Visual Recogni on Standards Guide FOR GRAIN COMMODITY SAMPLING & ASSESSMENT Issued as at 1 st August 2017 I
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Visual Recogni on Standards Guide Issued 1 st August 2017 Grain Trade Australia (GTA) These photographs and illustra ons are produced as a set of visual standards for the purpose of facilita ng the trading of commodi es depicted within Australia. Disclaimer: The photographs and illustra ons reproduced in this Guide are produced to supplement the Grain Trade Australia Commodity Standards and for the purpose of facilita ng the trade of the depicted commodi es, within Australia. These images may not be used in part or full for commercial uses without the expressed permission of the Grain Trade Australia Standards Commi ee. Designed by BLVB III
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduc on 1 Document Calibra on 2 BARLEY: Common Defects 3 Sec on 1.1 4 Varietal Iden fica on: Barley Sec on 1.2 5 Sprouted 5 Dark Tipped (WA- Germ End Stained) 5 Shot 5 Field Fungi (WA- Spo ed/field Fungi Affected) 5 Sec on 1.3 Skinnings (WA- Skinned) 6 Cleaved (front, back and side) 6 Sec on 1.4 Insect Damaged 7 Distorted 7 Dry Green or Sappy 7 Broken 7 Sec on 1.5 WA - Heavily Discoloured 8 Severely Damaged 8 Pink Fungal Staining 8 Sec on 1.6 Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley) 9 WHEAT: Common Defects 10 Sec on 2.1 Commodity: Durum Iden fica on from Bread Wheat 11 Sec on 2.2 Pink Stained 12 Stained 12 Insect Damaged 12 Sec on 2.3 Distorted 13 Sprouted 13 Dry Green or Sappy 13 Sec on 2.4 Field Fungi 14 Severely Damaged 14 Sec on 2.5 White Grain Disorder / Head Scab 15 Sec on 2.6 Ball Smuts 16 Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring (WA- Pickled Wheat) 16 SORGHUM: Common Defects 17 Sec on 3.1 Severely Damaged 18 Insect Damaged 18 Sprouted 18 V
Sec on 3.2 Mould 19 Field Fungi 19 Sec on 3.3 Honeydew 20 Sorghum Ergot 20 OATS: Common Defects 21 Sec on 4.1 Damaged Grains 22 Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt 22 Field Fungi (WA- Spo ed Mould Affected) 22 Sec on 4.2 Stained Grains (WA- Heavily Discoloured) 23 Stained Groats 23 Sec on 4.3 Insect Damaged 24 Dry Green or Sappy 24 Sprouted 24 Shot 24 CANOLA: Common Defects 25 Sec on 5.1 Broken or Split 26 Sprouted 26 Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Badly Damaged 26 Weather Damaged 26 Sec on 5.2 Mould 27 Green Seeds 27 DESI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 28 Sec on 6.1 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 29 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 29 Sec on 6.2 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 30 Sec on 6.3 Insect Damaged 31 Hail Damaged 31 Sprouted 31 Sec on 6.4 Mouldy and Caked 32 Green - Desi Chickpeas 32 Sec on 6.5 Poor Colour 33 Sec on 6.6 Stained and Weather Damaged 34 Fungal Affected 34 KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 35 Sec on 7.1 Poor Colour - Seed Coat 36 Insect Damaged 36 Sec on 7.2 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 37 Sec on 7.3 Mouldy and Caked 38 Sprouted 38 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 38 VI
FEED MAIZE: Common Defects 39 Sec on 8.1 Heat Damaged / Bin Burnt 40 Broken 40 Insect Damaged 40 Sprouted 40 Sec on 8.2 Storage Mould 41 Fungal Affected 41 Silk Cut 41 Starburst 41 Dead 41 Sec on 8.3 Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring 42 Field Fungi 42 Kernel Red Streak 42 ANGUSTIFOLIUS LUPINS: Common Defects 43 Sec on 9.1 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 44 Manganese Deficiency 44 Sec on 9.2 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 45 Insect Damaged 45 Sec on 9.3 Phomopsis 46 Bi er Dark 46 Poor Colour 46 Sec on 9.4 Pickling Compounds 47 Sprouted 47 Mouldy and Caked 47 RED LENTILS: Common Defects 48 Sec on 10.1 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 49 Sec on 10.2 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 50 Sec on 10.3 Insect Damaged 51 Mouldy and Caked 51 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 51 Sprouted 51 Sec on 10.4 Poor Colour Seed Coat 52 Poor Colour Kernel - Dehulled Len l 52 Blonde Kernel 52 Sec on 10.5 Contras ng Colours Sec on 10.6 Fungal Affected 54 Stained and Weather Damaged 54 FIELD PEAS: Common Defects 55 Sec on 11.1 Bin Burnt / Heat Damaged 56 Insect Damaged 56 Mouldy and Caked 56 Sec on 11.2 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 57 Sec on 11.3 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 58 Sprouted 58 VII
Sec on 11.4 Poor Colour 59 FABA BEANS: Common Defects 60 Sec on 12.1 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 61 Fungal Affected 61 Sec on 12.2 Mouldy and Caked 62 Sprouted 62 Insect Damaged 62 Sec on 12.3 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 63 Sec on 12.4 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 64 Frost Damaged/Stained 64 Sec on 12.5 Poor Colour 65 MUNG BEANS: Common Defects 66 Sec on 13.1 Cracked / Missing / Chipped 67 Insect Damage 67 Shot and Sprung 67 Sec on 13.2 Stained 68 Wrinkled 68 Sec on 13.3 Pod Scale 69 VIII
INTRODUCTION Defec ve Grains This guide is produced to assist samplers and assessors of grain in the determina on of defec ve grains which are covered by the Grain Trade Australia (GTA), Australian Oilseeds Federa on (AOF), and Pulse Australia standards. All images in this guide (unless otherwise iden fied) are defec ve. These photographs depict the minimum standard for a grain to be assessed as defec ve. If a grain defect does not meet the physical a ributes depicted in the photograph it is to be assessed as sound. Pictures shown at this size are an approximate size of the original grain only. These pictures are enlarged to assist in illustra on of the defect. Calibra on A calibra on sheet is provided for those who are downloading and prin ng these guides. Careful calibra on of these photographs is vital as monitors and printers may vary. 1
Document Calibra on CMYK Value: C=15 M=100 Y=100 K=0 Minolta Value: L= 48.59 a= +51.21 b= +31.27 CMYK Value: C=100 M=0 Y=0 K=0 Minolta Value: L= 55.41 a= -17.28 b= -43.99 CMYK Value: C=0 M=0 Y=100 K=0 Minolta Value: L= 87.53 a= -10.50 b= +80.56 NOTE: The hardware (monitor, graphics card, etc.) Used to display the images in Inspector Standardisa on content influences the appearance of the images. As a result the images may have a slightly different appearance when viewed on different makes/models of computer and display. These images where created using a Dino-Lite Pro AM- 413T, calibrated LCD display with 1680x1050, 32 Bit, 60 Hz resolu on and the following calibra on se ngs: Brightness: 0 Contrast: 50 Gamma: 1.0 Hue: 0 Satura on: 0 The VRSG should be viewed using a computer with digital video (DVI) output and an EIZO CG19, EIZO S1921, EIZO S1932, EIZO S1961, or EIZO CE210W display. Paper Type for Prin ng: Brand: Office Elements GSM: 80gsm Colour: White Laminate material: Brand: OfficeMax 125 Micron lamina ng pouches Re-Order Code: 1950630 Disclaimer: The men on of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended 2
Sec on 1 BARLEY: Common Defects aleurone endosperm scutellum husk embryo Barley Grain 3
Sec on 1.1 - Varietal Iden fica on: Barley Defini on: The main characteris c used in iden fying barley varie es is the length of the hairs on the Rachilla. The Rachilla is white in colour and found running along the grain furrow from the germ end. There are two main types of Rachilla hair length, that being long hairs, and short woolly hairs. Ventral Crease Palea Common Varie es including: Bass, Baudin, Buloke, Compass, Dhow, Fairview, Fitzroy, Flagship, Flinders, GrangeR, Hamelin, Henley, Navigator, Scope, Tallon, Wimmera Awn End of Grain Rachilla Long Long Ventral Crease Palea Common Varie es including: Arapiles, Commander, Gairdner, Grimme, Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, Schooner, Sloop, SloopSA, SloopVIC, S rling, Westminster Dorsal (Back) Germ End of Grain Ventral (Front) Rachilla For a complete list of all Barley varie es, please visit the Barley Australia website. h p://www.barleyaustralia.com.au Short Short 4
Sec on 1.2 - Barley: Common Defects Sprouted Defini on: Sprouted grains are those with any visible evidence of the shoot or root system beginning to emerge from the germ. Shot Defini on: Barley grains exhibi ng the following outward signs of having commenced germina on are classified as Shot: Opening of the grain at the germ end and/or The husk has tramlines on both sides where the husk has begun to li on each side on the back of the grain at the germ end. Dark Tipped (WA - Germ End Stained) Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed/field Fungi Affected) tram lines Defini on: Grains exhibit a dis nct dark brown to black discoloura on. This mainly occurs at the germ end of the grain however in severe cases it may progress to other parts of the grain. Dark pping equal to or greater than 1mm is classified as defec ve grain. Note: image represents the minimal level of intensity of colour and 1mm length. 1mm Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat has the appearance of black spo ng occurring anywhere on the grain or a grey surface discoloura on of the kernel. Coverage greater than approximately 10% of the grain surface is considered defec ve. Grains that show a coverage of approximately 10% or less are Black Spo ng Black Spo ng to be classified as sound. Grey Discoloura on 5
Sec on 1.3 - Barley: Common Defects Skinnings (WA - Skinned) Defini on: Skinnings is defined as damage to the protec ve husk of the barley. Each grain exhibi ng one or more of the following characteris cs is assessed as a skinned grain: Skinnings - 1/3 or more of the total surface area of the husk is missing Germ Exposed - The husk is removed from the germ end of the grain or has been damaged (other than Shot or Sprouted) or the germ itself has been removed. Dorsal (back) Ventral (Front) Germ Exposed Cleaved (front, back and side) Defini on: A split along the crease or a split down the back, front or side of the grain exposing the white endosperm. Any visible cleaving is considered defec ve. Dorsal (back) Ventral (Front) Side 6
Sec on 1.4 - Barley: Common Defects Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classified as defec ve. Distorted Defini on: Grain which is collapsed on the dorsal side. Sound Side Grain Sound Grain Dorsal Side Dry Green or Sappy Broken Defini on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Dry Green grains are usually dry and hard. Defini on: Grain that has 1/3 or more missing from the kernel. Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as defec ve. Sound Grain 7
Sec on 1.5 - Barley: Common Defects WA - Heavily Discoloured Defini on: These are grains where the staining is dark and burnt in appearance. Usually affec ng more than the germ end. Pink Fungal Staining Defini on: These are otherwise healthy grains which show an orange, pink to red discoloura on found anywhere on the surface. Severely Damaged Defini on: Mould, heat damaged / burnt, diseased or other serious visual defects. Refers to those grains that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains appear dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. May also appear discoloured under the husk on the kernel. Does not include Field Fungi affected grains, refer to Field Fungi common defect. Sound Grain Blackened Diseased Fusarium Heat Damaged Mould 8
Sec on 1.6 - Barley: Pickling Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley) Defini on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fied by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Any grains that are ar ficially coloured regardless of intensity are defec ve. Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar ficial colours and appearance only. A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage or colour. 9
Sec on 2 WHEAT: Common Defects endosperm aleurone nucellar tissue seed coat (testa) Tube cells cross cells hypodermis epidermis scutellum shealth of shoot germ Wheat Grain 10
Sec on 2.1 - Durum Iden fica on Commodity: Durum Iden fica on from Bread Wheat Descrip on: Bread Wheat can be visually dis nguished from Durum by the fine hairs on the brush end of the grain. These hairs are only associated with Bread Wheat varie es. Germ End Bread Wheat Brush End Durum Fine hairs 11
Sec on 2.2 - Wheat: Common Defects Pink Stained Defini on: This is a grain that has a dis nct pink discoloura on. Grains that are pink but also contain a white to light grey fungal like discoloura on over more than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface are to be classified as White Grain Disorder/Head Scab. Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classified as defec ve. Stained Defini on: A dis nct dark brown to black discoloura on on the germ end that, in severe cases, may progress to other parts of the grain such as the crease. These grains are commonly referred to as black point or black p. 1/2 the germ Includes any staining beyond the minimum up to 50% of the en re grain surface. For grains showing more than approximately 50% coverage of the en re grain surface refer to Field Fungi. Streaking Brush Ventral Brush Dorsal Stained Crease Black Tip Discoloura on must be 50% or more of the germ 12
Sec on 2.3 - Wheat: Common Defects Distorted Defini on: Grains generally have the appearance of full sized kernels with li le or no structure on both dorsal sides of the grain, and are typically grey to blue in colour. This defini on does not include pinched grain. Sound wheat Blue Hue Above 2mm screen only Sprouted Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split. It includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the germ. Kernels exhibi ng early stages of sprou ng are those where the covering of the germ is split, but without further development of the shoot. Dry Green or Sappy Defini on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Dry green grains are usually dry and hard. Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as defec ve. Scalloped (not defec ve) 13
Sec on 2.4 - Wheat: Common Defects Field Fungi Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where more than half of the seed coat is discoloured. The visible discoloura on of affected grains can vary from dark grey, brown to black in colour. Grains that are approximately 50% or less discoloured are to be classified as Stained. Severely Damaged Defini on: Mould, heat damaged / burnt, or other serious visual defects. Refers to those grains that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains appear reddish brown, dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. Does not include Field Fungi affected grains, refer to Field Fungi common defect. Sound 14
Sec on 2.5 - Wheat: Common Defects White Grain Disorder / Head Scab Grains appear white to light grey but may also contain a pink discoloura on. Grains are only to be classified as White Grain Disorder/Head Scab if the discoloura on is over more than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface. If the discoloura on is less than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface, grains may be classified as sound. Grains may also appear flaky with a white discoloura on or resemble tombstones. Sound wheat Mo led (not defec ve) Bleached (not defec ve) Note: The Sound, Mo led and Bleached kernels are provided for contrast and are not to be considered defec ve. White Grain Disorder / Head Scab Note: above grains are all classified as defec ve. These depict the various defects as defined above. 15
Sec on 2.6 - Wheat: Common Defects Ball Smuts Defini on: Are those infected by the spores of the fungus Tille a caries. They have the appearance of pale, plump, slightly oversized grains. These grains are easily crushed between the fingers and contain a mass of black powder (spores) with a dis nc ve ro en egg smell. This may also be called S nking Smut or Bunt. Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring (WA - Pickled Wheat) Defini on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fied by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Any grains that are ar ficially coloured regardless of intensity are defec ve. Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar ficial colours and appearance only. A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage or colour. 16
Sec on 3 SORGHUM: Common Defects Sound Sorghum 17
Sec on 3.1 - Sorghum: Common Defects Severely Damaged Defini on: Heat damaged / bin burnt, diseased or other serious visual defects. Refers to those kernels that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains appear dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. Sprouted Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the shoot is visibly extending from any part of the germ. Grains with pin holes are not included in this defini on. Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classified as defec ve. 18
Sec on 3.2 - Sorghum: Common Defects Mould Defini on: Affected grains appear discoloured and visibly affected by mould. Field Fungi Defini on: Field Fungi refers to kernels affected by the growth of fungi on the seed coat. The fungal growth can vary in colour from white, to grey, to black. It does not refer to the more serious Mould. Stained (Not defec ve, Not to be assessed) Field Fungi (Defec ve) 19
Sec on 3.3 - Sorghum: Common Defects Honeydew Defini on: Honeydew is a s cky exudate produced by the sorghum plant in response to any predator a ack, including Ergot. Honeydew oozes out of the flowers and drips onto leaves of the sorghum plant. It causes seeds to s ck together and can make crops difficult to harvest and prevent harvested grain from running through equipment. Honeydew is acceptable if the grain is able to flow freely. Sorghum Ergot Defini on: Sorghum Ergot, Claviceps africana, occurs during flowering and results in the accumula on of a grey/white fungal mass, o en found in empty seed glumes. Another ergot, Cerebella spp. is not a true ergot as such, but it is a fungus that o en grows on the Claviceps africana, producing a large black mass. Note that there may be separate tolerances for Sorghum Ergot and Cereal Ergot. Note: Any visible ergot to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Claviceps africana Cerebella spp. These pictures are typical of ergot but are not a minimum standard. 20
Sec on 4 OATS: Common Defects apex (awn) hull bran endosperm germ (embryo) Groat Oat 21
Sec on 4.1 - Oats: Common Defects Damaged Grains Defini on: Refers to grain with a quarter or more of the grain missing. This includes any mechanical damage to the germ. Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed Mould Affected) Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat has grey to black spo ng occurring anywhere on the grain. Coverage greater than approximately 10% of the grain surface is considered defec ve. Grains that show approximately 10% or less discoloura on are to be classified as sound. Grains that are so (that are not classified as Sappy) and/or emit a mouldy odour are to be classified as Musty or Mouldy. Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt Sound Grain Defini on: Affected grains appear discoloured and/or visibly affected by mould. Refers to those kernels that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains appear reddish brown, or in severe cases, blackened. Septoria Oat (WA - Only) Defini on: Affected grains appear with light and dark Septoria discoloura on. Sound Grain - Varie es Differ 22
Sec on 4.2 - Oats: Common Defects Stained Grains (WA - Heavily Discoloured) Defini on: Stained Grains are those grains where greater than approximately 50% of the grain surface is discoloured. Various colours may be exhibited such as brown to black. Grains that are affected by Field Fungi or Mould are not included in the defini on of Stained Grains. Where Stained Grains are present in a sample the husk is to be removed and the Groat examined to determine if the defect is present. Stained Groats Defini on: This defect is checked where Stained Grains are present in the sample. Where this staining has occurred, the husk is to be removed and the Groat examined. Any discoloura on from the normal colour of the Groat is defec ve. Sound Groat Dorsal Sound Groat Ventral Groat Dorsal Groat Dorsal Groat Dorsal Groat Ventral 23
Sec on 4.3 - Oats: Common Defects Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classified as defec ve. Sprouted Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the grain has begun the germina on process. A kernel that is Sprouted is one where the shoot is visibly seen growing out from the germ. Dry Green or Sappy Defini on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Dry Green grains are usually dry and hard. Shot Defini on: Grains that are Shot are those where the covering of the germ is split, but without further development of the shoot. Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as defec ve. 24
Sec on 5 CANOLA: Common Defects Sound Crushed Canola 25
Sec on 5.1 - Canola: Common Defects Broken or Split Defini on: All hulls, kernels or parts thereof, not otherwise damaged shall be classified as Broken or Split seed (except fines classified as Impuri es). This includes Insect Damaged. Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Badly Damaged Defini on: Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt seed are those seeds and pieces of seed that are materially discoloured and damaged by heat. Seeds may have a heated odour or a brown powdery appearance when crushed. Sound Crushed Canola Defec ve Crushed Canola Sprouted Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off during the harves ng or handling process. Weather Damaged Defini on: When seeds are crushed, they may have a grey washed out appearance and a chalky texture. Sound Crushed Canola Defec ve Crushed Canola 26
Sec on 5.2 - Canola: Common Defects Mould Defini on: Affected seeds may appear discoloured, ro en, swollen and so, feel spongy under pressure, show the presence of fungal spores or visibly affected by mould on the seed coat. Includes Field Fungi seeds. Green Seeds Defini on: Green seeds are those that are dis nc vely green when crushed. Seeds that are yellow-green are not considered green. Sound Crushed Canola Yellow when crushed Defec ve Crushed Canola Green Seed dis nctly green when crushed 27
Sec on 6 DESI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects Chickpea - Desi 28
Sec on 6.1 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged Defini on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked. Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled Sound Chickpea Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample. Sound Chickpea 29
Sec on 6.2 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows. Seed Coat: Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing. Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact. Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) Missing Seed coat Kernel: Chipped (Scratched) A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Split A split kernel with no seed coat a ached. Chipped (Scratched) Broken Split 30
Sec on 6.3 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Sprouted Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. Hail Damaged Defini on: Damage to the seed coat or kernel. Damage to the seed coat can appear as bruising (darkening) or in more severe cases spli ng of the seed coat. This may cause discoloura on and damage to the kernel. Damage to the kernel can vary from bruising (darkening) to physical damage such as crushing of the en re kernel. Sound Chickpea 31
Sec on 6.4 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Mouldy and Caked Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged. Green - Desi Chickpeas Defini on: Seed Coat Seed coat appears green. More than a slight greenish nge must be present on the seed coat to be classified as defec ve. Where any greenish nge is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected. Green is included in Poor Colour. Kernel Any level of green is classified as defec ve. Green is included in Poor Colour. Note: Not Mould. Refer Stained and Weather Damaged. Green Kernel 32
Sec on 6.5 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Poor Colour Defini on: Seed Coat Seed coats vary from dark brown to black, including green. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. Stained/Weather Damaged Seed Coat is included in the defini on of Poor Colour Seed Coat. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected. All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances. Kernel Any level of discoloura on on the kernel is classified as defec ve. Note: above grain is not Poor Colour Kernel, but is Poor Colour Seed Coat 33
Sec on 6.6 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects Stained and Weather Damaged Defini on: A general term used to describe visible damage to the seed coat that may or may not otherwise be defined or be dis nguishable from other defects in the Standards. Seed coats may be discoloured or altered in size or shape. Weather damage may also lead to Poor Colour, a Loose Seed Coat, Shrivelled and Wrinkled. Tiger Striping Tiger Striping Speckled Sound Chickpeas Defec ve Chickpeas Fungal Affected Defini on: Lesions are generally visible to the naked eye. The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fluoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel. Any lesion of any size is permi ed and not classified as Ascochyta provided it is not also present on the kernel. If the Ascochyta seed coat lesion is approximately >20% but does not penetrate to the kernel (and thus fall under the Ascochyta defini on), then the grain is classified as Stained & Weather Damaged and is classified as defec ve. Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion on kernel 34
Sec on 7 KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects Sound Seed 35
Sec on 7.1 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects Poor Colour - Seed Coat Defini on: Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected. Sound Seed Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve 36
Sec on 7.2 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows. Seed Coat: Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing. Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact. Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) Missing Seed coat Kernel: Chipped (Scratched) A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Split A split kernel with no seed coat a ached Chipped (Scratched) Broken Split 37
Sec on 7.3 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects Mouldy and Caked Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Fungal Infec ons.. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged. Sprouted Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample. Sound Seed Defec ve Seed 38
Sec on 8 FEED MAIZE: Common Defects Feed Maize 39
Sec on 8.1 - Feed Maize: Common Defects Heat Damaged / Bin Burnt Defini on: Affected grains appear reddish brown, or in severe cases, blackened. Heat Damaged is included in the defini on of Damaged. Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classified as defec ve. Sound Grain Broken Defini on: Grain that has 1/4 or more missing from the Kernel. Sprouted Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split and the shoot has broken through the seed coat. Grains that have had the germ knocked off or scalloped are considered sound. Sprouted is included in the defini on of Damaged. Sound Grain 40
Sec on 8.2 - Feed Maize: Common Defects Storage Mould Defini on: Affected grains appear discoloured and visibly affected by mould. Note that if any musty odour is detected a nil tolerance applies. Dead Defini on: Grains that are equal to or less than approximately 50% opaque are considered normal grains. Fungal Affected Defini on/s: Silk Cut Easily iden fied where the pericarp is split and the starch appears to be popping out of the kernel. Starburst Best iden fied as spider web like streaks radia ng down the kernel from the point of silk a achment. These streaks are corroded channels within the pericarp caused by fungal growth. Air in the channels breaks the transparency of the pericarp so the yellow aleurone beneath cannot be seen. Silk Cut Star Burst 41
Sec on 8.3 - Feed Maize: Common Defects Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring Defini on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fied by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Any grains that are ar ficially coloured regardless of intensity are defec ve. Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar ficial colours and appearance only. A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage or colour. Field Fungi Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat is greater than approximately 50% discoloured. The visible discoloura on of affected grains can vary from dark grey, brown to black in colour. Field Fungi is included in the defini on of Damaged. Kernel Red Streak Defini on: This is not a defect and kernels are considered sound when iden fied as Kernel Red Streak. Sound Grain 42
Sec on 9 ANGUSTIFOLIUS LUPINS: Common Defects Lupin - Angus folius Lupin - Albus Note: Albus Lupins are considered a contaminant in Angus folius Lupins. 43
Sec on 9.1 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows. Seed Coat: Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing. Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. Missing Seed Coat (WA - Fully Decoated) - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact. Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) Missing Seed coat Kernel: Chipped (Scratched) A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Split A split kernel with no seed coat a ached Manganese Deficiency Defini on: Spli ng of the seed coat to expose the kernel. It is not considered a defect provided no damage to the exposed kernel has occurred. Chipped (Scratched) Broken Split Manganese Deficiency Sound Grain 44
Sec on 9.2 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled (WA - Shrivelled/Distorted) Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample. Sound Lupin Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. 45
Sec on 9.3 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects Phomopsis Defini on: Grains appear sound with a fungal growth readily visible on the seed coat. If kernels are not sound, refer to Mould. Poor Colour (WA - Discoloured) Defini on:seed coats and kernels vary from white to dark brown/black. Seed coats and kernels may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy, Phomopsis or Stained & Weather Damaged. Bi er Dark (WA - Bi er Variety) Defini on: These varie es are iden fiable mainly by their colour which is much darker than acceptable lupins. Lupins may vary in colour from white to brown. Examples of Sound colour variances are below. Acceptable colour variances: 46
Sec on 9.4 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects Pickling Compounds Defini on: A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage. Sprouted Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. Mouldy and Caked Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Fungal Affected. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged. 47
Sec on 10 RED LENTILS: Common Defects Red - Whole Seed Red Len l - Kernel 48
Sec on 10.1 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample. Sound Len l 49
Sec on 10.2 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows. Seed Coat: Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing. Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact. Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) Missing Seed coat Kernel: Chipped (Scratched) A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Split A split kernel with no seed coat a ached Chipped (Scratched) Broken Split 50
Sec on 10.3 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged Defini on: The seed coat or kernel appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked. Sound Len l Mouldy and Caked Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged. Sprouted Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. 51
Sec on 10.4 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Poor Colour Seed Coat Defini on: Poor Colour seed coats are not considered good colour. Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Poor Colour (Stained & Weather Damaged). All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances. Poor Colour Kernel - Dehulled Len l Defini on: Poor Colour refers to excessive discoloura on of the kernel o en depicted as a green colour. Includes green, brown, black, yellow, bleached and chalky white kernels. Please Note: Does not include Contras ng Colour. Refer also to the defini on for Contras ng Colour. Blonde Kernel Defini on: Kernels are not uniformly orange in colour. Kernels appear yellow. Seed coat must be removed to determine the presence on the kernel. Sound Len l Poor Colour Kernel Poor Colour Kernel Poor Colour Kernel 52
Sec on 10.5 - Contras ng Colours 53
Sec on 10.6 - Red Len ls: Common Defects Fungal Affected Defini on: The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fluoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel. A lesion greater than 20% coverage on any one side of the seed coat is considered defec ve. A lesion less than 20% on any one side of the seed coat is considered sound. Stained and Weather Damaged Defini on: A general term used to describe visible damage to the seed coat that may or may not otherwise be defined or be dis nguishable from other defects in the Standards. Seed coats may be discoloured or altered in size or shape. Weather damage may also lead to Loose Seed Coat, Shrivelled and Wrinkled. Discoloura on is generally dark brown to black colour and must be greater than 20% of the surface area on any one side of the seed coat. All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances. Speckled Sound Len l 54
Sec on 11 FIELD PEAS: Common Defects Acceptable colour range for Parafield type Peas Acceptable colour range for Kaspa type Peas Typical shape for Parafield type Peas Typical shape for Kaspa type Peas 55
Sec on 11.1 - Field Peas: Common Defects Bin Burnt / Heat Damaged Defini on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked. Insect Damaged Mouldy and Caked Sound Field Pea Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged. 56
Sec on 11.2 - Field Peas: Common Defects Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows. Seed Coat: Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing. Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact. Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) Missing Seed coat Kernel: Chipped (Scratched) A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Split A split kernel with no seed coat a ached. Chipped (Scratched) Broken Split 57
Sec on 11.3 - Field Peas: Common Defects Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample. Sprouted Sound Field Pea Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. 58
Sec on 11.4 - Field Peas: Common Defects Poor Colour Defini on: Seed Coat Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected. Sound Field Pea All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances. Kernel Any level of discoloura on on the kernel is classified as defec ve. Where green kernels exist, the level of green colouring classified as defec ve is shown in the photos below. Green is included in Poor Colour. Sound Kernel All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances. 59
Sec on 12 FABA BEANS: Common Defects Sound Faba Bean 60
Sec on 12.1 - Faba Beans: Common Defects Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged Defini on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked. Fungal Affected Defini on: The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fluoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel. A lesion greater than 20% coverage on any one side of the seed coat is considered defec ve. A lesion less than 20% on any one side of the seed coat is considered sound. Sound Faba Bean 61
Sec on 12.2 - Faba Beans: Common Defects Mouldy and Caked Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged. Sound Faba Bean Sprouted Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. Insect Damaged Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. 62
Sec on 12.3 - Faba Beans: Common Defects Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows. Seed Coat: Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides. Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing. Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel. Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact. Split Seed Coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) Missing Seed coat Kernel: Chipped (Scratched) A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Split A split kernel with no seed coat a ached. Chipped (Scratched) Broken Split 63
Sec on 12.4 - Faba Beans: Common Defects Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample. Sound Faba Bean Frost Damaged/Stained Defini on: These grains represent Frost impac ng on the grain resul ng in staining on the kernel. Any level of stained on the kernel, as a result of frost, is classified as defec ve. Where staining does not occur on the kernel, but results in Staining only on the Seed Coat, refer to the Poor Colour defini on. Sound Faba Bean 64
Sec on 12.5 - Faba Beans: Common Defects Poor Colour Defini on: Seed coats vary from grey, dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged. The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any colour to be classified as defec ve. Sound Faba Bean Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus Defini on: Staining on the seed coat caused by the Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus. Sound Grain Sound Grain Sound Grain 65
Sec on 13 MUNG BEANS: Common Defects Sound Mung Bean 66
Sec on 13.1 - Mung Beans: Common Defects Seed Coat Defini on: Any environmental or mechanical damage that creates cracks or removes any por on of the seed coat to expose the kernel. Any por on of the seed kernel that is missing is considered defec ve. Tested on sample as presented. The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any bean to be classified as defec ve. Cracked, Missing Seed Coat, Chipped: Sound Mung Bean Insect Damage: Shot and Sprung: 67
Sec on 13.2 - Mung Beans: Common Defects Stained Defini on: Any coa ng of vegetable gum that reduces the lustre or provides a contact adhesion for plant material to the seed coat. Discoloura on of the white hilum, speckling of vegetable ma er and a fresh grass like smell are indica ons of staining. Tested on sample as presented. The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any bean to be classified as defec ve. Sound Mung Bean Sound Mung Bean Wrinkled Defini on: Damage sustained from weather events that creates wrinkles in any direc on over the seed coat. Tested on sample as presented. Sound Mung Bean Sound Mung Bean 68