Les impacts du changement climatique sur la viticulture: une vision européenne, Geisenheim University, Allemagne Château Johannisberg, ville de Geisenheim 50th degree latitude Bibliotheca subterranea 1748 First ice wine 1858
1. European challenges / how are we dealing with available data 2. The climate variability problem 3. Varietal adaptation 4. soils: the unknown half 5. An experimental view into the future
1. European challenges Santos et al. (2012) Clim.Res. 51: 89 103
Santos et al. (2012) Clim.Res. 51: 89 103
All these data are too rough basically there are not really applicable to a vineyards situation Santos et al. (2012) Clim.Res. 51: 89 103
2. The climate variability problem
The average global March to May temperature was 0.6 C above the 20th century average, tying with 2004 as the 8 th warmest on record but Europe was distinctly cooler
Record wetness was observed over parts of the north central United States, part of central Europe, and a section of Far East Russia. Record dryness was scattered across different parts of the globe, including part of northern Chile and Argentina, northern South Africa, south central Ukraine.
precipitation and pot. ET (mm) 650 A (May-October) 600 550 pot. ET 500 350 300 250 precipitation 200 B (November-April) 275 precipitation pot. ET meas. pot. ET sim. Star II precip. meas. precip. sim. Star II variability in thepast and in the future, Cyclic variations 250 225 pot. ET 200 175 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 Year Schultz and Hofmann unpublished
Variation au niveau hydrique du vignoble pre-dawn leaf water potential (-MPa) 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0-1,2-1,4 Pic. St. Loup, irrigated Pic. St. Loup, calcareous soil Aude, calcareous soil Syrah 160 200 240 280 Loire, sandy clay Loire, sand on deep clay Napa Valley irrigated Napa Valley not irrigated St. Emilion, sand on clay layer St. Emilion, gravely Loire, sand on sandstone Cabernet franc 160 200 240 280 day of year Rheingau, shallow soil Rheingau, deep loess soil Rheingau, med. loam irrigated Rheingau, steep slope Riesling 160 200 240 280 Donnés de Winkel et Rambal 1993, Morlat et al.1992, van Leeuwen et Seguin 1994, Schultz and Gruber 2005, Schüttler 2009
We need to be more aware of spatial and temporal differencesand variability (risk analyses) 175 mm PAW 75 mm PAW Hofmann Hans R. Hans Schultz R. Schultz und Schultz unpublished
We need high resolution landscape analyses Number of drought stress days (pre-dawn water potential < -0.6 MPa) 80 60 40 20 Dry site - Ehrenfels Moist site - Johannisberg STAR II (Potsdam Institute of Climate Impact) coupled to Lebon et al. 2003 0 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 Year Schultz and Hofmann unpublished
2007 2010 Flood in England Flood in Poland Sunburn in Germany, Austria. Flood in Germany 2013 15.6.2010
3. Varietal adaptation
Recent predictions, will they become true? + 84% + 189% 58% 44% 62% Climate change, wine and conservation Hannah et al. 2013, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi
grapes/climate/ripening Durschnittliche Temp moyennetemp. Apr. Okt. / Okt. Apr.? Rheingau 70 99 Burgundy Rheingau Burgundy 70 99 00 12 00 12 Côtes du Rhone Côtes du Rhone 70 99 00 12 Developments are faster than expected Van Leeuwen et al. 2013; PNAS response Jones et al. 2005; Climate Change 73: 319 343
4. Soils the unknown half We know something about the conditions above-ground but what do we know about the conditions belowground in the soil?
what we don t see Strong increase in soil temperature (the Potsdam timeseries) Since 1898 strongest warming May-August (1m depth 2.4-3.2 C!!) Trend in K 1m 12m Böhme und Böttcher, Klimastatusbericht des Deutschen Wetterdienstes 2011
Changing conditions during ripening Hofmann und Schultz unpublished
Changing conditions during ripening 2003 2011 Hofmann und Schultz unpublished
Climate challenges the ripening phase Temperature and precipitationduring ripening (for 60 days after veraison, 1955 2013, Geisenheim) dry moist We currently have more frequent moist and warm conditions during the maturity phase. Avg. Daily mean temp. C cool - warm Hofmann und Schultz unpublished
A simulation study of nitrogen mineralisation in the soil Sandy soil (avg. org.matter content) N-mineralisation (kg/ha) 420 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 1961-1990 1971-2000 1981-2010 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 Day of the Year 220 230 240 250 260 270 1. Aug. 1. Sept. 1. Aug. 1. Sept. Clay soil (avg. org.matter content) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 N-mineralisation (kg/ha) Schultz, Ehlig, Hassemer Schwarz unpublished
Improving vineyard carbon balance and water use efficiency with new types of cover crops Open soil, no tilled Open soil, tilled Festuca arundinacea Trifolium repens Sorghum sudanensis Digitaria californica b -2-4 ab -6 ab a -8-10 WUE (g CO2 / l H2O) 19/09/08 - Sunny 12 C4 plants in a C3 environment? Martin Uliarte, INTA Mendoza, Argentina,GRC, Germany
5. An experimental view into the future
FACE2FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment- Infrastruktur Gießen (Linden)-FACE Geisenheim-FACE Core Experiment II Core Experiment I
FACE2FACE Interactions I CO 2 concentration has a very complex influence on different organisational levels with direct and indirect effects. 1. Plant productivity, C und N cycle with complex effects on i.e. plant associated microbial and insect communities in the Rhizo and Phyllosphere 2. Feedback mechanisms between soil plant atmosphere can influence greenhouse gas emissions and interactions betweeen pathogens and plants, repectively environmental factors and biomass composition. 3. Challenge: Understanding of the interactions between obove and below ground processes.
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