AGRESTALS DIVERSITY, USES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FROM VILLAGES ADJOINING VADODARA CITY, GUJARAT

AGRESTALS DIVERSITY, USES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FROM VILLAGES ADJOINING VADODARA CITY, GUJARAT *Shruti Shah 1, Amita Sankhwal 2 and Deepa Gavali 2 1 B-132/133, Yoginagar township, Nr. Ambika NagarCross Road, Gotri, Vadodara 2, 3 Gujarat Ecology Society, 3rd Floor Synergy house, Subhanpura, Vadodara-390023 *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT The present paper focuses on the Agrestals diversity and utility of agrestals among two villages Angadh and Fazalpur of Vadodara District of Gujarat. Agrestals are small herbaceous plant within the agricultural fields with impact on crop productivity and agro-ecosystem at large. Agrestals act as valuable component of agro-ecosystem and serve as nutritious food, important source of fodder and health care thereby play an important beneficial role to the common man. The main objective of the study is to understand agrestal diversity, prepare inventory and document traditional knowledge. This paper also describes how agrestal community varies with crop type. From Angadh about 109 species and Fazalpur 118 agrestal species is reported. Agrestal is largely dominated by Poaceae family. In both villages almost 99 % of agrestals are used for different purposes. Keywords: Agrestal, Crop, Utilization, Traditional Knowledge INTRODUCTION The term Agrestal was coined by Holzner (1982). Agrestals are those plants which are competing with agricultural crops and have short vegetative phase and high reproductive output. Generally, among Agrestals the annuals have a much higher seed production per plant size unit than perennials, the most aggressive perennial agrestals e.g. Cynadon dactylon. Of the total annual loss agricultural produce from weeds is 45% in India. The reduction in various crop yield and produce efficiency ranges from 34.3% to 89.8% including wheat (15-30%), rice (30.35%), cotton (44.5%) sugarcane (38.8%) and maize, sorghum, pulses (18-85%) (Gupta, 2003; Aher, 2015). Besides the weed inflict allelopathic effects on crop plants through their root exudates. Some weeds provide alternate host and vector of malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and other health hazards (Petern, 1955). They reduce human efficiencies by causing hay fever and asthma by pollen (Parthenium hysterophorus, Ambrosia artimisiifolia), allergenic disorders (Parthenium hysterophorus). On the other hand many agrestals are also the valuable agro-ecosystem component as several species have been used for food, fodder, medicine, fibre and other purposes. In Indian subcontinent farmers consume Amaranthus, Brassica and Chenopodium species as nutritious foods (Dwari and Mondal, 2012; Auti et al., 2004; Hedge, 1994). In western Rajasthan, yields of sesame and pearl millet can be increased by allowing the crops to grow in association with the leguminous weed Indigofera cordifolia (Bhandari & Sen, 1979). Certain weeds limit insect damage to some crops by interfering with pest movement or by providing habitat for natural enemies of pests. Spahillari et al., (1999) re-examined the value of weeds as genetic resources for food agriculture and pharmaceutics and as indicators of agro-ecosystem biodiversity (Albrecht, 2003; Franke et al., 2009; Sarathambal et al., 2014). There is evidence that weeds may act as a direct host plant for many phytophagous insect species, some of which might be an important food source for farmland birds other desirable wild life species (Sotherton et al., 1985; Marshall et al., 2003; Storkey & Westbury, 2007) and provide habitat, feeding and reproduction sites for natural enemies of pests (Schellhorn & Sork, 1997; Nentwigw et al., 1998; Norris & Kogan, 2005). Individual weed species are known to differ in their ecological function in terms of providing resources for beneficial invertebrates and seed eating birds (Hawes et al., 2003; Storkey, 2006) as well as in their impediment to crop production (Hassan & Marrwat, 2001; Boatman et al., 2003). Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 84

The present study deals with the study of agrestal diversity among agricultural fields of Angadh and Fazalpur villages of Vadodara district which are 70 % urbanized. In context to the traditional uses of agrestals very few studies is carried out in Gujarat. Among them very few studies (Phatak & Oza, 1958; Bhattacharyya, 1996; Sankhwal et al., 2013 & 2015) provided information on some medico-ethnobotanical value of weeds of Baroda, its neighbourhood, Pavagarh and Saurashtra. The present study was conducted to explore and identify the agrestal diversity of irrigated and non irrigated agricultural fields and documenting their traditional utilization and crop-weed association for major crops of the villages. Study Area The villages Angadh and Fazalpur are situated on the bank of Mahisagar River. The average annual rainfall in the area is around 1000 mm. The maximum temperature during summers reached around 40 o C and minimum temperature during winters is 12 o C. The terrain is undulating and soil is Coarse Loamy mix and Fine Loamy mix. Agriculture occupies the major important land use of the villages. In case of Angadh village, out of total area of 1136 ha, 643 ha is allocated for agriculture, while at Fazalpur 374 Ha is under agriculture out of total area of 613 ha (source: village panchyat records). Major crops include wheat, cotton, millet, tobacco, vegetables, fodder crops and fruit crops (Figure 1). Figure 1: Location Map: Angadh and Fazalpur Village, Vadodara MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was undertaken in different seasons during 2012-1014. All the agrestals species from different agricultural fields include Pearl millet, Wheat, Tobacco, Cotton, vegetable crops, fodder crops etc was recorded. The phenology of the species was noted down. Plant specimens collected in both vegetative and reproductive stages from different crop fields for morphological study and identification purpose. The collected specimens identified with the help of floras (Hooker, 1961; Cooke, 1967; Shah, 1978; Singh & Karthikeyan, 2000; Sharma et al., 2001) and other reference material. Photographic Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 85

records were done. They were collected at flowering stages and herbarium specimens were prepared as vouchers using standard techniques (Jain & Rao, 1967). All the collected plant specimens and prepared voucher specimens kept in the Gujarat Ecology Society Herbarium. For the current name and up to date nomenclature web site the plant list were also consulted (The Plant List, 2013). Questionnaire based survey was done with the locals to know the local names and traditional use of the agrestals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Enumeration of species with their botanical name, local and English name are presented in Table 2. In the present study total 119 herbaceous species were identified as agrestals belonging to 87 genera and 34 families from agricultural fields in the two villages. At Angadh village 109 agrestals species representing 32 families and at Fazalpur village represented 118 agrestals species under 34 families is reported (Table 2, Table 3). Representation of dicotyledons agrestal species dominated with 72.26 % (86 species) while 27.73 % (33 species) represented Monocotyledons. Family wise agrestal species is listed in Table 3. The top 7 families with more than 5 species are Amaranthaceae (9sp.), Asteraceae (9), Cyperaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (6), Fabaceae (10), Malvaceae (6), Poaceae (23) from Angadh village. Whereas, in Fazalpur village top 8 families with 5 or more than 5 species are Acanthaceae (6), Amaranthaceae (9), Asteraceae (9), Cyperaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (5), Fabaceae (10), Malvaceae (6), Poaceae (25). Habit wise herbs dominated and only under shrub reported is Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. (Syn. Sida indica L.). Monocotyledon is represented by Cyperaceae, Commelinaceae and Poaceae. Poaceae was the largest family represented 21 % and 22 % of total agrestals with 23 and 25 species in Angadh and Fazalpur respectively. The dominant genera in agrestal were Cyperus (6), Eragrostis (5), Sida (4), Corchorus (3). In irrigated crops, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv., Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Parthenium hysterophorus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Tridax procumbens L. are predominant agrestal reported. In non-irrigated crop fields, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv., Tridax procumbens L., Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl., Glinus lotoides L. (Syn. Mollugo hirta Thunb.), Heliotropium supinum L., Indigofera linnaei Ali (Syn. Indigofera enneaphylla L.), Parthenium hysterophorus L., Solanum surattense Burm. F is common. Presence of Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Senna tora (L.) Roxb. species indicate high level of anthropogenic pressure in agricultural fields. Figure 2: Family wise Distribution Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 86

Table 2: Inventory of Agrestals from Study Area Sr. No. Scientific Name Family Local Name Angadh Fazalpur 1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Malvaceae Fundi, Khapat (Syn. Sida indica L.) 2. Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Dadro 3. Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex R. & S.) Obwi (Syn. Poaceae Chinkhe Eleusine racemosa Heyne ex R. & S.) 4. Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Anghedi 5. Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Gorakh ganjo 6. Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex J. A. Schultes Amaranthaceae Gorakh ganjo 7. Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Mankad mari, Dholi sadadi 8. Alternanthera pungens H. B. & K. Nov. Amaranthaceae 9. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Amaranthaceae 10. Alysicarpus procumbens (Roxb.) Schindl. Fabaceae 11. Alysicarpus scariosus (Rottl. Ex Spreng.) Grah. Ex Fabaceae Ruchhalo samervo Thw. 12. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae 13. Amaranthus virdis L. Amaranthaceae 14. Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Pimperbel 15. Apluda mutica L. Poaceae Mauritian grass 16. Arundinella metzii Hochst. Ex Miq. Poaceae Dhudu Ghas, Bajjariu 17. Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) Steud. Poaceae 18. Avena sterilis L. var. culta (Syn. Avena sativa auct Poaceae Jangali Oat ron L.):. 19. Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Kantasherio 20. Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl. Elatinaceae Gandharo Okhrad 21. Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth Acanthaceae Untigan 22. Blumea eriantha DC. Asteraceae Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 87

23. Blumea lacera (Burm. F.) DC. Asteraceae 24. Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Druce Nyctaginaceae Punarnava, Satodi 25. Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Punarnava 26. Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Caesalpiniaceae Chimed (Syn. Cassia absus L.) 27. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Apocynaceae Barmasi 28. Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Lampdi 29. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Poaceae 30. Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Chil ni bhaji 31. Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodiaceae Balaro 32. Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Kadiyu 33. Cleome gynandra L. (Syn. C. pentaphylla L.) Capparaceae Gandhatu 34. Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Aparajita, Koyal, Garni 35. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermaceae Vevti, Vevdi 36. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae 37. Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commellinaceae 38. Convolvulus microphyllus (Roth.) Sieb. Ex Spr. Convolvulaceae Shankhavali, Dholi Shankhavali 39. Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae Chunch 40. Corchorus fascicularis L. Tiliaceae Chunch 41. Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Chunch 42. Chrozophora prostrata Dalz. Euphorbiaceae 43. Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Fabaceae 44. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Durva, Darbh 45. Cyperus alulatus Kern Cyperaceae 46. Cyperus bulbosus Vahl Cyperaceae Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 88

47. Cyperus compressus L. Cyperaceae 48. Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceae 49. Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae 50. Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus Cyperaceae Dhupel 51. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae 52. Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. var gangeticum Fabaceae Shalparni 53. Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf Poaceae Zinjavo 54. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Kanjaro 55. Digitaria adscendens (H. B. & K.) Henrard (Syn. D. sanguinalis Scop. var. ciliaris Poaceae Aarotaro 56. Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. Poaceae Khariu 57. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Poaceae Samo 58. Echinochloa frumentacea Link Poaceae Banti 59. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Mant. (Syn. Eclipta alba Asteraceae Bhangro (L.) Hassk. 60. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn, Poaceae Bavto 61. Eleusine indica (L.) Gertn. Poaceae Ukdo 62. Enicostema axillare subsp. littorale (Blume) Gentianaceae Mamejvo, Kadvi nai A.Raynal 63. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Poaceae Murmur 64. Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. Poaceae 65. Eragrostis poaeoides P. Beauv. Poaceae Darudi 66. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & S. Poaceae Kalavo 67. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees Poaceae 68. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Bhony dudheli 69. Euphorbia prostrata Ait. Euphorbiaceae Bhony dudheli 70. Evovulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Kali Shankhavali 71. Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Dholi Shankhavali Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 89

72. Glinus lotoides L. (Syn. Mollugo hirta Thunb.) Molluginaceae Mitho okharad 73. Heliotropium supinum L. Boraginaceae Ghedio okhrad 74. Hybanthus linearifolius (Vahl) Urb. Violaceae (Syn. Ionidium suffruticosum Ging.) 75. Hygrophila serpyllum (Nees) T. Anders. Acanthaceae Sarpat 76. Indigofera linnaei Ali (Syn. Indigofera enneaphylla L.) Fabaceae Fatakiya 77. Justicia simplex D. Don. Acanthaceae 78. Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Asteraceae Moti Bhonpatri Rajagopal 79. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. Lamiaceae Kubi 80. Leucas cephalotes L. Lamiaceae Kubo 81. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Malvaceae 82. Medicago sativa L. Fabaceae Lachko, Rajko 83. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Cucurbitaceae Chanak chibhdi 84. Ocimum canum Sims Lamiaceae Tukmaria, Jangli tulsi, 85. Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Rubiaceae Parpati 86. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. Poaceae 87. Orobanche cernua Loefl. Orobanchae Vakumbho 88. Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae 89. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Gajar ghas, Congress grass 90. Paspalum scrobiculatus L. Poaceae Kodri 91. Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Gokhru 92. Phalaris minor Retz. Poaceae Gullidanda 93. Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Euphorbiaceae Bhoyamli 94. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Euphorbiaceae Bakarato 95. Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Popti Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 90

96. Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd. Polygalaceae 97. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Motiluni, Kutbo 98. Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Luni, Khati bhaji 99. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Var. minima Fabaceae Nani Kamalvel 100. Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Fatakdi 101. Rungia repens (L.) Nees Acanthaceae 102. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Syn.Cassia Caesalpiniaceae Kasundri occidentalis L.) 103. Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Kuvandio (Syn.Cassia tora L.) 104. Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae Bala 105. Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Bors Malvaceae Bhoyabala (Syn. Sida veroicaefolia Lam.) 106. Sida cordifolia. L Malvaceae Bala 107. Sida retusa L. Malvaceae Atibala 108. Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth Poaceae Chiktu, Kutariyu 109. Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Piludi 110. Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Bhoiringni 111. Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Dudhli sonki 112. Spermacoce verticillata L. (Syn. Borreria stricta (L. Rubiaceae f.) Schum.) 113. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Sarpankho 114. Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng. Fabaceae Hathimathi 115. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Aizoaceae Satodo 116. Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Bethu gokhru 117. Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Bhaglu, Pardesi bhangro 118. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Zipti 119. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Sahdevi, Sadedi Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 91

Table 3: Family wise Chart Angadh and Fazalpur Sr. No. Family Name Species per Family Sr. No. Family Name Species per Family Angadh Fazalpur Angadh Fazalpur 1. Acanthaceae 5 6 18. Lamiaceae 3 3 2. Aizoaceae 1 1 19. Malvaceae 6 6 3. Amaranthaceae 9 9 20. Menispermaceae 1 1 4. Apocynaceae 1 1 21. Molluginaceae 1 1 5. Asteraceae 9 9 22. Nyctaginaceae 1 2 6. Boraginaceae 1 1 23. Orobanchaceae 1 1 7. Caesalpiniaceae 2 3 24. Oxalidaceae 1 1 8. Capparaceae 1 1 25. Pedaliaceae 1 1 9. Chenopodiaceae 2 2 26. Poaceae 23 25 10. Commelinaceae 2 2 27. Polygalaceae 1 1 11. Convolvulaceae 2 3 28. Portulacaceae 2 2 12. Cucurbitaceae 1 1 29. Primulaceae - 1 13. Cyperaceae 6 6 30. Rubiaceae 1 2 14. Elatinaceae 1 1 31. Solanaceae 3 3 15. Euphorbiaceae 6 5 32. Tiliaceae 3 4 16. Fabaceae 10 10 33. Violaceae - 1 17. Gentianaceae 1 1 34. Zygophyllaceae 1 1 Total Families 109 118 During the study close association between crops and particular agrestal was reported (Table 4). For e.g., along with wheat crop Phalaris minor Retz. (Gullidanda), Chenopodium murale L. (Chil balado), Chenopodium album L. (Chil), Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. (Kubi), Enicostema axillare subsp. littorale (Blume) A. Raynal (Mamejvo), Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus (Chido), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Chokadiyu) are common agrestal species found in both the villages. Studies indicated that increase in weed diversity have a positive impact on functioning of the agroecosystems (Albrecht, 2003; Norris and Kogan, 2005; Franke et al., 2009). Weeds have been found to support beneficial ecological services such as pollination activity (Gabriel & Tscharntke, 2006) and prevent soil erosion (Walker, 1992; Zimdahl, 1993). Further, studies are required to relate the relation between the agrestal and the crop production. Utilization of Agrestals: The uses of agrestals is depicted in the Table 5, 5A, 5B Medicinal Purpose: Locals use some agrestals to cure or as a precaution measures for various type of illness. Agrestals are used for diseases like cough and cold, fever, dysentery, constipation, diabetes, eczema, jaundice, menstrual problem, piles, skin diseases, snakebite, toothache, vomiting, worm and others. Food and Nutrition: In the present study it was found that 11 species were used as leafy vegetables (Amaranthus, Purslane, Chenopodium, Leucas, tender leaves of Senna etc.) and five species as Minor cereals (Table 5B). Amaranthus virdis L. and Amaranthus spinosus L., Chenopodium album L., have the potential as pseudo cereal crop or harvesting from agrestals itself as the seeds were also used as food in earlier time. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 92

Table 4: Crop-Agrestal Association Observed in Main Crop Main Crop Monocotyledon sp. with Local Name Dicotyledon sp. with Local Name Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus Orobanche cernua Loefl. (Vakumbho) (Chido) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Tribulus terrestris L. (Bethu Gokhru) (Chokadiyu) Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Dharo) Amaranthus spinosus L (Kanta Tobacco sheriyu/kantado tandaljo) Digitaria adscendens (H. B. & K.) Henrard Portulaca oleracea L. (Moti luni) (Syn. D. sanguinalis Scop. var. ciliaris ) (Aarotaro) Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. Chenopodium album L. (Chil) Wheat Cotton Pearl Millet Ivy guard Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus (Chido) Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Dharo) Phalaris minor Retz. (Gullidanda) Avena sterilis L. var. culta (Syn. Avena sativa auct ron L.):.(Jangli oat) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Chokadiyu) Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (Samo) Echinochloa frumentacea Link (Banti) Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. (Khariyu) Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth (Chiktu, Kutariyu) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Chokadiyu) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Chokadiyu) Eleusine indica (L.) Gertn. (Ukdo) Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (Samo) Eragrostis poaeoides P. Beauv. (Darudi) Chloris barbata Sw. (Kadiyu) Eleusine indica (L.) Gertn. (Ukdo) Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Dharo) Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Murmur) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Chokadiyu) Chenopodium album L. (Chil) Chenopodium murale L. (Chil balado) Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. (Kubi) Enicostema axillare subsp. littorale (Blume) A.Raynal (Mamejvo) Leucas cephalotes L. (Kubo) Euphorbia hirta L. ( bhony dudheli) Celosia argentea L. (Lambdi) Digera muricata (L.) Mart. (Kanjaro) Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Satodo) Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. (Fulekiyu, Sahdevi) Trianthema portulacastrum L. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. (Syn. Sida indica L.) (fundi, Khapat, Kanski) Euphorbia hirta L. (Bhony dudheli) Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (Bhony aamli) Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Satodo) Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Satodo) Euphorbia hirta L. (Bhony dudheli) Sida acuta Burm. f. (Bala) Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (Bhony amli) Boerhavia diffusa L. (Satodi) Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 93

Table 5: Utilization of Agrestals Angadh Total No. of Plant 105 114 Medicinally imp 22 22 Leafy vegetable 11 11 Minor cereal 5 5 Hindu rituals 3 3 Thatching and fencing 1 1 Fuel 4 4 Fodder 100 109 Mulching / Composting 104 113 Table 5A: Medicinally Important Agrestals Sr. No. Scientific Name Local Name 1. Acalypha indica L. Dadro 2. Achyranthes aspera L. Anghedi 3. Blumea eriantha DC. 4. Blumea lacera (Burm. F.) DC. 5. Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Druce Punarnava 6. Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava 7. Cleome gynandra L. Gandhatu (Syn. C. pentaphylla L.) 8. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevti, Vevdi 9. Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. Rotundus Dhupel 10. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Mant. Bhangro (Syn. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Fazalpur 11. Enicostema axillare subsp. littorale Mamejvo, Kadvi nai (Blume) A.Raynal 12. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. Kubo, Kubi 13. Ocimum canum Sims Tukmaria, Jangli tulsi 14. Pedalium murex L. Gokhru 15. Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Bhoyamli 16. Portulaca oleracea L. Motiluni, Kutbo 17. Solanum surattense Burm. f. Bhoiringni 18. Sonchus oleraceus L. Dudhli sonki 19. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Satodo 20. Tribulus terrestris L. Bethu gokhru 21. Tridax procumbens L. Bhaglu, Pardesi bhangro 22. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Sahdevi, Sadedi Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 94

Table 5B: Edible Agrestals Sr. No. Scientific Name Local Name Uses 1 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. Kasundri Leafy vegetable 2 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Kuvandio Leafy vegetable 3 Celosia argentea L. Lampdi Leafy vegetable 4 Chenopodium album L. Chil ni bhaji Leafy vegetable 5 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Kanjaro Leafy vegetable 6 Amaranthus virdis L. Tandaljo Leafy vegetable 7 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. Kubo, Kubi Leafy vegetable 8 Oxalis corniculata L. Khati bhaji Leafy vegetable 9 Portulaca oleracea L. Motiluni, Kutbo Leafy vegetable 10 Portulaca quadrifida L. Luni, Khari bhaji Leafy vegetable 11 Trianthema portulacastrum L. Satodo Leafy vegetable 12 Avena sterilis L. var. culta Oat Minor cereal (Syn. Avena sativa auct ron L.) 13 Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Samo Minor cereal 14 Echinochloa frumentacea Link Banti Minor cereal 15 Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn, Bavto Minor cereal 16 Eleusine indica (L.) Gertn. Ukdo Minor cereal 17 Paspalum scrobiculatus L. Kodri Minor Cereals Fodder: Agrestals were commonly used as fodder by the villagers. The locals have adopted a different mechanism of using agrestals for fodder. The entire green weed is removed first and then inedible species like Parthenium hysterophorus L., Achyranthes aspera L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Tribulus terrestris L., Pedalium murex L are removed before using as fodder. Probably this is done to save time in the field. Composting and Mulching: Locals are well aware of the importance of few species in improving soil conditions. For e.g. Portulaca oleracea L., Trianthema portulacastrum L. are excellent soil conditioners and improve the soil moisture and water holding capacity. After the crop harvesting, the agrestals are burnt along with the stubble to provide nutrients to the soils and improve nutrient cycling. Other species like Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw are use for thatching and fencing. Clitoria ternatea L., Ocimum canum Sims, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Is used during various rituals. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw., Achyranthes aspera L., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Senna tora (L.) Roxb. used as fuel. Utilization of Agrestals Mulching/Composting Fodder Fuel Thatching and fencing Hindu rituals Minor cereal Leafy vegetable Medicinally imp 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00% Fazalpur Angadh Figure 3: Utilization Percentage of Agrestals Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 95

The present study concludes that 100% of species are used as fodder and for composting. Only 20% used for medicinal and less than 10% were used as food. The higher use of agrestals in fodder is to larger representation of grass species (Poaceae family). The area being ravenous support grass species in comparison to other species. The studies conducted have depicted substantial decline in agrestal species richness. Parthenium hysterophorus L. is the invasive (Rao, 1956) agrestal, which was found in the present study. Invasion has reduced species diversity of native agrestals and fodder yield quality and quantity (Adkins & Sowerby, 1996; Mahadevappa et al., 2001; Anonymous, 2005; Kohli et al., 2006; Dwari & Mondal, 2012; Kumari et al., 2014). Diversity in agrestal populations changes due to advancement in the cropping pattern and agro-technology. To effectively control the invasion of agrestals the best option available is to use the same as food supplements or forage. Conclusion Documenting the agrestal species and its relative distribution facilitates the establishment of priorities for research and extension services (Randall, 1996; Swaminathan, 1997; Hassan & Marwat, 2001, Jackson et al., 2005; Rana & Rana, 2015). There is higher percentage of plants used for fodder, medicinal purpose and food. The study provides base line data for further studies by pharmacognosist, ecologists, ethno botanist and pharmacologist for the collection an impact of agrestals on socio-economically and livelihood of villagers. Parthenium hysterophorus L. pose significant challenges to manage and to control invasion of such species certain important steps like special vigilance squad, public awareness are required. Amontrum aksharam nasti, Nasti Mulam vanaostham, Ayogya Pursas nasti, Yoja Tatha Tatra durlabha. There is not a single letter in the word which do not have any meaning, there is no plant in the world which is not used, similarly, there is every plant species have potential for utilization, only there is need of good management. REFERENCES Adkins SW and Sowerby MS (1996). Allelopathic potential of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 11 20-23. Aher SK (2015). Floristic diversity assessment of Parner tehsil, Maharshtra (India). Indian Journal of Applied and Pure Biology 30(2) 123-130. Albrecht H (2003). Suitability of arable weeds as indicator organisms to evaluate species conservation effects of management in agricultural ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 98 201-211. Anonymous (2005). Invasive Alien Species. Convention on Biological Diversity. CBD Convention on Biological Diversity. Auti BK, Pingale SD and Aher RK (2004). Survey of weeds and their medicinal value from Shrirampurtahsil (Ahmednagar District (M.S.)). Advances in Plant Sciences 17(II) 395-401. Bhandari DC and Sen DN (1979). Agro-ecosystem analysis of the Indian arid zone Indigofera cordifolia as a weed. Agro-ecosystems 5(3) 257-262. Bhattacharyya G (1996). Medico-Ethno-botanical value of Saurashtra weeds. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany Additional Series 12 166-168. Boatman ND, Hart A, Clook M, Brown VK, Holland JM and Lutman PJW (2003). A risk assessment framework for determining the effects of pesticides on farmland biodiversity. Proceedings of the BCPC International Congress - Crop Science and Technology 239-244. Cooke T (1967). Flora of Presidency of Bombay, (Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India) 1-3. Dwari S and Mondal AK (2012). The impact, uses, and ecological role of agrestals in two selected agroecosystems of Eastern India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 4(13) 472-480. Franke AC, Lotz L, Van Der Burg WJ and Van Overbeek L (2009). The role of arable weed seeds for agroecosystem functioning. Weed Research 49 131-141. Gabriel D and Tscharntke T (2006). Insect pollinated plants benefit from organic farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 118 43-48. Gupta OP (2003). Weed Management, second edition, (Agrobios (India) Publication, Jodhpur, India). Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 96

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