Chemical Control Options for SWD in Blueberries, Caneberries, Strawberries, Grapes, and Stone fruits Rufus Isaacs Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 isaacsr@msu.edu
Crop interactions with SWD in Michigan Strawberry Cherry Blueberry Caneberries Grapes No effect on June bearing fruit Day neutral fields infested in late summer SWD activity picks up as cherry harvest finishes Some grower concerns about SWD SWD activity picks up in the middle of harvest season Later cultivars are at greater risk Summer OK Blackberries and fall raspberries experience severe pressure Reports of larvae in berries Mostly native species reared from our collections More difficult to see larvae in white flesh No significant infestations Infestation and some rejections by processors Challenging to manage SWD Wounded fruit may get infested Increased spraying Increased spraying Interaction with sour rots? Early harvest end Bee safety concerns Most fruit is crushed Early harvest end
Seasonal blueberry pest timing Growth stage pre-bloom bloom mid-season pre-harvest harvest post-harvest Degree days base 50 F from March 1 100 300 400 700 1100 1300 1900 2500 Cutworms Spanworms Leafrollers Gypsy moth Thrips Cherry FW Cranberry FW Plum curculio Aphids BB maggot Japanese beetle Tussock moth BB bud mite S.W.D. Bars show period when scouting and management of the pest is most important. Blue = key pest
Main causes of sub-optimal SWD control, 2013 Intervals too long, no reapplication, [no rotation]. High yielding fields made access difficult. Rapid ripening of early cultivars. Heavy rainfall in mid-harvest, unlike 2012. Cooler weather late-season stretched harvests. Low berry prices delayed or cancelled some harvests.
The tough new math of SWD control Effective product Appropriate interval 80% Excellent coverage 80% Reapplication after rain Success? 80% 50% 50% 50% 40%
2013 SWD semi-field trial Elliott fruit sprayed in the field Shoots picked 3, 7, 10, 14 DAT 6 male and 6 female SWD Assess infestation after 9d SWD eggs, larvae, pupae in 5 berries 3 DAT 7 DAT Untreated 9.8 ± 2.8 a 49.0 ± 6.2 a Assail 30SG 5.3 oz 1.0 ± 0.6 bc 5.0 ± 1.1 cd Bifenture 10DF 12.0 oz 1.8 ± 1.8 bc 9.5 ± 1.9 bc Danitol 2.4EC 10.6 oz 0.3 ± 0.3 bc 2.3 ± 1.3 d Danitol 2.4EC 16.0 oz 0.0 ± 0.0 c 2.0 ± 1.4 d Exirel 13.5 oz 0.0 ± 0.0 c 3.8 ± 3.8 cd Hero 2.13SC 6.4 oz 1.3 ± 0.9 bc 8.8 ± 5.2 cd Malathion 8F 2.5 pt 6.0 ± 4.5 b 23.0 ± 7.8 ab Mustang Max 4.0 oz 0.0 ± 0.0 c 4.3 ± 2.0 cd Why did Malathion perform so poorly temperature?
If there s rain, spray again 100 3 DAT 5 DAT 7 DAT No Rain 3 DAT 5 DAT 7 DAT Rain Percent control 80 60 40 Percent control 20 0
Mature Jersey field Small plot, woods Airblast application 50 GPA July 24 start Aug 20 assessment Every 7, 10 or 14 d i.e. 4, 3, or 2 sprays Brown sugar solution Drosophila/pound Encouraging results for: Exirel (DuPont) Apta (Nichino) Dimilin (Chemtura) # Drosophila larvae per pound 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2013 SWD blueberry field trial
Key insecticides for SWD control in blueberry Class Trade name Active ingredient PHI (d) Residual (d) OP Malathion 8F malathion 1 5-7 Imidan phosmet 3 7-10 RANK *** **** Pyrethroid Mustang Max Bifenture Brigade Hero Danitol Asana z-cypermethrin bifenthrin bifenthrin z-cyp + bifenth. fenpropathrin esfenvalerate 1 1 1 1 3 14 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 *** ** *** *** *** *** Carbamate Lannate methomyl 3 7 **** [Diamide] [Exirel] [cyazypyr] [3?] 7 **** Spinosyn Delegate Entrust spinetoram spinosad Neonic. Assail acetamiprid 1 5-7 ** Pyrethrum Pyganic pyrethrum 0.5 2 * 3 3 7 3-5 *** **
Insecticide Class REI (h) PHI (d) CBFW Aphids JB BBM SWD Imidan Organophos. 24 3 **** ** **** **** **** Malathion Organophos. 12 1 ** ** ** *** *** Sevin Carbamate 12 7 *** ** **** *** * Lannate Carbamate 48 3 ** *** ** ** **** Asana Pyrethroid 12 14 **** ** *** *** **** Bifenture/Brigade Pyrethroid **** ** *** *** **** Mustang Max Pyrethroid 12 1 **** ** *** *** **** Danitol Pyrethroid 24 3 **** ** *** *** **** Intrepid RR IGR 4 7 **** - - - - Confirm RR IGR 4 14 *** - - - - Esteem RR IGR 12 7 ** - - - - Rimon RR IGR 12 8 *** - - ** - Altacor RR Diamide 4 1 **** - * ** ** Exirel RR Diamide 4 1 **** ** * **** **** Actara RR Neonic. 12 3 * **** ** ** * Assail RR Neonic. 12 1 *** **** ** **** *** Provado RR Neonic. 12 3 * **** ** *** * Admire RR Neonic. 12 7 **** **** grubs - * Platinum RR Neonic. 12 75 **** **** grubs - * Delegate RR Spinosyns 4 3 *** - - ** **** SpinTor RR Spinosyns 4 3 ** - - ** ** Entrust Spinosyns 4 3 ** - - ** *** Ecozin, Neemix, Azadirect Neem 12 0 * * * ** * Pyganic Pyrethrum 12 0 * * * * ** Evergreen Pyrethrum 12 0 * * ** ** ** RR = reduced risk, = organic Prepared by R. Isaacs, J. Wise, K. Mason and D. Trinka 2013
Organic SWD control Emphasize cultural controls Remove wild hosts, frequent harvest, discard over-ripe berries, cool fruit after harvest, physical exclusion, interception, attract-and-kill Limited chemical options Entrust is the most effective organic insecticide 9 oz/ac/season limit Rotation required after 2 Entrust applications Pyganic? Watch for mite flaring.
2012 2013
Mustang Max at 4 oz/ac Ground sprayer (Tower AgTec VMC) in 30 GPA vs. helicopter in 4 GPA Malathion at 2 pints/ac Ground (Tower AgTec VMC) in 30 GPA vs. airplane at 10 GPA Avg. SWD larvae and pupae per container 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 Helicopter Ground Bottom Interior Top Airplane Ground 0.0 Bottom Interior Top
Average number of Drosophila eggs, larvae, and pupae 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 1 2 3 Cannon Cannon Cannon Tower Tower Tower Sprayer and row number
Can rainfastness be improved? Bluecrop at TNRC Small plots Airblast application 50 GPA on August 7 Shoots picked 1DAT Exposed to 1 inch rain then to SWD for 7 days. No evidence of rainfastness improvement Average number of Drosophila 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Drosophila in blueberries exposed to 1 inch of rain Control Entrust 2SC Entrust 2SC + Nu-Film-P Rain No Rain Entrust 2SC + Transfix
Do post-harvest sprays reduce SWD? Pairs of fields at four farms. One treated post-harvest, one not. Sprays applied in 2012. Imidan on Sept. 6 Mustang Max on Sept. 13 Transient reduction in SWD catches. No benefit in 2013 season. Mean SWD adults per trap ± SEM 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2012 2013 Sprayed Unsprayed 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sprayed Unsprayed
Nationwide SWD insecticide rankings Multi-state efficacy ranking a WERA output? Received input from 9 states Blueberry = 7 Caneberry = 3 Strawberry = 4 Cherry = 2 Rankings for 34 different insecticides 16 insecticides had > 4 entries
2013 WERA insecticide rankings for SWD control Excellent 4 Good 3 Fair 2 Weak 1 No activity 0 Honorable mention (>3.5 score, less than 4 entries) Asana, Bifenture, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Endigo, Hero, Warrior
Causes of sub-optimal SWD control Intervals too long, no reapplication, [no rotation]. High yielding fields made access difficult. Rapid ripening of early cultivars. Heavy rainfall in mid-harvest, unlike 2012. Cooler weather late-season stretched harvests. Low berry prices delayed or cancelled some harvests.
A final thought: the tough new math of SWD control Effective product Appropriate interval 80% Excellent coverage 80% Reapplication after rain Success? 80% 50% 50% 50% 40%
Questions?