Strawberry Production and Integrated Pest Management in California

Strawberry Production and Integrated Pest Management in California Surendra Dara PhD, DAIT Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension Affiliated IPM Advisor University of California Statewide IPM Program San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties Affiliated Entomologist Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis skdara@ucdavis.edu @calstrawberries @calveggies strawberriesvegetables VIII Congreso Nacional Hortifruticola, 31 March, 2016 berriesnveggies.tumblr.com enewsletters: ucanr.edu/strawberries-vegetables and ucanr.edu/pestnews Download the free ios app IPMinfo about strawberry pests and diseases

Strawberries Ranked 5 in California at a crop value of $2.5 billion California is the largest producer of strawberries in the USA and in the world

Production areas and trends

California Strawberries Value $2.5 billion About 87% of strawberries produced in the US come from California Fresh market 75% Processing market 25% Exported to Canada, Mexico, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Australia, UK and other countries 2010 statistics: Total acreage 37,608 ac or 15,225 ha Average yield 31.9 tons/ac or 78.8 tons/ha Average production cost: Non-harvest cost $54,000-62,000/ha Harvest cost $2.6/ tray (3.6 kg) or $57,000/ha at 78.8 ton/ha Estimated total cost $110,000-120,000/ha Estimated profit ~$50,000/ha

Strawberry flower and berry Fragaria x ananassa

Strawberry nursery production First generation Mother plants Daughter plants from runners 1-6 Meristem plants 100-1500 First generation daughter plants 200-300 Daughter plants in foundation block 50-150 Daughter plants in low elevation increase block 20-30 Daughter plants in high elevation production block 1 100 20,000 1,000,000 20,000,000

Strawberry nursery production First generation Mother plants -Daughter plants Meristem tips in tissue culture Daughter plants in low elevation increase block First generation daughter plants Daughter plants in high elevation production block First field generation plants in foundation block

Strawberry nursery production Tending to the mother and daughter plants Strawberry plant harvester

Strawberry nursery production Transplant cutting stations

Cultivars Short-day or June-bearing cultivars Require long nights or short days of 14 hours or less Produce during mild California winters Day-neutral or everbearing cultivars Produce throughout the year with favorable temperatures

Field selection Soil Water Nutrition Weed, pest or disease history Cropping history Crop rotation

Fumigation-Chemical Whole field fumigation Bed fumigation Fumigation with chloropicrin or 1, 3 dichloroprepene to control soilborne diseases, weeds and pests.

Bed making

Bed configuration

Bed configuration

Bed making-installing drip tape

Mulching and transplanting

Young and mature plants

Colored mulches

Fertilization-Macro nutrients Pre-plant application Nitrogen 90 lb/ac (100 kg/ha) Phosphorus 40 lb/ac (44 kg/ha) Potassium 65 lb/ac (72 kg/ha) After transplanting as needed Foliar application of micronutrients almost every week Approximate seasonal uptake of elemental NPK for 35 ton/ac average Plant Fruit Nitrogen 130 lb/ac (144 kg/ha) 90 lb/ac (100 kg/ha) Phosphorus 20 lb/ac (22 kg/ha) 20 lb/ac (22 kg/ha) Potassium 90 lb/ac (100 kg/ha) 140 lb/ac (155 kg/ha) Daily uptake for active spring and summer growing conditions (lower rates for winter) Nitrogen 1.2 lb/ac (1.3 kg/ha) Phosphorus 0.2 lb/ac (0.2 kg/ha) Potassium 1.3 lb/ac (1.5 kg/ha) These are based on a study conducted by Hartz et al. Crop needs vary depending on the field and crop.

Fertilization-Micro nutrients Estimates of average plant uptake over the entire season are: Zn 0.25 lb/ac (0.28 kg/ha) Fe 1.2 lb/ac (1.34 kg/ha) Mn 2.4 lb/ac (2.68 kg/ha) B 0.6 lb/ac (0.67 kg/ha) Cu 0.04 lb/ac (0.04 kg/ha)

Irrigation 2 hectare-feet for entire season Sprinklers for 4-6 weeks after planting Growing trend towards reduced or no sprinkler irrigation. Drip at 1-3 times a week

Micro-sprinkler vs. Standard Aluminum

Gallons of water/acre Cumulative irrigation volume 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Grower Standard Micro-sprinkler 120,000 gpa 81,600 gpa

Cultural practices Sanitation Moinitoring Erosion control Dust control Trap crops

Biological pest control Releasing predatory mites

Pruning for second year berries Pruning the plants New leaves from pruned plants Quality of the fruit reduced, but can save on some production costs. Plants serve as the source of infestation for pests and diseases and can increase management costs on the second year crop and for next season as well.

Harvesting Fresh fruit market

Harvesting Frozen fruit market

Safety and sanitation

Storage

High tunnels

Strawberries in Europe

Strawberries in Europe

IPMinfo app for Apple devices C BC A AB a a b ab

IPMinfo app for Apple devices C BC a a b ab

IPMinfo app for Apple devices C BC A AB a a b ab

Integrated Pest Management Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment. UC IPM Resistant Varieties Chemical Control Natural Enemies Habitat Manipulation Chemical Control Cultural Practices

IPM strategies Chemical Botanical Cultural Biological PEST MANAGEMENT Host Plant Resistant Microbial Mechanical/ Physical Mating disruption

IPM and its components Within the group Within the community Biological Chemical Staying upto-date COMMUNICA- TION MANAGEMENT/ CONTROL Microbial IPM Actions PLANNING & ORGANIZATION KNOWLEDGE & RESOURCES Pest Managing Info Control options Monitoring Tools & Technology

Decision making for pest management Efficacy Economical Decision Resistance Management Sustainability

Status of biopesticides Projected value of $6 billion globally by 2020 Several major pesticide companies are investing in biopesticides Value of pesticides sold in California in 2012 $602 million and entomopathogenic fungi-based pesticides account for only 0.0005% (http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/mill/pdsd2012.pdf) EPF Other pesticides

Pounds of active ingredient Pesticide use in California strawberries Active Ingredient Pounds Abamectin 1,114 Acetami8prid 4,135 Bifenazate 22,161 Bifenthrin 5,252 Buprofezin 2,082 Chlorpyrifos 12,043 Chlorantraniliprole 2,152 Fenpyroximate 941 Fenpropathrin 5,794 Imidacloprid 5,639 Malathion 101,892 Naled 20,896 Novaluron 4,717 Pyperonyl butoxide 5,205 Spinetoram 3,086 Spinosad 1,155 Spiromesifen 6,700 Thiamethoxam 1,466 Chemical total 206,430 Azadirachtin 266 Bt 48,719 Beauveria bassiana 47 Pyrethrins 1,042 Bio-Botanical total 50,074 Pesticides 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 Chemical Bt Other Bio-Botanical http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur12rep/comrpt12.pdf

No. of Lygus per 20 strawberry plants Danitol Dibrom & Rimon Dibrom Danitol Dibrom & Rimon Brigade & Rimon Malathion & Rimon Malathion Dibrom Seasonal occurrence of lygus bug Conventional strawberry field (second year) 50 Nymphs Adults 40 30 20 10 0 Treatment threshold

Strawberry pests Lygus bug Twospotted spider mite Strawberry spider mite Lewis mite

2015 Strawberry IPM trial Sundance Berry Farms, Santa Maria

Chemicals-Mode of action groups 3A Pyrethrins-Sodium channel modulators 4A 4C 4D Neonicotinoids Sulfoximines Butenolides } Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor competitive modulators 9C Flonicamid Modulators of chordotonal organs 15 Benzoylureas - Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis

Non-chemical alternatives Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium brunneum Botanical insect growth regulator, azadirachtin Mechanical removal - vacuuming

Entomopathogenic fungus mode of action

Azadirachtin mode of action http://files.meistermedia.net/cpd/images/structures/largeview/azadirachtin.gif Interferes with protein synthesis Affects molting and metamorphosis Disturbs mating and sexual communication Sterilizes adults Reduces reproductive ability Acts as antifeedant and repellent

Vacuuming

Lygus bug management study 1 st application (Rate/acre) 2 nd application (Rate/acre) 3 rd application (Rate/acre) 1 Untreated Untreated Untreated 2 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A* Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A 3 Vacuum Vacuum Vacuum 4 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Met52 EC(16 fl oz) + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) 5 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Vacuum 6 Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) 7 Vacuum Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) Met52 EC (16 fl oz) + AzaGuard (16 fl oz) Vacuum 8 Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Vacuum Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A 9 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C 10 B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A+neem (1qrt) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) 11 B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C 12 B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) Vacuum *MoA group 3A Pyrethrins-Sodium channel modulators 9C Flonicamid Modulators of chordotonal organs Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A 4A Neonicotinoids } Nicotinic acetylcholine 4C Sulfoximines receptor competitive 4D Butenolides modulators 15 Benzoylureas - Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis

Sampling

Number/20 plants Lygus life stages after three applications 40 30 Young Nymphs Pre-treatment Post-treatment 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0 Old Nymphs a ab ab b b ab ab ab ab ab ab Tukey s HSD P = 0.012 ab 8 6 Adults 4 2 0

Percent change post-treatment Change in lygus bug populations 100 80 85.71 78.26 70.83 60 46.75 40 32.66 27.27 20 0 11.54 8.02 7.82 0.00-20 -12.10-40 -28.90

Treatment efficacy Rank % Change I Spray II Spray III Spray I -28.9 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C* Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C II -12.1 Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Vacuum III 0.0 IV 7.8 B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Vacuum Met52 EC(16 fl oz) + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Met52 EC (16 fl oz) + AzaGuard (16 fl oz) V 8.0 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A* Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A VI 11.5 Vacuum Vacuum Vacuum VII 27.3 Vacuum VIII 32.7 IX 46.8 Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Vacuum B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C X 70.8 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Vacuum XI 78.3 Untreated Untreated Untreated XII 85.7 B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) *Mode of action group B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A +neem (1qrt) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt)

Acknowledgements Grower and Team Dave Murray, Sundance Berry Farms Ted Ponce Industry Partners Agro Logistics Systems, Arysta LifeScience, Bayer CropScience, BioSafe Systems, Certis USA, Dow AgroSciences, Helena Chemicals, Laverlam International Corp., and Monsanto BioAg Technical assistance Sundance Berry Farms field crew Chris Martinez Fritz Light Kristin Nicole Stegeman Tamas Zold

2014 Strawberry IPM trial 1 st application (Rate/acre) 2 nd application (Rate/acre) 3 rd application (Rate/acre) 1 Untreated Untreated Untreated 2 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A* Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A 3 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Assail 30SG (6.9 oz) 4A Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Sequoia SC (4.5 fl oz) 4C Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Assail 30SG (6.9 oz) 4A 4 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) + Molt-X (8 fl oz) BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) + Molt-X (8 fl oz) 5 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Assail 30SG (6.9 oz) 4A Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Assail 30SG (6.9 oz) 4A 6 BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) + Molt-X (8 fl oz) BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) + Low Beleaf 50 SG (1.4 oz) 9C Low BotaniGard ES (1 qrt) + Low Sequoia (3 oz) 4C 7 Actara (4 oz) 4A Actara (4 oz) 4A + Agri-Mek SC (3.5 fl oz) 6 BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) + Molt-X (8 fl oz) 8 High Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C High Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C High Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C 9 Low Sequoia (3 oz) 4C Low Sequoia (3 oz) 4C Low Sequoia (3 oz) 4C 10 High Diafil 610 Slurry (70 lb) Low BotaniGard ES (1 qrt) + Low Sequoia (3 oz) 4C 11 Low Diafil 610 Slurry (35 lb) Low Sequoia (3 oz) 4C + Molt-X (8 fl oz) 12 High Diafil 610 Dust (70 lb) Low BotaniGard ES (1 qrt) + Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A *MoA group 4A Neonicotinoids 4C Sulfoximines 6 Chloride channel activators 9C Selective homopteran feeding blockers Met52 EC(16 fl oz) + Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A Met52 EC(16 fl oz) Met52 EC (16 fl oz) + Molt-X (8 fl oz) 15 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis

Change in lygus populations 1200 1083 1000 800 600 400 383 367 307 280 200 0 167 143 81 54 48 17 14

Treatment efficacy Rank %Change I Spray II Spray III Spray Cost/ac I 14 Sequoia High Sequoia High Sequoia High $143.82 II 17 Diafil Dust High BotaniGard Low + Met52 + Assail 70WP Molt-X $385.74 III 48 Rimon + Rimon + Rimon + Assail 30SG Beleaf 50SG Assail 30SG $178.42 IV 54 Rimon + BotaniGard ES + BotaniGard ES + Brigade Molt-X Molt-X $333.39 V 81 Sequoia Low Sequoia Low Sequoia Low $95.88 VI 143 Diafil Slurry High Sequoia Low + Met52 + BotaniGard ES Low Assail 70WP $378.22 VII 167 Rimon + Rimon + Rimon + Assail 30SG Sequoia High Assail 30SG $195.43 VIII 280 Actara Actara + BotaniGard ES + Agri-Mek Molt-X $180.60 IX 307 BotaniGard ES + Molt-X BotaniGard ES + Beleaf 50SG Low BotaniGard ES Low + Sequoia Low $178.42 X 367 Diafil Slurry Low Sequoia Low Met52 + Molt-X $218.12 XI 383 Untreated Untreated Untreated 0 XII 1083 Assail 70WP Assail 70WP Assail 70WP $126.63

Acknowledgements Growers/Collaborators Francisco Bautista Technicians Andrew Reade Anthony Reade Michael McNulty Ryan Sheppard Industry collaborators Bioworks Chemtura Dow AgroSciences Imerys Monsanto BioAg Syngenta

2013 Strawberry Miticide trial Treatments 1. Untreated 2. Acramite 50 WS (bifenazate) 1 lb 3. Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) 4.29 fl oz 4. BotaniGard ES (B. bassiana) 1qrt + Acramite 0.75 lb 5. Eco-Mite 1% (rosemary and cotton seed oils) 6. Fujimite 5 EC (fenpyroximate) 2 pt 7. Fujimite XLO 2 pt 8. Grandevo (C. subtsugae) 2 lb 9. Venerate 2 gal 10. Nealta (cyflumetofen) 13.7 fl oz Spraying Plot size 150 gal/acre at 70 psi with hollow cone nozzle 14 longx44 wide bed replicated 4 times Treated on May 16 and 25, 2013 Sampled 3 and 7 days after each spray application

Post-treatment number/leaflet 2013 Strawberry Miticide trial 80 Eggs Mobile 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tukey s HSD P > 0.05

Percent change compared to control 2013 Strawberry Miticide trial 0 Eggs Mobile -10-20 -30-40 -50-60

Conclusions Non-chemical alternatives such as microbial and botanical pesticides play a critical role in pest management Integration of all available tools is important for developing sound IPM strategies

Thank you!