Soybean
Well you see, Norm, it's like this... A herd of buffalo can only move as fast as the slowest buffalo; and when the herd is hunted, it is the slowest and weakest ones at the back that are killed first. This natural selection is good for the herd as a whole, because the general speed and health of the whole group keeps improving by the regular killing of the weakest members.
Similarly, the human brain can only operate as fast as the slowest brain cells. Now excessive alcohol kills brain cells. But naturally, it attacks the slowest and weakest brain cells first. In this way, regular consumption of beer eliminates the weaker brain cells, making the brain a faster and more efficient machine. And that, Norm, is why you always feel smarter after a few beers.
Soybean (Glycine max) is an annual summer legume. It was is one of the oldest cultivated crops. First records of propagated in China 5,000 years ago. Emperor Cheng-Nung described the crop as Wu Ku one of the sacred grains. Most likely derived from wild type (Glycine ussuriensis). Grown in Europe in the 17 th century, introduced to the USA by Samuel Bowen, an Easy India Company employee.
In 1852 first documented soybean planting (as an ornamental) in Davenport, Iowa. Prior to the 1920 s, most soybean in USA was grown in the south, mostly for hay. Spread to the Corn Belt in 1924. Soybean is a sub-tropical plant, although it does have a wide range of adaptations. Minimum temperature for growth is 50 o F. Tends to do well in any region where corn is grown. Plants are usually erect with white or purple flowers.
80 US acres of Oat and Soybean 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Oat Soybean 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year
World Vegetable Oil Corn 3% Peanut 7% Olive 4% Cotton 4% Coconut 3% Soy 36% Sunflower 12% Palm 20% Total 2006 = 26.8 Bill gal. Rapeseed 11%
World Vegetable Oil
Soybean harvested - 2006 Production by County
1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 18% 15% 12% 1,000,000 800,000 9% 8% 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 5% 4% 4%
Growth Stages Vegetative: VE = emergence; VC = cotyledon; V1 = first node; etc. Reproductive: R1 = Begin flowering; R2 = Full bloom; R3 = Begin pods; R4 = Full pod; R5 = Begin seed, R6 = Full seed; R7 = begin to mature; R8 = ready to harvest.
000 00 0 I II III Soybean Adaptability Zones IV V VI VII VIII IX
Group Maturity Date Days from Planting 00 September 10 120 0 September 28 126 I September 30 126 II October 3 130 III October 3 131 IV October 7 136 V October 7 139 VI October 22 148 VII October 30 156 VIII November 9 158
Seed bed preparation Control weeds. Conserve moisture. Remove tilth Control wind and water erosion Be suitable for planting to attain good seed-soil contact
Seed bed preparation Control weeds. Conserve moisture. Remove tilth. Control wind and water erosion. Be suitable for planting to attain good seed-soil contact.
Planting
Row width Seeds per linear foot * Plants per linear foot ** 30 inches 7.5 6 20 inches 5 4 10 inches 2.5 2 7.5 inches 1.9 1.5 * three seeds per square foot, regardless of row width ** Assumed 80% field emergence Optimum planting depth for soybean is 1 to 1.5 inches, and no deeper than 2 inches. With earlier planting, shallow planting will result in quicker establishment. Later planting might be deeper to reach moisture.
Planting
Under normal conditions, soybean will need no nitrogen fertilizer as the nodule bacteria will fix sufficient nitrogen for optimum plant growth Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium japonicum) develop nodules on soybean roots. Inoculum is not usually required if soybeans have been grown in the land within three years. Inoculum is normally mixed and applied to the seed within 1 day of planting.
Very low 0-5 Phosphorous Recommendations (based on soil test) Low 6-12 Soil Test Level (ppm) Medium 13-25 High 26-50 Very high >50 30-40 lb* 20-30 lb 0-20 lb None None * lbs of P 2 O 5 Very low 0-40 Potassium Recommendations (based on soil test) Low 41-80 Soil Test Level (ppm) Medium 81-120 High 121-160 Very high >160 60-80 lb* 40-60 lb 20-40 lb 0-20 None * lbs of K 2 O
Nutrient Seeds ---- lb/bu ---- Straw ---- lb/bu ----- Nitrogen 4.20 1.30 Phosphorus 0.40 0.13 Potassium 1.25 0.75 Calcium 0.20 1.50 Magnesium 0.23 0.22 Sulfur 0.20 0.25
Crabgrass Pig weed Velvetleaf Foxtail
Relatively slow rate of early soybean growth requires the use of early weed control by cultivation and herbicide application. Pre-plant and pre-emergence herbicides: Trifluralin, metribuzin, pendimethalin, clomazone. Post emergence herbicides: Bentazon, chlorimuron, sethoxydim, amazamox and flumiclorac. Roundup and Liberty can be applied to herbicide tolerant cultivars.
Bacterial blight Brown spot Downey mildew Fusarium
Phytophthora Rhizoctonia White Mold Rust
Cyst Nematode
Harvest Harvest is best done when seeds have dried to 12% moisture. Crop can be direct cut with seed moisture at 13% or lower. Delayed harvest will cause pod shatter and yield loss. Combine drum speed should be reduced (300 to 450 rpm) to avoid seed damage.
Storage Soybean seed should never be put into storage with greater than 13% moisture content. Seeds to be stored for more than 11 months should be reduced to 11% moisture. Soybean seeds can be air dried. Drying temperature should be 130 to 140 o F (54 to 60 o C). Seed in storage should be aerated in winter to maintain a temperature between 35 and 40 o F (2 to 4 o C) and 40 to 60 o F (4 to 16 o C) in summer.
Soybeans
Oil is extracted from soybeans using an expeller which removes about 50% of the 20% of seed oil. Beans are first heated to 170 o F (77 O C) to allow for better oil flow. A solvent (Hexane) extraction is usual to bring the seed meal oil content down to 1% Oil is filtered, de-gummed, bleached, and deodorized for human consumption.
Crop Utilization
High protein, high fiber live stock feed
Soy Meal Characteristics Dry matter 89% Crude protein 48% Fat 1% Crude fiber 3% Neutral detergent fiber 7.1% Acid detergent fiber 5.3% Total digestible nutrients 78% Net Energy 81.1 Meal/100 lbs
USA Vegetable Oil Production Other 0.4 Bill gal. 9% Soy 3.6 Bill. Gal 91%
Crop Utilization
Paints and printing inks. Lubricants, Cutting agents, Surfactants, Plastics, Engine oils and greases,
Saturated Saturated No C=C bonds Mono unsaturated one C=C bond Poly unsaturated 2 or more C=C bonds Mono unsaturated Poly unsaturated Soy oil = 15% 24% 61%
Million Gallons 77% 82% 88% 83% 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 Ending Biodiesel Export Food
Cloud point Pour point
Biodiesel from a saturated feedstock
Cold filter plug temperature (o F) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Highway Diesel Coconut Palm Soy Canola Rapeseed
Monoglycerides, not soap
NO x : major contributor to smog and acid rain; smog causes breathing difficulties for asthmatics and general illness of respiratory system.
% NOx Emissions over Diesel 20% 16% 12% 8% 4% 0% Highway Diesel Coconut Palm Rapeseed Canola Soy
Low saturated fats are healthier Low polyunsaturated fats do not require hydrogenation and hence have no Trans-fats
Rice