxl g]kfn jfo' ;]jfsf] hxfhdfq ;'v]{t hfg]. l6s6 klg p8\g] lbg g} lng'kg]{. l6s6 lng goff;8s hffb} ubf{ d}n] kqsfl/tf tflnd lnpsf] ;+:yf ldl8of kf]og6af6 kmf]g cfof]. jl/i7 kqsf/ >L/fdl;+ a:g]tsf] /x]5. æ/]8qm;df kqsfl/tf k9]sf] dflg; rflxpsf] 5 /], tkfo{+ Ps k6s lgj]bg lbg'xf];\, /fd f] ;+:yf xf]. tkfo{+h:tf] dfg5]nfo{ s;f] gktofpnf ÛÆ olt eg]/ pxffn] kmf]g /fvg'eof]. IfdtfeGbf klg rfs8l, rfkn';l, gftfjfb / s[kfjfb JofKt b]zdf lgj]bg xfng] ljlqs} æltdl Ifdtf epsf] dflg;, hflu/ vfg cfpm eg]/ s;n] egnf /<Æ dgdf o:t} z+sf eof]. t} ;fylnfo{ atfpf æha ckm/ 5 s] u?fæ eg]/. p;n] t'?gt lgj]bg b], h] xf]nf xf]nf eg]/ dnfo{ 9f9; lbo{ / g]kfn jfo';]jfaf6 d]/f] ;'v]{tsf] l6s6 lnp/ Po/kf]6{;Dd nlulbg] lhddf lnfb} dnfo{ kmsf{o{. laxfgsf]!! alh;s]sf] 5.!M@) ah]sf] ;'v]{t p8fg. t}klg goff;8saf6 6\ofS;L lnp/ d 3/ cfpf / k df0fkqx sf] kmfon af]s]/ ToxL 6\ofS;Ldf /]8qm; sfof{no bf}l8pf. ToxfF d]/f] dfdfsl 5f]/Ln] lrgg'epsf] Ps hgf sd{rf/l x'g'x'fbf]/x]5 Zofdxl/ clwsf/l. pxffnfo{ lbbln] g} k df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]slk ug{ nufpg'eof]. d}n] g/]gb >]i7 bfo;fu Ps kggf kmf]6f]slk k]k/ dfu]/ lgj]bg n]v]f. / nfu]f Po/kf]6{tkm{. sfnlsf]6df ;do latb}lyof]. Pslbg 3/df kmf]g ubf{ æ/]8qm;af6 ljho ;/n] kmf]g ug'{epsf] lyof]. cgt/jftf{sf] nflu hfg' kg]{ /]. ttsfn 3/ cfoh.æ afafn] egg'eof]. tlg xktf sfnlsf]6 a:bf slxn] 3/ hfg" h:tf] eo/x]sf] lyof]. d ToxfFaf6 kmls{pf / /]8qm;df ljho d]/f] syf 139