RANUNCULACEAE 毛茛科 mao gen ke Wang Wencai ( 王文采 Wang Wen-tsai) 1, Fu Dezhi ( 傅德志 ) 1, Li Liangqian ( 李良千 ) 1 ; Bruce Bartholomew 2, Anthony R. Brach 3, Bryan E. Dutton 4, Michael G. Gilbert 5, Yuichi Kadota 6, Orbélia R. Robinson 2, Michio Tamura 7, Michael J. Warnock 8, Zhu Guanghua ( 朱光华 ) 9, Svetlana N. Ziman 10 Herbs perennial or annual, sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple or variously compound, palmately nerved, rarely penninerved, with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, sometimes unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3 6 or more, free, petaloid or sepaloid, imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2 8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous, rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform; anthers latrorse, introrse, or extrorse; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries. Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo. About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions, particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China. Nigella damascena Linnaeus and N. glandulifera Freyn & Sintenis are cultivated (not native) in China. Wang Wen-tsai, Wang Shu-hsiou & Hsiao Pei-ken. 1979. Ranunculaceae subfam. Helleboroideae and subfam. Thalictroideae. In: Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 59 601; Wang Wen-tsai, Chang Mei-chen, Fang Ming-yuan, Ling Ping-ping, Ting Chih-tsun, Wang Shu-hsiou & Liou Liang. 1980. Ranunculaceae subfam. Ranunculoideae. In: Wang Wen-tsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 28: 1 345. 1a. Ovary with 1 ovule; fruit an achene. 2a. Inflorescence with an involucre. 3a. Involucre contiguous with flower, calyxlike... 25. Hepatica 3b. Involucre separate from flower. 4a. Leaves pinnatisect, penninerved; pollen grains spinulose... 26. Anemoclema 4b. Leaves 1 to few times palmately or subpinnately divided, palmately nerved; pollen grains not spinulose. 5a. Style strongly elongate and plumose in fruit... 27. Pulsatilla 5b. Style not as above... 24. Anemone 2b. Inflorescence without an involucre. 6a. Petals absent. 7a.Sepals valvate in bud; style usually strongly elongate and plumose in fruit; cauline leaves opposite, rarely alternate... 29. Clematis 7b. Sepals imbricate in bud; style not as above; cauline leaves (if present) alternate. 8a. Achene (1 )3-ribbed on each side; leaves compound, rarely simple... 21. Thalictrum 8b. Achene not ribbed; leaves simple. 9a. Basal leaves several, palmately lobed or undivided, veins reticulately anastomosing; staminodes absent... 28. Metanemone 9b. Basal leaf 1, palmatisect, veins dichotomously branched, not anastomosing; staminodes present... 31. Kingdonia 6b. Petals present. 10a. Vines woody; cauline leaves opposite; style strongly elongate and plumose in fruit... 30. Naravelia 10b. Herbs perennial or annual; cauline leaves (if present) alternate; style not as above. 11a. Petals without nectaries... 33. Adonis 1 Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People s Republic of China. 2 Botany Department, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118-4599, U.S.A. 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, c/o Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-2094, U.S.A. 4 Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, 345 North Monmouth Avenue, Monmouth, Oregon 97361, U.S.A. 5 Missouri Botanical Garden, c/o Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England, United Kingdom. 6 Department of Botany, National Science Museum, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. 7 Awo-Gein 4-25-7, Minoo, Osaka 562-0025, Japan. 8 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 223 Tucker Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, U.S.A. 9 Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. 10 Tereshchenkivska str. 2, Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences, Kiev 01601, Ukraine.
11b. Petals with nectaries. 12a. Aggregate fruit terete, achene with a robust, rostrate, persistent style at apex and 2 tubercles near base... 38. Ceratocephala 12b. Aggregate fruit not terete, achene with neither robust, rostrate, persistent style at apex nor tubercles near base. 13a. Basal leaves several times pinnatisect; ovule pendulous from ovary locule apex. 32. Callianthemum 13b. Basal leaves not pinnatisect; ovule attached to ovary locule base. 14a. Achene ribbed on each side. 15a. Stolons absent; petals 13 15; achene 1-ribbed on each side... 36. Oxygraphis 15b. Stolons present; petals 5 10; achene 2- or 3-ribbed on each side... 37. Halerpestes 14b. Achene not ribbed. 16a. Petals yellow; achene smooth, rarely spinulose or tuberculate... 34. Ranunculus 16b. Petals white, rarely yellow; achene transversely rugose on each side... 35. Batrachium 1b. Ovary with several or many ovules; fruit a follicle, rarely a capsule or berry. 17a. Flowers zygomorphic; inflorescences usually racemose; pedicels 2-bracteolate. 18a. Upper sepal spurless; petals clawed... 10. Aconitum 18b. Upper sepal spurred; petals clawless. 19a. Staminodes 2, each differentiated into claw and limb; petals free; carpels 3 5( 7)... 11. Delphinium 19b. Staminodes absent; petals connate; carpel 1... 12. Consolida 17b. Flower actinomorphic; inflorescences monochasial or, if racemose, pedicels ebracteolate. 20a. Flowers many, borne in compound cymes, panicles, or racemes. 21a. Leaves simple, undivided; petals and staminodes absent... 4. Beesia 21b. Leaves 1 or more times ternately or subpinnately compound; petals or staminodes present. 22a. Proximal cauline leaves sheathlike; sepals 8 11 mm; fruit slender stipitate... 5. Souliea 22b. Proximal cauline leaves not sheathlike; sepals less than 4.5 mm; fruit shortly stipitate or sessile. 23a. Fruit a berry; basal leaves scalelike... 7. Actaea 23b. Fruit a follicle; basal leaves not scalelike... 6. Cimicifuga 20b. Flowers solitary, terminal, or few in monochasia. 24a. Petals absent. 25a. Leaves 2-ternate... 14. Enemion 25b. Leaves simple. 26a. Leaves entire... 1. Caltha 26b. Leaves 3-sect... 2. Calathodes 24b. Petals present. 27a. Carpels connate at base... 22. Dichocarpum 27b. Carpels free. 28a. Petals long clawed. 29a. Leaves simple, peltate, entire or palmately lobed; carpels 5 8, free... 13. Asteropyrum 29b. Leaves usually pedately compound, rarely ternate, not peltate; carpels 2, connate at base. 28b. Petals very shortly clawed or clawless. 30a. Carpels slender stipitate... 23. Coptis 30b. Carpels sessile. 31a. Staminodes present, membranous, linear-lanceolate. 32a. Sepals white; stamens 8 14; style 1/6 1/5 as long as ovary... 20. Semiaquilegia 32b. Sepals blue or purple; stamens numerous; style ca. 1/2 as long as to longer than ovary. 33a. Leaves all basal, simple, 3-sect, or ternate; petals ca. 1/3 as long as sepals, not petaloid (instead specialized nectariferous organs); style ca. 2 as long as ovary; follicles cubic-globose... 18. Urophysa 33b. Leaves both basal and cauline, 2 or more times ternate; petals subequaling sepals, petaloid; style ca. 1/2 as long as ovary; follicles narrowly cylindric... 19. Aquilegia 31b. Staminodes absent. 34a. Leaves simple. 35a. Leaves all basal; inflorescence with an involucre... 9. Eranthis
35b. Leaves both basal and cauline; inflorescence without an involucre. 36a. Leaves palmatipartite or palmatisect; petals linear... 3. Trollius 36b. Leaves pedatisect; petals tubular or cupular... 8. Helleborus 34b. Leaves compound. 37a. Leaves all basal, persistent remnants of petioles forming a dense clump; flower solitary, terminal; petals clawless... 17. Paraquilegia 37b. Leaves both basal and cauline, petioles not forming a clump; flowers few, borne in a monochasium; petals very shortly clawed. 38a. Herbs perennial; carpels 1 5... 15. Isopyrum 38b. Herbs annual; carpels 6 20... 16. Leptopyrum 1. CALTHA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 558. 1753. 驴蹄草属 lu ti cao shu Li Liangqian ( 李良千 ); Michio Tamura Herbs perennial, glabrous, with fibrous roots. Stems simple or several branched. Leaves basal, or both basal and cauline, sometimes distal cauline ones palmately lobed, orbicular, reniform, or ovate, base cordate, margin dentate or entire; petioles sheathed at base. Flower solitary, terminal, or 2 or more in a simple or complex monochasium opening nearly flat. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, yellow, rarely white or red, obovate or elliptic, caducous. Petals absent. Stamens numerous; anthers elliptic to oblong; filaments linear. Follicles 5 40, sessile, sometimes stipitate, with branching transverse veins, styles distinct or nearly absent; ovules several to many. Seeds several in a follicle, ellipsoid-globose, smooth. About 15 species: temperate and cold-temperate regions of N and S hemispheres; four species (one endemic) in China. 1a. Stigmas nearly sessile; seeds less than 1 mm; sepals white or pinkish, ca. 3 mm; follicles (10 )20 30 4. C. natans 1b. Styles distinct; seeds 1 2.5 mm; sepals yellow, rarely red, more than 7 mm; follicles 5 12. 2a. Follicles shortly stipitate... 3. C. scaposa 2b. Follicles sessile. 3a. Leaves both basal and cauline; flowers usually (2 or)3 5 or more in a complex monochasium 1. C. palustris 3b. Leaves all basal; flower solitary, terminal... 2. C. sinogracilis 1. Caltha palustris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 558. 1753. 驴蹄草 lu ti cao Plants with numerous fleshy roots. Stems 10 120 cm tall at fruiting, (1.5 )3 12 mm in diam., branched, rarely simple, basal leaves 3 7, long petiolate; petiole (4 )7 24 cm; leaf blade orbicular to orbicular-reniform or cordate, (1.2 )2.5 5 (2 )3 9 cm, base deeply cordate, margin densely denticulate, apex rounded. Cauline leaves usually diminishing upward, rarely equal to basal leaves in size, orbicular-reniform or triangular-cordate, shortly petiolate or uppermost ones sessile. Monochasium often solitary, (2 or)3 5- flowered; pedicels more than 1.5 cm at fruiting. Flowers 2 3 cm in diam. Sepals 5, yellow, obovate to narrowly obovate, 1 1.8( 2.5) 0.6 1.2( 1.5) cm, apex rounded. Stamens 4.5 7( 9) mm; anthers sessile, oblong, 1 1.6 mm. Follicles (5 )7 25, ca. 1 cm 3 mm; persistent style 1 3 mm. Seeds black, rarely pale greenish brown, narrowly ovoid, 1.5 2 mm. Fl. May Sep. 2n = 16, 32, 55 57, 60, 64, 80. Mountain regions, grassy slopes, valleys, marshlands, forests, by streams, in water; 600 4000 m. S and SW Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, E and SE Xizang, C and NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [most temperate regions of N hemisphere]. 1a. Uppermost cauline leaves and bracts palmatipartite... 1e. var. umbrosa 1b. Uppermost cauline leaves and bracts undivided. 2a. Stems to 120 cm tall, ca. 12 mm in diam. at fruiting; cauline leaves below inflorescence subequal to basal leaves in size... 1f. var. barthei 2b. Stems to 50 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at fruiting; leaves below inflorescence usually smaller than basal leaves. 3a. Stem decumbent after anthesis; leaf blades broadly triangularreniform, broadly cordate at base, margin dentate basally, repand or subentire apically... 1c. var. sibirica 3b. Stem erect; leaf blades orbicularreniform or suborbicular, rarely triangular-reniform, usually deeply cordate at base, margin dentate throughout. 4a. Styles 2 3 mm... 1d. var. himalaica 4b. Styles 1( 1.5) mm. 5a. Leaves herbaceous or subpapery; pedicels 2 10 cm... 1a. var. palustris
5b. Leaves thin herbaceous or membranous; pedicels to 14 cm. 1b. var. membranacea 1a. Caltha palustris var. palustris 驴蹄草 ( 原变种 ) lu ti cao (yuan bian zhong)?caltha palustris var. orientalisinensis X. H. Guo. Stems usually erect, hollow, to 50 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at fruiting. Leaf blade orbicular-reniform or suborbicular, rarely triangular-reniform, herbaceous or subpapery, base usually deeply cordate, margin dentate. Pedicels more than 2 cm, to 15 cm at fruiting. Mountain regions, wet places, grassy slopes, valleys, marshlands, forests; 600 4000 m. S Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, W Henan, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, E Xizang, NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [temperate to cold regions of northern hemisphere]. 1b. Caltha palustris var. membranacea Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 62. 1842. 膜叶驴蹄草 mo ye lu ti cao Caltha membranacea (Turczaninow) Schipczinsky; C. membranacea var. grandiflora S. H. Li & Y. H. Huang. Stems erect, hollow, to 50 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at fruiting. Leaf blade orbicular-reniform or suborbicular, rarely triangular-reniform, thinly herbaceous or membranous, base usually deeply cordate, margin dentate. Pedicels to 5 cm, to 14 cm at fruiting. 2n = 32, 64. Wet places in valleys, forests. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (E Siberia)]. Alexander N. Luferov (pers. comm.) suggests that this taxon should be treated at the rank of species. 1c. Caltha palustris var. sibirica Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34: 53. 1861. 三角叶驴蹄草 san jiao ye lu ti cao Caltha palustris subsp. sibirica (Regel) Hultén; C. sibirica (Regel) Tolmatchev. Stems decumbent at anthesis, solid, to 50 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at fruiting. Leaves below inflorescence usually smaller than basal leaves. Leaf blades broadly triangular-reniform, base broadly cordate, margin dentate basally, repand or subentire apically. 2n = 56 80. Marshes, wet places in valleys, in water. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East)]. 1d. Caltha palustris var. himalaica Tamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 76. 1962. 长柱驴蹄草 chang zhu lu ti cao Stems erect, solid, to 50 cm tall, ca. 6 mm in diam. at fruiting. Leaves below inflorescence usually smaller than basal leaves. Leaf blades orbicular-reniform or suborbicular, rarely triangular-reniform, base usually deeply cordate, margin dentate throughout. Styles 2 3 mm. Mountain regions, wet places; 2800 3100 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal]. 1e. Caltha palustris var. umbrosa Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 264. 1912. 掌裂驴蹄草 zhang lie lu ti cao Caltha palustris var. sibirica Regel subvar. palmata Takeda. Stems erect. Uppermost cauline leaves and bracts palmatipartite. Grassy valley areas; ca. 2900 m. SW Sichuan, C and NW Yunnan. 1f. Caltha palustris var. barthei Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Ser. 5, 5: 205. 1866. 空茎驴蹄草 kong jing lu ti cao Caltha fistulosa Schipczinsky; C. fistulosa f. atrorubra W. T. Wang; C. palustris var. barthei f. atrorubra (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang; C. palustris var. multiflora Komarov ex Schipczinsky. Stems erect, hollow, to 1.2 m tall, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. at fruiting. Cauline leaves below inflorescence subequal to basal leaves in size. 2n = 32, 60. By streams; 1000 3800 m. SW Gansu, S and W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan [Japan, Russia (Far East )]. 2. Caltha sinogracilis W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 50. 1965. 细茎驴蹄草 xi jing lu ti cao Caltha gracilis Handel-Mazzetti (1923), not Nakai (1922); C. rubriflora B. L. Burtt & Lauener; C. sinogracilis f. rubriflora (B. L. Burtt & & Lauener) W. T. Wang. Plants small, glabrous. Stems more than 4 cm tall, to 10 cm at fruiting, ca. 1 mm in diam., simple to 7-branched. Leaves all basal, long petiolate; petiole 3 5 cm; leaf blade orbicular-reniform or reniform-cordate, 1 1.7 1.2 3.5 cm, herbaceous, base deeply cordate, margin crenate or dentate basally, apex rounded. Flower solitary, terminal, ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicels 3 4 cm. Sepals 5, yellow, rarely red, narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.4 cm 4.5 mm, apex rounded. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm. Follicles 5 10, sessile; persistent style ca. 0.8 mm. Seeds dark brown, narrowly ellipsoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm. Grasslands, by streams; 3200 4100 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan. 3. Caltha scaposa J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 40. 1855. 花葶驴蹄草 hua ting lu ti cao Caltha palustris Linnaeus var. scaposa (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Maximowicz; C. scaposa var. parnassioides Ulbrich; C. scaposa var. smithii Ulbrich. Plants small. Stems simple or branched, more than 3.5 cm tall, to 24 cm at fruiting, 1 2 mm in diam. Basal leaves 3 10, long petiolate; petiole 2.5 10( 15) cm, base with membranous sheath; leaf blade cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate, sometimes reniform, 1 3( 3.7) 1.2 2.8( 4) cm, base deeply cordate, margin entire or repand, sometimes sparsely denticulate, apex rounded. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sometimes sessile, small. Flower solitary, terminal, or 2 in monochasium. Pedicels more than 3 cm, to 20 cm at fruiting. Sepals 5( 7), yellow, obovate, elliptic or ovate, 0.9 1.5( 1.9) 0.7 1.4 cm, apex rounded. Stamens 3.5 7( 10) mm; anthers oblong. Follicles (5 )6 8( 11), 1 1.6 cm 2.5
3 mm, shortly stipitate; persistent style ca. 1 mm. Seeds black. Fl. Jun Sep, fr. Jul. Alpine meadows, wet places in valleys; 2800 4100 m. S Gansu, S Qinghai, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim]. 4. Caltha natans Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 284. 1766. 白花驴蹄草 bai hua lu ti cao Thacla natans (Pallas) Deyl & Sojak. Plants submerged or creeping. Stems 20 50 cm tall, 2 4 mm in diam., branched. Cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole 2.5 7 cm, sheathed at base; leaf blade cordatereniform or cordate, 1 2 1.5 2.4 cm, base deeply cordate-reniform or cordate, margin entire or repand or crenulate below middle, apex rounded. Monochasium terminal, (2- or)3 5-flowered. Pedicels 2 4 cm. Flowers small, ca. 5 mm in diam. Sepals 5, white or pinkish, obovate, ca. 3 2 mm, apex rounded. Stamens ca. 2 mm; anthers elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm. Follicles (10 )20 30, ca. 5 mm, sessile; stigmas nearly sessile. Seeds black, ellipsoid-globose, less than 1 mm. Fl. Jul. 2n = 16, 32. Wet meadows, marshes, in water. Heilongjiang, NE Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia (Siberia); North America]. 2. CALATHODES J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 40. 1855. 鸡爪草属 ji zhua cao shu Li Liangqian ( 李良千 ); Michio Tamura Herbs perennial, mostly glabrous. Roots fibrous. Leaves simple, basal ones 1 3, cauline ones 4 6, pentagonal or subpentagonal, palmately 3-sect. Flower solitary, terminal, opening nearly flat. Sepals 5, petaloid, yellow, white, or greenish white, caducous. Petals absent. Stamens numerous; filaments narrowly linear; anthers oblong. Follicles 7 60, subleathery, with lateral veins usually parallel except basally, with or without a projection on abaxial suture. Seeds 8 10, black, glossy, ca. 2 mm, obovoid, smooth. 2n = 16*. Four species: Bhutan, China, Sikkim; four species (three endemic) in China. 1a. Sepals yellow. 2a. Carpels with a projection inserted near base of abaxial suture... 3. C. unciformis 2b. Carpels without a projection... 1. C. palmata 1b. Sepals white or greenish white. 3a. Carpels 7 12( 15)... 2. C. oxycarpa 3b. Carpels 30 60... 4. C. polycarpa 1. Calathodes palmata J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 41. 1855. 黄花鸡爪草 huang hua ji zhua cao Stems 30 45 cm tall, usually simple. Basal and proximal cauline leaves subglabrous; petiole 7 8.5 cm; leaf blade 2.6 4 4.4 5.8 cm; central segment rhombic, 3- fid, lobulate, margin serrate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-parted. Flowers ca. 3 cm in diam. Sepals yellow, subelliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 1/2 as long as sepals. Follicles ca. 18, flat, obliquely obovate, ca. 9 4.5 mm; persistent style ca. 1 mm; projection absent on abaxial suture. Fl. Jun. Mountain forests; 2500 3500 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. 2. Calathodes oxycarpa Sprague, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1919: 403. 1919. 鸡爪草 ji zhua cao Calathodes palmata J. D. Hooker & Thomson var. appendiculata Brühl. Stems 20 45 cm tall, simple or branched. Basal and proximal cauline leaves 3; petiole 6 10 cm; leaf blade 2 3 3.2 5 cm; central segment broadly rhombic, 3-fid, lobulate, margin serrate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-parted nearly to base. Flowers ca. 1.8 cm in diam. Sepals white, obovate or elliptic, 9 10 4 6 mm, glabrous. Stamens 3.5 7.5 mm. Follicles 7 12( 15), 7 14 ca. 4.5 mm; persistent style erect, 1 1.7 mm; projection inserted at middle of abaxial suture. Fl. May Jul, fr. Jul Aug. Mountain forests, grassy slopes; 2400 3200 m. W Hubei, Sichuan, W Yunnan. The entire plant is used medicinally for treating rheumatism and improving circulation. 3. Calathodes unciformis W. T. Wang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 16: 165. 1996. 多果鸡爪草 duo guo ji zhua cao Stems 30 40 cm tall, glabrous, apically few branched or simple. Petiole 3 10 cm; leaf blade 4 8 5 11 cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially scabrous or minutely strigillose at veins; central segment rhombic, margin incised dentate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-parted. Flowers ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Sepals yellow, narrowly obovate or elliptic, ca. 1 cm, glabrous, apex rounded. Stamens ca. 6.5 mm. Follicles 35 50, 6.5 8 4 5 mm; persistent style ca. 0.8 mm; projection inserted near base of abaxial suture. Fl. Jun Jul, fr. Jul Aug. Mountain forests, open slopes, valleys; 1800 2000 m. W Guizhou, SW Hubei, NE Yunnan. 4. Calathodes polycarpa Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 153. 1933.
台湾鸡爪草 tai wan ji zhua cao Stems 30 40 cm tall, glabrous. Petiole 7 13.5 cm; leaf blade 4 5.5 6.5 9 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; segments serrate at margin, apex acute. Flowers 1.8 3 cm in diam. Sepals white or greenish white, obovate or elliptic, 1.2 1.6 cm 6 9 mm. Stamens 6 8.5 mm. Follicles 30 60, 7 10 mm; persistent style 1.5 2 mm; projection present on abaxial suture. Open slopes at high elevations. Taiwan. Records of this species from mainland China (e.g., in FRPS) are referable to Calathodes unciformis. 3. TROLLIUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 556. 1753. 金莲花属 jin lian hua shu Li Liangqian ( 李良千 ); Michio Tamura Herbs perennial, glabrous, with fibrous roots. Leaves all basal, or basal and cauline, simple, palmately parted or sect. Flower solitary, terminal or few in a cyme. Sepals 5 to many, usually yellow, rarely purplish, obovate, petaloid, usually caducous, rarely persistent. Petals 5 to many, linear, shortly clawed and with nectary pit above base. Stamens numerous; anthers ellipsoid or oblong, filaments narrowly linear. Follicles 5 to many, with branching transverse veins and a persistent style. Seeds subglobose, smooth. About 30 species: temperate to cold regions of the N hemisphere; 16 species (eight endemic) in China. 1a. Sepals lilac-blue or pale blue, or white with blue veins, persistent... 16. T. lilacinus 1b. Sepals yellow, usually caducous, or rarely white inside and purplish outside, persistent. 2a. Leaves palmately parted. 3a. Leaves all basal, or 1 3 inserted near base of stem. 4a. Leaf blade 3-parted, lobes indistinct, margin with teeth ovate or broadly ovate... 4. T. pumilus 4b. Leaf blade deeply 3-sect nearly to base, segments lobed, margin with teeth triangular or narrowly triangular... 5. T. farreri 3b. Leaves both basal and cauline, cauline leaves 2 4, inserted at middle or above on stem. 5a. Sepals 8 13... 3. T. dschungaricus 5b. Sepals 5. 6a. Sepals ± green when dried; petals broadly spatulate at apex; persistent style erect 1. T. yunnanensis 6b. Sepals not green when dried; petals narrowed at apex; persistent style turning outside 2. T. buddae 2b. Leaves palmately sect. 7a. Petals longer than stamens, caducous. 8a. Petals shorter than sepals. 9a. Petals narrowly linear, 1 1.5( 1.8) mm wide, slightly spatulate... 12. T. ledebourii 9b. Petals spatulate-linear, broadened from base, broadest above middle, 2 3.5 mm wide 13. T. asiaticus 8b. Petals equaling or longer than sepals. 10a. Sepals (6 )10 15( 19); petals subequaling sepals; persistent style ca. 1 mm... 14. T. chinensis 10b. Sepals 5 7; petals usually longer than sepals; persistent style 3.5 4 mm... 15. T. macropetalus 7b. Petals shorter than or subequaling stamens, usually persistent. 11a. Petals longer than filaments, subequaling stamens; flower solitary and terminal, or 2 or 3 flowers in a cyme. 12a. Sepals 5 7; styles purplish... 10. T. japonicus 12b. Sepals 15 18; styles dark purple or black... 11. T. altaicus 11b. Petals equaling filaments; flower solitary, terminal. 13a. Sepals ca. 6 mm, persistent... 6. T. micranthus 13b. Sepals 10 20 mm, caducous or persistent. 14a. Segments of leaves not separate; sepals ± green when dried... 7. T. ranunculoides 14b. Segments of leaves separate; sepals not green when dried. 15a. Basal leaves 4 6.5 cm wide; sepals not purplish outside, caducous 9. T. taihasenzanensis 15b.Basal leaves 1 2.6( 4.5) cm wide; sepals purplish outside, usually persistent. 16a. Central segment 3-lobed to ± middle; carpels 6 9( 25)... 5. T. farreri 16b. Central segment 3-parted nearly to base; carpels 4 6... 8. T. vaginatus 1. Trollius yunnanensis (Franchet) Ulbrich, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 368. 1922. 云南金莲花 yun nan jin lian hua Stems more than 20 cm tall, to 80 cm at fruiting, simple or branched above middle. Basal leaves 2 or 3; petiole 7 20 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade dark green when dried, pentagonal, 2.6 5.5 4.8 11 cm, base deeply cordate, 3-parted; central lobe rhombic-ovate or rhombic, 3-fid, incised-lobulate or dentate at margin; lateral lobes obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid.
Proximal cauline leaves similar to basal ones, distal cauline leaves subsessile, smaller. Flower solitary, terminal, or 2 or 3 flowers in a cyme, (3.2 )4 5.5 cm in diam. Pedicel ca. 4 cm, to 9.5 cm at fruiting. Sepals 5( 7), yellow, ± green when dried, broadly obovate or obovate, rarely broadly elliptic, 1.7 2.5( 3) 1.2 2.5( 2.8) cm, apex rounded or truncate. Petals linear, shorter than stamens, 7 7.5( 17) ca. 1 mm, slightly widened at apex, subspatulate. Stamens ca. 1 cm. Follicles 7 25, 0.9 1.1 cm ca. 3 mm; persistent style erect, ca. 1 mm. Seeds narrowly ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, smooth. Fl. Jun Sep, fr. Sep Oct. Grassy slopes, mountain slopes, wet places; 1900 3900 m. S Gansu, Sichuan, W Yunnan. 1a. Petals longer than stamens, 12 17 mm... 1b. var. eupetalus 1b. Petals shorter than or subequaling stamens, less than 8 mm. 2a. Leaves distinctly peltate at base 1d. var. peltatus 2b. Leaves not peltate at base. 3a. Leaf lobes ± separate from each other, central lobe 3-fid to or beyond middle... 1a. var. yunnanensis 3b. Leaf lobes overlapping, central lobe 3-lobed, not divided below middle... 1c. var. anemonifolius 1a. Trollius yunnanensis var. yunnanensis 云南金莲花 ( 原变种 ) yun nan jin lian hua (yuan bian zhong) Trollius pumilus D. Don var. yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 375. 1886;?T. papavereus Schipczinsky; T. pumilus subsp. normalis Brühl var. yunnanensis (Franchet) Brühl; T. yunnanensis f. ubera Stapf. Leaves not peltate at base; leaf lobes ± separate from each other, central lobe 3-fid to or beyond middle. Sepals less than 2.8 cm wide. Petals shorter than or subequaling stamens, less than 8 mm. 2n = 16*. Grassy slopes, wet grassy places; 2700 3600 m. W Sichuan, W Yunnan. 1b. Trollius yunnanensis var. eupetalus (Stapf) W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 50. 1965. 长瓣云南金莲花 chang ban yun nan jin lian hua Trollius yunnanensis f. eupetala Stapf, Bot. Mag. 152: t. 9134. 1928. Sepals 1.7 3 cm wide. Petals longer than stamens, 1.2 1.7 cm. Grassy slopes; 3300 3900 m. NW Yunnan. 1c. Trollius yunnanensis var. anemonifolius (Brühl) W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 51. 1965. 复裂云南金莲花 fu lie yun nan jin lian hua Trollius pumilus D. Don subsp. anemonifolius Brühl, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 87. 1896; T. anemonifolius (Brühl) Stapf; T. yunnanensis subsp. anemonifolius (Brühl) Doroszewska. Leaves not peltate at base; lobes overlapping, central lobe 3-lobed, not divided below middle. Sepals less than 2.8 cm wide. Petals shorter than or subequaling stamens, less than 8 mm. Grassy slopes; 3000 3800 m. S Gansu, W Sichuan. 1d. Trollius yunnanensis var. peltatus W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 51. 1965. 盾叶云南金莲花 dun ye yun nan jin lian hua Leaves distinctly peltate at base. Sepals less than 2.8 cm wide. Petals shorter than or subequaling stamens, less than 8 mm. Mountain slopes, wet places; ca. 1900 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan). 2. Trollius buddae Schipczinsky, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 4: 10. 1923. 川陕金莲花 chuan shan jin lian hua Trollius stenopetalus Stapf. Stems 60 70 cm tall, usually branched at middle or above. Basal leaves 1 3; petiole 11 30 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 5.9 9 9.5 18 cm, base deeply cordate, 3- parted; central lobe rhombic or broadly rhombic, 3- lobed, with several lobules and dentate margin; lateral lobes obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid. Cauline leaves 3 or 4, proximal ones similar to basal leaves, distal ones diminishing. Inflorescence cymose, 2- or 3- flowered. Sepals 5, yellow, not green when dried, obovate or broadly obovate, rarely elliptic, 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.6 cm, caducous. Petals nearly as long as stamens, ca. 8 mm, apex not or slightly widened. Stamens 8 10 mm. Follicles 20 30, 1 1.4 cm ca. 3 mm; persistent style turning outside, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. Grassy slopes; 1800 2400 m. S Gansu, S Shaanxi, N Sichuan. 3. Trollius dschungaricus Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 383. 1880. 准噶尔金莲花 zhun ga er jin lian hua Trollius europaeus Linnaeus var. songoricus Regel. Stems ca. 10 cm tall, to 50 cm at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves 3 7; petiole 6 28 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade green when dried, 1.5 4.5 2 7.5 cm, base cordate, 3-parted; central lobe broadly elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 3-lobed, with lobules and irregularly denticulate margin; lateral lobes obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid. Cauline leaves 2 or 3, similar to basal ones. Flower solitary, terminal, sometimes 2 or 3 flowers in a cyme, 3 5.4 cm in diam. Pedicel ca. 5 cm, to 15 cm at fruiting. Sepals 8 13, yellow or orangeyellow, not green when dried, obovate or broadly
obovate, sometimes narrowly obovate, 1.5 2.6 0.8 1.6 cm, margin several toothed or subentire at apex, apex rounded. Petals linear, orbicular, or spatulate, shorter than stamens or subequal to filaments, 7 8 ca. 1 mm. Stamens 0.9 1.4 cm. Follicles 12 18, 1 1.2 cm ca. 2 mm; persistent style ca. 1.2 mm. Seeds ca. 1.5 mm, ellipsoid-globose, smooth. Fl. Jul Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 16. Grassy slopes, Picea forests; 1800 3100 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. 4. Trollius pumilus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 195. 1825. 小金莲花 xiao jin lian hua Stems more than 3.5 cm tall, to 25 cm at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves 1 3; petiole 1.5 5 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade green or not when dried, pentagonal or pentagonal-ovate, 0.8 1.5 1.2 2.5 cm, base deeply cordate, 3-parted; central lobe obovate or flabellate-obovate, apex rounded, 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 lobules or dentate margin; lateral lobes obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid. Cauline leaves 2 or 3, similar to basal ones. Flower solitary, terminal, 1.5 2 cm in diam. Sepals 5, yellow and caducous, or white inside, purplish outside and persistent, green or not when dried, obovate or ovate, 6 10( 17) 3.5 9 ( 15) mm, apex rounded, usually caducous. Petals spatulatelinear, shorter than stamens, 2 3 ca. 0.5 mm, apex rounded. Stamens 3.5 5 mm. Follicles 6 16, ca. 1 cm; persistent style ca. 1 mm. Seeds ca. 1 mm, ellipsoidglobose, smooth. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. Marshes, alpine grasslands; 2300 4800 m. S and SW Gansu, E and S Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang [Bhutan, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim]. 1a. Leaves both basal and cauline... 4c. var. foliosus 1b. Leaves all basal or subbasal. 2a. Leaf blade and sepals green when dried; sepals to 17 15 mm 4b. var. tanguticus 2b. Leaf blade and sepals not green when dried; sepals to 6 10 3.5 9 mm. 3a. Stems 3.5 9 cm tall; sepals yellow, 6 10 3.5 7 mm, caducous 4a. var. pumilus 3b. Stems 20 25 cm tall; sepals white inside, dark purple outside, ca. 10 8 9 mm, persistent 4d. var. tehkehensis 4a. Trollius pumilus var. pumilus 小金莲花 ( 原变种 ) xiao jin lian hua (yuan bian zhong) Trollius pumilus subsp. normalis Brühl var. sikkimensis Brühl. Stems 3.5 9 cm tall at anthesis. Leaves all basal or subbasal; leaf blade not green when dried. Sepals yellow, 6 10 3.5 7 mm, caducous. 2n = 16. Grassy marshes, grasslands; 4100 4800 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim]. 4b. Trollius pumilus var. tanguticus Brühl, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 88. 1896. 青藏金莲花 qing zang jin lian hua Trollius pumilus var. alpinus Ulbrich; T. tanguticus (Brühl) W. T. Wang. Leaves all basal or subbasal, green when dried. Sepals green when dried, to 1.7 1.5 cm. Mountainous grasslands, marshes; 2300 3700 m. SW Gansu, E and S Qinghai, NW Sichuan, NE Xizang. 4c. Trollius pumilus var. foliosus (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 78. 1979. 显叶金莲花 xian ye jin lian hua Trollius tanguticus (Brühl) W. T. Wang var. foliosus W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 52. 1965. Leaves both basal and cauline. Alpine grasslands; 3000 3400 m. S Gansu. 4d. Trollius pumilus var. tehkehensis (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 78. 1979. 德格金莲花 de ge jin lian hua Trollius tehkehensis W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 52. 1965. Stems 20 25 cm tall. Leaves all basal or subbasal, not green when dried. Sepals dark purple outside, white inside, ca. 1 cm 8 9 mm, persistent. Alpine grasslands. Sichuan (Dêgê Xian). Rudolf V. Kamelin (pers. comm.) believes that this taxon deserves recognition at the rank of species. 5. Trollius farreri Stapf, Bot. Mag. 152: t. 9143. 1928. 矮金莲花 ai jin lian hua Stems more than 5 cm tall, to 19 cm at fruiting, simple. Leaves 3 or 4, all basal or subbasal, or with 1 or 2 leaves near middle of stem; petiole 1 4 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 0.8 2.1 1.4 4.5 cm, base cordate, 3-sect nearly to base; central segment rhombic-obovate or cuneate, 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 irregular triangular teeth; lateral segments unequally 2-fid. Flower solitary, terminal, 1.8 3.4 cm in diam. Sepals 5(or 6), yellow, abaxially usually dark purple, not green when dried, broadly ovate, 1 1.5 0.9 1.5 cm, apex rounded or subtruncate, persistent, rarely caducous. Petals spatulate-linear, shorter than stamens, ca. 5 0.5 0.8 mm. Stamens ca. 7 mm. Follicles 6 9( 25), 0.9 1.2 cm; persistent style erect, ca. 2 mm. Seeds ellipsoid-globose, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun Jul, fr. Aug. Grassy slopes, alpine meadows; 3500 4700 m. S Gansu, E and S Qinghai, S Shaanxi, W Sichuan, NE and SE Xizang, NW Yunnan. 1a. Leaf blade 1.4 2.6 cm wide, leaves basal or subbasal; central segment rhombic-obovate or cuneate, with 2 or 3 irregular triangular teeth... 5a. var. farreri 1b. Leaf blade 2 4.5 cm wide, leaves all basal or with 1 or 2 cauline leaves near middle of stem; central segment broadly rhombic, densely lobulate... 5b. var. major 5a. Trollius farreri var. farreri 矮金莲花 ( 原变种 ) ai jin lian hua (yuan bian zhong)
Trollius kansuensis (Brühl) Mukerjee; T. pumilus D. Don subsp. normalis Brühl var. kansuensis Brühl. Leaves basal or subbasal; leaf blade 1.4 2.6 cm wide; central segment rhombic-obovate or cuneate, with 2 or 3 irregular triangular teeth. Grassy slopes; 3500 4700 m. S Gansu, E and S Qinghai, S Shaanxi, W Sichuan, NE Xizang, NW Yunnan. 5b. Trollius farreri var. major W. T. Wang in W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 52. 1965. 大叶矮金莲花 da ye ai jin lian hua Leaves all basal or with 1 or 2 cauline leaves near middle of stem; leaf blade 2 4.5 cm wide; central segment broadly rhombic, densely lobulate. Alpine meadows; 3500 4200 m. SE Xizang (Zayü Xian), NW Yunnan (Dêqên Xian). 6. Trollius micranthus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 268. 1931. 小花金莲花 xiao hua jin lian hua Stems more than 5 cm tall, to 24 cm at fruiting, simple or 1-branched at base. Basal leaves 4 or 5; petiole 1.2 3.5 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 0.8 1.5 1.3 3.5 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment broadly rhombic or cuneate, 3-lobed, margin with several teeth or entire; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, 2-fid. Subbasal cauline leaves similar to basal ones. Flower solitary, 1.2 1.5 cm in diam. Sepals 5, yellow, tinged with purple when dried, 5 8 mm, narrowly obovate or oblong, apex obtuse, persistent. Petals shorter than stamens, 2 3 mm. Stamens 3.5 5 mm. Follicles ca. 7, subequaling sepals, 5 8 ca. 2 mm; persistent style erect, ca. 0.7 mm. Seeds ellipsoid-globose, ca. 1 mm, smooth. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug. Grassy slopes; 3900 4200 m. E Xizang (Mêdog Xian), NW Yunnan (Dêqên Xian). 7. Trollius ranunculoides Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 301. 1892. 毛茛状金莲花 mao gen zhuang jin lian hua Trollius pumilus D. Don subsp. normalis Brühl var. ranunculoides Brühl. Stems more than 6 cm tall, to 30 cm at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves with petiole 3 13 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, orbicular-pentagonal or pentagonal, 1 1.5 ( 2.5) 1.4 2.4( 4.2) cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment broadly rhombic or rhombic-obovate, 3-fid, lobules 1- or 2-triangular or ovate-triangular dentate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves 1 3, smaller than basal leaves. Flower solitary, 2.2 3.2 ( 4) cm in diam. Sepals 5( 8), yellow, ± green when dried, obovate, 1 1.5 1 1.8 cm, apex rounded or subtruncate, caducous. Petals spatulate-linear, shorter than stamens, 4.5 6 ca. 1 mm. Stamens 5 7 mm. Follicles 7 9, ca. 1 cm; persistent style erect, ca. 1 mm. Seeds ellipsoid-globose, ca. 1 mm. Fl. May Jun, fr. Aug. Grassy slopes; 2900 4100 m. S Gansu, E and S Qinghai, W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan. 8. Trollius vaginatus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 267. 1931. 鞘柄金莲花 qiao bing jin lian hua Stems more than 4 cm tall, to 11 cm at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves 1 or 2(or 3); petiole 3 4 cm, base sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal-reniform, 1 1.5 1.6 2.8 cm, base deeply cordate, 3-sect; central segment broadly rhombic, 3-fid, lobules with 1 or 2 triangular teeth; lateral segments obliquely rhombic, unequally 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones, long petiolate. Flower solitary, 2.5 3.2( 3.7) cm in diam. Sepals 5, yellow, abaxially usually purplebrown, not green when dried, obovate or broadly obovate, 1.1 2 cm, apex rounded, persistent. Petals ca. 12, spatulate-linear, subequaling filaments or slightly shorter, 4 5 1 1.2 mm. Stamens 5 7 mm. Follicles 4 6, ca. 9 mm; persistent style ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun, fr. Jun. Grassy slopes; 3000 4200 m. SW Sichuan (Muli Zang Zu Zizhixian), NW Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian). 9. Trollius taihasenzanensis Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agr. 6: 570. 1934. 台湾金莲花 tai wan jin lian hua Stems 20 35 cm tall, simple or 1-branched. Basal leaves ca. 5; petiole 8 13 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 2.3 3 4 6.5 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment broadly rhombic, 3-fid, with narrowly triangular teeth; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones. Flowers 1 5, in terminal branches, 2.5 4 cm in diam. Sepals 5 8, yellow, not green when dried, not purplish outside, broadly obovate to narrowly obovate, or broadly elliptic, 1.2 1.9 0.7 1.4 cm, caducous. Petals ca. 12, linearelliptic, 3 4 0.5 1 mm. Stamens 5 7.5 mm. Follicles 4 15, ca. 1 cm 3 mm; persistent style 2.5 3 mm. Seeds ellipsoid-globose, 1.2 1.5 mm, smooth. Scrub forests in valleys, grassy streambanks, open areas in Abies forests; 3200 3900 m. Taiwan. 10. Trollius japonicus Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 6. 1876. 长白金莲花 chang bai jin lian hua Stems 20 60 cm tall, simple. Basal leaves 3 5; petiole 5.5 20 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 2.7 10 4 10 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-fid, with several lobules and small teeth; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, 2-parted nearly to base. Cauline leaves 3, similar to basal ones. Pedicel 2 6 cm. Flower solitary, or 2 or 3 flowers in a terminal cyme, 2.7 4 cm in diam. Sepals 5 7, yellow, green when dried, obovate or orbicular-obovate, 1.4 1.6 1 1.4 cm, several denticulate, apex rounded. Petals 9, linear, subequaling stamens, 6 7 ca. 1 mm. Stamens 5 7.5 mm. Follicles 7 15, to 1.1 cm ca. 3 mm; persistent style 1.5 4 mm. Seeds ellipsoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 16.
Grassy slopes; 1200 2300 m. E Jilin (Changbai Shan) [Japan]. 11. Trollius altaicus C. A. Meyer, Verz. Pflanz. Caucas. 200. 1831. 阿尔泰金莲花 a er tai jin lian hua Stems 26 70 cm tall, simple. Basal leaves 2 5; petiole 7 36 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 3.5 6 6.5 11 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-lobed, ultimate lobules dentate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones. Flower solitary, 3 5 cm in diam. Sepals (10 )15 18, orange, not green when dried, obovate or broadly obovate, 1.6 2.5 0.9 2 cm, apex rounded. Petals linear, shorter than or subequaling stamens, 6 13 ca. 1 mm, narrowed at apex. Stamens 0.7 1.3 cm. Styles dark purple or black. Follicles ca. 16, ca. 1 cm 3.5 mm; persistent style ca. 1 mm. Seeds ellipsoidglobose, ca. 1.2 mm. Fl. May Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 16. Grassy slopes, wet places in valleys; 1200 2700 m. W Nei Mongol, N Xinjiang [E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia),?Tajikistan, Uzbekistan]. 12. Trollius ledebourii Reichenbach, Icon. Pl. Crit. 3: 63. 1825. 短瓣金莲花 duan ban jin lian hua Stems 40 100 cm tall. Basal leaves 2 or 3; petiole 9 29 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 4.5 6.5 8.5 12.5 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-fid, ultimate lobules triangular-denticulate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves 3 or 4, similar to basal ones. Pedicel 5.5 15 cm. Flower solitary, or 2 or 3 flowers in a terminal cyme, 3.2 4.8 cm in diam. Sepals 5 8, yellow, not green when dried, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 1.3 2.8 1 1.5 cm, apex rounded. Petals 10 22, linear, longer than stamens but shorter than sepals, 1.3 1.6 cm ca. 1 mm, narrowed at apex. Stamens to 9 mm. Follicles 20 28, ca. 7 mm; persistent style ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun Jul, fr. Jun. 2n = 16. Wet grasslands, by streams; 100 900 m. Heilongjiang, Liaoning, NE Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)]. 13. Trollius asiaticus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 557. 1753. 宽瓣金莲花 kuan ban jin lian hua Stems more than 20 cm tall, to 80 cm at fruiting, simple or branched above middle. Basal leaves ca. 3; petiole 7 31 cm; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, to 4.5 8.5 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-fid, margin incised-dentate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones, shortly petiolate or sessile. Flower solitary, terminal, (2 )3.4 4.5 cm in diam. Sepals 10 15( 20), orange-red or orange, rarely dark yellow, broadly elliptic or obovate, (0.7 )1.5 2.3 (0.5 )1.2 1.7 cm, margin entire or irregularly dentate at apex. Petals spatulate-linear, longer than stamens but shorter than sepals, (4 )16 2 3.5 mm. Stamens ca. 1 cm. Follicles ca. 30; persistent style 0.5 1( 1.5) mm. Fl. Jul. 2n = 16. Wet places in grasslands, forests. Heilongjiang (Shangzhi Xian), Xinjiang (Altay Xian, Hami Shi) [E Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)]. 14. Trollius chinensis Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.- Pétersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 77. 1835. 金莲花 jin lian hua Trollius asiaticus Linnaeus var. chinensis (Bunge) Maximowicz. Stems more than 20 cm tall, to 80 cm at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves 1 4; petiole 12 30 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 3.8 6.8 6.8 12.5 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-fid to or beyond middle, margin densely unequally dentate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, 2-fid nearly to base. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones, shortly petiolate or sessile. Pedicel 5 9 cm. Flower solitary, or 2 or 3 flowers in a terminal cyme, 3.8 5.5 cm in diam. Sepals (6 )10 15( 19), golden yellow, not green when dried, elliptic-obovate or obovate, 1.5 2.8 0.7 1.6 cm, apex rounded. Petals 18 21, narrowly linear, subequaling or longer than sepals, rarely shorter than sepals, 1.8 2.2 cm 1.2 1.5 mm. Stamens 0.5 1.1 cm. Follicles 20 30, 1 1.2 cm ca. 3 mm; persistent style ca. 1 mm. Seeds subovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, smooth. Fl. Jun Jul, fr. Aug Sep. 2n = 16*. Grassy slopes; 1000 2200 m. Hebei, N Henan, W Jilin, W Liaoning, E Nei Mongol, Shanxi. 15. Trollius macropetalus (Regel) F. Schmidt, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Ser. 7, 12(2): 88. 1868. 长瓣金莲花 chang ban jin lian hua Trollius ledebourii Reichenbach var. macropetalus Regel, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Ser. 7, 4: 4. 1861; T. chinensis Bunge subsp. macropetalus (Regel) Luferov. Stems more than 40 cm tall, to 100 cm at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves 2 4; petiole 10 28 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 5.5 9.2 11 16 cm, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-fid, ultimate lobules unequally dentate; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid. Cauline leaves 3 or 4, similar to basal ones. Flower solitary, 3.5 4.5 cm in diam. Sepals 5 7, golden yellow, orange-yellow when dried, broadly ovate or obovate, 1.5 2 ( 2.5) 1.2 1.5 cm, apex rounded. Petals 14 22, narrowly linear, longer than sepals, sometimes subequaling sepals, 1.8 2.6 cm ca. 1 mm. Stamens 1 2 cm. Follicles 20 40, ca. 1.3 cm 4 mm; persistent style 3.5 4 mm. Seeds black, narrowly obovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul Sep, fr. Jul. Wet grasslands; 400 600 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [N Korea, Russia (Far East)].
16. Trollius lilacinus Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.- Pétersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 33. 1835. 淡紫金莲花 dan zi jin lian hua Hegemone lilacina (Bunge) Bunge ex Ledebour. Stems more than 5, to 28 cm tall at fruiting, simple. Basal leaves 3 6; petiole 4 7 cm, base narrowly sheathed; leaf blade not green when dried, pentagonal, 1.8 2.5 2.8 4 cm, base cordate, 3-sect; central segment rhombic, 3-fid to middle or subpinnatipartite with several lobules and triangular or broadly lanceolate teeth; lateral segments obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-fid to base. Cauline leaves with sheathlike short petioles or subsessile, smaller than basal ones. Flower solitary, 2.5 3.5 cm in diam. Sepals 15 18, lilac-blue or pale blue, rarely white with blue veins, obovate, broadly elliptic, elliptic, or rarely ovate, 1.2 1.6 cm 5.5 14 mm, apex rounded, sometimes acute. Petals ca. 8, broadly linear, shorter than stamens, 5 6 1.2 1.5 mm. Stamens 5 7 mm. Follicles 6 11, ca. 1.2 cm 2 mm; persistent style 2 2.5 mm. Seeds ca. 1 mm, ellipsoid-globose, smooth. Fl. Jul Aug, fr. Aug Sep. 2n = 32. Grassy slopes, at forest margins; 2600 3500 m. Xinjiang (Altay Xian, Tian Shan) [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (W Siberia and C Asia), Uzbekistan]. 4. BEESIA I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 63. 1915. 铁破锣属 tie po luo shu Li Liangqian ( 李良千 ); Michio Tamura Herbs perennial. Rhizome robust, creeping or ascending. Leaves 2 4, basal, long petiolate, simple, cordate or cordate-triangular, dentate. Scape simple, with membranous sheath at base. Cyme compound, with 1 3 sessile fascicled flowers at several nodes. Bracts and bracteoles subulate or lanceolate. Flower actinomorphic, opening flat. Sepals 5, petaloid, white, elliptic. Petals absent. Stamens numerous; filaments subfiliform; anthers subglobose. Follicle solitary, long, narrow, flat, with transverse veins. Seeds several, ovoid-globose, rugose. Two species: China, Myanmar; two species (one endemic) in China. The rhizomes are used medicinally to treat rheumatic pain, influenza, and swelling. 1a. Leaves reniform, cordate, or orbicular-ovate, margin with 40 50 teeth on each side, teeth relatively small, 2 4 mm wide at base... 1. B. calthifolia 1b. Leaves cordate-triangular, margin with 7 16 teeth on each side, teeth relatively large, 3 8 mm wide at base... 2. B. deltophylla 1. Beesia calthifolia (Maximowicz ex Oliver) Ulbrich, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 872. 1929. 铁破锣 tie po luo Cimicifuga calthifolia Maximowicz ex Oliver, Hooker s Icon. Pl. 18: t. 1746. 1888; Beesia cordata I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith; B. elongata Handel- Mazzetti. Rhizome to 10 cm, 3 7 mm in diam. Scapes more than 14 cm, to 58 cm at fruiting, basally glabrous, apically densely pubescent. Basal leaves 2 4, long petiolate; petiole (5.5 )10 26 cm, slightly widened, glabrous; leaf blade reniform, orbicular-ovate, or deeply cordate at base, (1.5 )4.5 9.5 (1.8 )5.5 16 cm, both surfaces glabrous, rarely pubescent abaxially at veins, margin dense with 40 50 teeth on each side, apex rounded, shortly acuminate, or acute. Inflorescence cymose, 5.5 9.5 1.5 2.5 cm; bracts usually subulate, sometimes lanceolate, rarely spatulate, 1 1.5 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 5 10 mm, densely spreading pubescent. Sepals white or pinkish, narrowly ovate or elliptic, 3 5( 8) 1.8 2.5( 3) mm, glabrous, apex acute or blunt. Stamens shorter than sepals; anthers ca. 3 mm in diam. Follicle 1.1 1.7 cm, flat, lanceolate-linear, middle part curved, lower part 3 4 mm wide, sparsely pubescent near base, otherwise glabrous, with ca. 8 obliquely transverse veins; persistent style 1 2 mm. Seeds several, ca. 2.5 mm, obliquely corrugate. Fl. May Aug, fr. Jul Sep. 2n = 16*, 32*. Wet places in valleys, forests; 1400 3500 m. S Gansu, N Guangxi, Guizhou, W Hubei, W Hunan, S Shanxi, Sichuan, NW Yunnan [N Myanmar]. 2. Beesia deltophylla C. Y. Wu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 604. 1979. 角叶铁破锣 jiao ye tie po luo Rhizome ca. 4 mm in diam. Scapes more than 14 cm, to 34 cm at fruiting, 1 2 mm in diam., basally subglabrous, apically spreading white pubescent. Basal leaves 2 or 3, long petiolate; petiole 5.5 14.5 cm, densely spreading white pubescent; leaf blade ovate-triangular, 4 9 2.8 5.9 cm, abaxially pale green, glabrous, adaxially green, base deeply cordate, margin sparsely 7 16-dentate on each side, teeth 3 8 mm wide at base, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate-cymose; bracts subulate, 1 4 mm. Flowers 6 7 mm in diam.; pedicel 5 10 mm, densely spreading pubescent. Sepals white, ovate-elliptic, 4 4.5 2 2.5 mm, glabrous, apex acute. Stamens shorter than sepals; anthers yellowish. Follicle yellowish brown, ca. 1 cm, flat, lanceolatelinear, sparsely pubescent, with ca. 4 obliquely transverse veins. Seeds several, ca. 2 mm, obliquely corrugate. Fl. Jul, fr. Jul Sep. 2n = 16*.