Sensory Evaluation: Blends for the Future of Michigan Dr. Ron Perry Professor Department of Horticulture Michigan State University East Lansing 1
Wine Grape Varieties 2
Variety VS Varietal These terms are often over used and broadly assigned, especially in the restaurant and retail sales area. Variety is the name of a genetic clone. Varietal is an abbreviated term used to refer to a varietal wine. The wine bottle s contents must have 75% coming from a single variety.. In the USA 3
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Why is the wine grape variety important? Approximately 10,000 grape varieties Cold hardiness, fruit composition, yield, pest resistance Wines differ in taste due to: grape variety growing location/conditions vinification processes & techniques wine age 5
Varietal Discrimination Dominating 8-9 Retail Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Chardonnay Pinot Noir Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Pinot Gris/Grigio 6
? According to retail sales? Inventory of 20 Michigan retailers (n=3,626)? Phil Howard, Terra Bogart, Alix Grabowski, Rebecca Mino, Nick Molen & Steve Schultze Michigan State University, December 2012. Concentration in the U.S. Wine Industry https://www.msu.edu/~howardp/wine.html 7
Top Wine Grape Varietals Worldwide (Including Origin and Market Share) No. 1 Cabernet Sauvignon (France; 6.3 percent of the market) No. 2 Merlot (France; 5.81 percent of the market) No. 3 Airen (Spain; 5.48 percent of the market) No. 4 Tempranillo (Spain; 5.05 percent of the market) No. 5 Chardonnay (France; 4.32 percent of the market) No. 6 Syrah (France; 4.03 percent of the market) No. 7 Garnacha Tinta (Alicante Bouschet) (Spain; 4.01 percent of the market) No. 8 Sauvignon Blanc (France; 2.39 percent of the market) No. 9 Trebbiano Toscano (Italy; 2.39 percent of the market) No. 10 Pinot Noir (France; 1.88 percent of the market) From: www.ibtimes.com/what-are-most-popular-wine-grapes-world-1540272 Jan, 14, 2014 8
Variety Selection Following list of cultivar groups are ranked in order of market/consumer interest and are in inverse order of cold tolerance: 1. Vinifera Cultivars; Chardonnay, Riesling, etc. (Limited to areas above -4 degrees F. mean low temp Best Sites). 2. French Hybrids; Older cultivars developed in France using species native to America which were crossed with Vinifera cultivars to increase cold tolerance and resistance to pests(vidal, Seyval, Chamboucin, Foch, etc). Contemporary breeding programs exist in America (NYAES, Geneva) and in Europe, with this goal in mind (Cayuga White, Carot Noir, etc). (Limited to Fruit production areas) 3. American Hybrids; beginning with the breeder,t.v. Munson, there were many varieties developed such as Cynthiana, Norton, Delaware, Niagara and Concord used for wine and juice production. (Limited to Fruit production areas). 4. Super Hardy Hybrids; Minnesota varieties such as Frontenac, LaCrescent, etc. (Many areas in Michigan). 9
Variety selection impacted by climatic limitations Perry, R. P Sabbatini and J. Burns. 2012. Growing Wine Grapes in Michigan, www.michiganwines.com/docs/industry 10
What are the critical temperatures? Cold Range of Critical Species Example of Varieties Hardiness Class Low Temperatures Very Tender 5 F to -5 F Most Vitis rotundifolia Carlos, Cowart, Scuppernong, Supreme Chenin blanc, Merlot, Semillon, Syrah, Most Vitis Vinifera Sauvignon blanc, Zinfandel Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tender 0 F to -8 F Most Vitis Vinifera Gewurztraminer, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Sangiovese, Viognier Some Vitis Vinifera Riesling, Cabernet Franc, Lemberger, Gamay Noir, Moderately Tender -5 F to -10 F Some hybrids Chambourcin Cayuga White, Chardonel, Traminette, Norton, Moderately Hardy -10 F to -15 F Most hybrids Seyval blanc, Vignole Hardy -5 F to -20 F Most Vitis labrusca Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Niagara Very Hardy -20 F to -30 F Some hybrids Frontenac, Foch, LaCrescent, Marquette From "Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection," by T. Zabadal et al., 2009, Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E.2930. 11
Climate dictates variety adaptation Warm Climate VS Cool 12
Four Variety Categories Vinifera Varieties French Hybrids American Hybrids Super Cold Hardy Pinot Gri.. Traminette Concord Marquette 13
Cultivar Expansion Using Resistant Mixed P. Sabbatini & Species Hybrids White/Red T. Zabadal, MSU, Hort Cayuga White Chardonel Seyval Traminette Vidal blanc Vignoles Chambourcin Chancellor Foch 14
In 1970 95% of Michigan wine was made from Concord, Niagara, or Delaware grape CVs; major wines were Sweet Concord, White Port, and Muscatel After 25 years in 1995 less than 5% of Michigan wine was made from these three varieties Concord Niagara Catawba P. Sabbatini & T. Zabadal, MSU, Hort and www.atwatervineyards.com 15
Super Hardy Hybrids St. Croix 1. Developed by breeders at the University of Minnesota. Most of the hybrids are very cold hardy and are recently removed in lineage from wild V.Riparia (F 2 or F 3 ). Very high in acid and some can accumulate high sugars. http://www.grapes.umn.edu/ Expands wine grape growing throughout N. US Univ of Minnesota 2. This group also includes Varieties bred and developed by Elmer Swenson who is from Osceola, WI. He was employed By Univ of Minn to manage and Care for fruit plots, but did Grape breeding on his own in WI http://www.posttownwinery.com/swenson.h tm http://www.mngrapes.org/varieties/ Frontenac Red -35 La Crescent White -36 Frontenac Gris Gray -35 Marquette Red -35 Elmer Swenson St. Croix Red -32 St. Pepin White -26 LaCrosse White -25 Espirit -30 Kay Gray White -30 Loise Swenson White -40 Lacrosse White -25 16
Gen Class Code Blends Product Name Region Vintage Wine Chem Alc 12.5, TA Dry White Venezie, IT 1 95% Pinot Grigio & 5% Chardonnay Pinot Grigio "Varietal" 2014 6.5 g, RS 0.6, Ref (N IT) ph 3.3 Dry White 2 Chardonel/Seyval/Vidal LMS NV dry Dry White 3 Chardonnay, Vidal, Vignoles, Seyval LP NV Dry Red Ref 4 81% CS, 15% Merlot, 2% Syrah, 2% other Cabernet Sauvignon "Varietal" Dry Red 5 66% Chamb, 21% Merlot, 9% Foch, 3% CS o TA:.637g/100ml o Alc: 11.92% Columbia Valley, WA Dry Red 6 Chancellor and Chamboucin LMS NV 0.6 RS Dry Red 7 70/30 Chambourcin and Chancellor TM NV.5 RS Dry Red 8 Noiret; fruit from LMS - barrel aged 12 mos SE 2012 Semi Dry White Semi Dry White Semi Sweet White 9 55% Vidal, 30% La Crescent, 10% Pinot Gris, 5% Ries LMS 2013 NV LP 2014 1.8 RS 10 Traminette, Vignoles, & Seyval SE NV 3 RS 11 Vidal Blanc 31%, Seyval Blanc 20%, Riesling 22%, Traminette 17%, Cab Franc 10% LMS 2014 4 RS 0.85 RS, 7.5 g TA, 3.2 ph dry ML, ph: 3.51, TA 6.4, Alc 11.9 ph: 3.51, TA 6.4, Alc 11.9 ph 3.4, TA 7.2 g, Chap Semi Sweet White Bubbly X Dry Bubbly X Dry Bubbly Demi Sec 12 Vidal 48%, Vignoles 27%, Riesling 10%, Tram 9%, Seyval 6% LMS NV 4 RS 13 Cuyuga White 70% + Riesling 30% LP NV 1.5% RS 14 Cayuga, Vignoles, Seyval LP NV 2.0 % RS 15 Traminette LMS NV 5.0% RS 18
Flight A Dry Whites Gen Class Code Blends Product Name Region Vintage Wine Chem Alc 12.5, TA Dry White Venezie, 1 95% Pinot Grigio & 5% Chardonnay DaVinci, "Pinot Grigio" 2014 6.5 g, RS 0.6, Ref IT (N IT) ph 3.3 Dry White 2* Chardonel/Seyval/Vidal St. Julian, "Founders White" LMS NV dry Dry White 3* Chardonnay, Vidal, Vignoles, Seyval Gd Harbor "Fishtown White" LP NV 0.85 RS, 7.5 g TA, 3.2 ph 19
Flight B Dry Reds Gen Class Code Blends Product Name Region Vintage Wine Chem Columbia dry ML, ph: Columbia Crest Grand Dry Red Ref 4 81% CS, 15% Merlot, 2% Syrah, 2% other Valley, 2013 3.51, TA 6.4, Estates, "Cab Sauv" WA Alc 11.9 Dry Red 5* 66% Chamb, 21% Merlot, 9% Foch, 3% CS o TA:.637g/100ml o Alc: 11.92% Dry Red 6* Chancellor and Chamboucin Fenn VV, "Capricio" LMS NV White Pine, "Dune Shadow Red" LMS NV 0.6 RS Dry Red 7* 70/30 Chambourcin and Chancellor Mackinaw Trail, "Big Red" TM NV.5 RS Dry Red 8* Noiret; fruit from LMS - barrel aged 12 mos Sandhill Crane, "Noiret" SE 2012 ph: 3.51, TA 6.4, Alc 11.9 ph 3.4, TA 7.2 g, Chap 20
Flight C Semi Dry/Sweet Whites Gen Class Code Blends Product Name Region Vintage Wine Chem Semi Dry 55% Vidal, 30% La Crescent, 10% Pinot Gris, 5% 9* 45 North, "45 White" LP 2014 1.8 RS White Ries Semi Dry 10^ Traminette, Vignoles, & Seyval Burgdorf, "Spartan White" SE NV 3 RS White Semi Vidal Blanc 31%, Seyval Blanc 20%, Riesling 22%, Sweet 11* Cody Kresta, "Petoro" LMS 2014 4 RS Traminette 17%, Cab Franc 10% White Semi Sweet White 12 Vidal 48%, Vignoles 27%, Riesling 10%, Tram 9%, Seyval 6% Tabor Hill, "Classic Demi Sec" LMS NV 4 RS 21
Flight D Extra Dry / Demi Sec Bubbly Gen Class Code Blends Product Name Region Vintage Wine Chem Bubbly X Dry Bubbly X Dry 13* Cuyuga White 70% + Riesling 30% M. Lawrence, "Green" LP NV 1.5% RS 14* Cayuga, Vignoles, Seyval Bel Lago, "Brilliante" LP NV 2.0 % RS Bly D Sec 15* Traminette St. Julian, "Sweet Nancie" LMS NV 5.0% RS 22
Gen Class Code Blends Product Name Region Vintage Wine Chem Alc 12.5, TA Dry White Venezie, 1 95% Pinot Grigio & 5% Chardonnay DaVinci, "Pinot Grigio" 2014 6.5 g, RS 0.6, Ref IT (N IT) ph 3.3 Dry White 2* Chardonel/Seyval/Vidal St. Julian, "Founders White" LMS NV dry Dry White 3* Chardonnay, Vidal, Vignoles, Seyval Dry Red Ref 4 81% CS, 15% Merlot, 2% Syrah, 2% other Dry Red 5* 66% Chamb, 21% Merlot, 9% Foch, 3% CS o TA:.637g/100ml o Alc: 11.92% Dry Red 6* Chancellor and Chamboucin Gd Harbor "Fishtown White" Columbia Crest Grand Estates, "Cab Sauv" LP Columbia Valley, WA NV 2013 Fenn VV, "Capricio" LMS NV White Pine, "Dune Shadow Red" LMS NV 0.6 RS Dry Red 7* 70/30 Chambourcin and Chancellor Mackinaw Trail, "Big Red" TM NV.5 RS Dry Red 8* Noiret; fruit from LMS - barrel aged 12 mos Sandhill Crane, "Noiret" SE 2012 Semi Dry White Semi Dry White Semi Sweet White Semi Sweet White Bubbly X Dry Bubbly X Dry 9* 55% Vidal, 30% La Crescent, 10% Pinot Gris, 5% Ries 45 North, "45 White" LP 2014 1.8 RS 10^ Traminette, Vignoles, & Seyval Burgdorf, "Spartan White" SE NV 3 RS 11* 12 Vidal Blanc 31%, Seyval Blanc 20%, Riesling 22%, Traminette 17%, Cab Franc 10% Vidal 48%, Vignoles 27%, Riesling 10%, Tram 9%, Seyval 6% Cody Kresta, "Petoro" LMS 2014 4 RS Tabor Hill, "Classic Demi Sec" LMS NV 4 RS 0.85 RS, 7.5 g TA, 3.2 ph dry ML, ph: 3.51, TA 6.4, Alc 11.9 ph: 3.51, TA 6.4, Alc 11.9 ph 3.4, TA 7.2 g, Chap 13* Cuyuga White 70% + Riesling 30% M. Lawrence, "Green" LP NV 1.5% RS 14* Cayuga, Vignoles, Seyval Bel Lago, "Brilliante" LP NV 2.0 % RS Bly D Sec 15* Traminette St. Julian, "Sweet Nancie" LMS NV 5.0% RS 23
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