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Baha Occasional Papers 7 g]kfnl /fho / u}/ /fhosf] cu ;/tf /d]z /fo{

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ts{cg';f/ @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] pktosfdf dfgj rfk a9\of] / To;n] ubf{ ;Dkbf pkof]usf] ;3gtf klg a9\of] t/ ;+/If0fdf Wofg k'u]g. ;g\!(%) sf] bzs;dd sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf] zx/l :j kdf s'g} vf; kl/jt{g cfpsf] lypg. cyf{t\ dnnsfnlg sf7df8f}+ pktosfdf zx/l jf:t'snfsf] h'g pts[i6tf lyof] Tof] ;g\!(%! ;Dd hf]lub} cfpsf] lyof] -zfso @)%#_. ;lbof}+b]lv hf]lub} cfpsf] pktosfsf] jf:t'snfsf cfwf/x ;g\!(%) kl5 qmdzm IfL0f xf'b} up. ;g\!(%) sf] /fhgllts kl/jt{gkl5 b]zdf cgw cfw'lgsls/0fnfo{ k >o lboof] / /fho :t/af6 pktosfsf] df}lns jf:t'snfnfo{ ;+/If0f ug]{tk{m Wofg lbopg -zfso @)%#_. >]i7, ltjf/l / zfsosf ts{ cg';f/ @))& ;fnsf] /fhgllts kl/jt{gkl5 pktosfsf] a:tldf klg kl/jt{g cfof] / o;n] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf / To;n] cf]u6]sf] v'nf :ynsf] pkof]udf rfk a9\of]. pktosfsf a:tl / ;Dkbfsf] cwoogsf nflu @))& ;fn dfgs lagb' xf]. To;}n] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf /fhon] @))& ;fnkl5 clvtof/ u/]sf gllt, sfo{qmd / cu ;/tf ;DaGwL of] cg';gwfg ul/psf] xf].

kl/ro o; n]vn] p7fpsf] d"n ljifo sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf tlg b/af/ If]qnfO{ ;fj{hlgs :ynúsf kdf egbf a9l ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ eg]/ ;+/If0fdf Wofg lboof]. ;+/If0f Pp6f kf6f] xf] t/ ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ffleq b/af/ If]q ;fj{hlgs :ynú xf] egg] :jlsf/ ul/pg / pqm If]qsf] pkof]u / l;h{gfún] sd k fyldstf kfof]. /fhosf ;+/If0f glltn] ef}lts ;+/rgfnfo{ dfq ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5. o;n] :yfglo ;d'bfonfo{ ;+/If0f;Fu hf]8\g ;s]g / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f af]em agg k'uof]. ;+/If0fnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] kdf a'e\mg] xf] eg] o;df ;Dkbf / :yfglo ;d'bfo hf]l8g ;S5g\. To;}n] o; n]vdf /fho / u}/ /fhosf] txdf ep u/]sf k otgnfo{ Joj:yfkgsf] s;ldf ljzn]if0f ul/psf] 5. kf6g b/af/ If]qnfO{ gd'gf lnp/ g]kfndf ljut ^) jif{df epsf ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgsf ceof; / cu ;/tfaf/] rrf{ / ljj]rgf ul/psf] 5. @))& ;fnkl5 ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgdf /fho / u}/ /fhosf] ;+nugtfaf/] rrf{ ul/p klg ol ;Dkbfx ;fj{hlgs :ynúsf kdf ;fj{hlgs pkof]u / l;h{gfú;fu s;/l hf]l8psf 5g\ < egg] k Zgdf of] k'l:tsf s]lgb t 5. oxff ;a} v08x df ;fj{hlgs :ynú / To;sf] Joj:yfkgdf /fho, u}/ /fho tyf gful/ssf] txdf x'g] jf epsf k of;nfo{ k :t't ul/psf] 5. sf7df8f}+ pktosfdf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf If]qnfO{ zx/l ;fj{hlgs :ynúsf kdf Joj:yfkg, pkof]u / l;h{gf u/l tlgcf]6f kifdf 5nkmn ul/psf] 5 clg o;n] sf7df8f}+sf zx/l ;fj{hlgs :ynú ;DaGwL ljut / jt{dfgsf ljj/0f / ljzn]if0f k :t't u/]sf] 5. n]vsf] bf]; f] v08df ;fj{hlgs :yn ;DaGwL ;}4flGts ax;nfo{ :yfg lbopsf] 5. o; v08df ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgÚsf] ;fj{hlgs cy{af/] ljj]rgf

tyf Joj:yfkgnfO{ s;/l a'e\mg] eg]/ lgsof}{n ul/psf] 5. t]; f] v08df b/af/ If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf ;DaGwdf P]ltxfl;s tyosf cfwf/df rrf{ ul/psf] 5. o;df b/af/ If]qnfO{ :yfglo ;d'bfon] ;fj{hlgs :ynúsf kdf ug{] pkof]u ;DaGwL JofVof ;d]l6psf] 5. rf}yf] v08df /fhon] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf nflu lgdf{0f u/]sf ;+/rgf, gllt tyf sfo{qmd / cu ;/tfnfo{ tlgcf]6f ;dofjlwdf ljefhg u/]/ rrf{ ul/psf] 5. klxnf] r/0fdf @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;dd, bf]; f] r/0fdf k~rfotl Joj:yfsf] tl; jif{ / t]; f] r/0fdf @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgllts kl/jt{gkl5 epsf k of; / ultljlwnfo{ ;d]6]/ JofVof ul/psf] 5. o; v08df g]kfnn] /fhosf] x}l;otdf u/]sf k otgx ;dfj]z 5g\. kffrf}+ v08df kf6g b/af/ If]q s]lgb t k of;x nfo{ JofVof ul/psf] 5. /fho / u}/ /fhosf] txdf epsf k otgx nfo{ lnp/ 5nkmn ul/psf] 5. 5}6f}+ v08df b/af/ If]qleqsf] v'nf :ynnfo{ gful/sn] s;/l pkof]u / ceof; ul//x]sf 5g\ egg] ljifodf rrf{ ul/psf] 5. cgtodf o; n]vdf ug{ vf]lhpsf] ts{, ;"rgf / ljzn]if0fsf cfwf/df Pp6f lgisif{ k :t't ul/psf] 5. ;fj{hlgs :yn / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL a'emfo g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs :yn ;DaGwL ax; / 5nkmn lgs} sd epsf 5g\. ;+jt\ @))& ;fndf cfpsf] gu/ k~rfot P]gn] ;fj{hlgs :ynú egg] kbfjnlsf] k of]u gu/] klg o;sf s]xl k fjwfgx n] ;fj{hlgs :ynnfo{ gu/ k~rfotsf] If]qflwsf/ eg]/ tf]s]sf] 5. @))^ r}t @& ut] tof/ epsf] P]gsf] a'fbf g+= -#$_df gu/k~rfotn] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf af/]df n]lvpsf] 5. o;sf] a'fbf g+= #$-em_n] cfˆgf dftxtsf wd{zfnf, kf6lkf}jf / goff wd{zfnf, kf6lkf}jfsf] agbf]a:t x]/rfx ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. a'fbf g+= -#(_df gu/k~rfotn] u/] jf u/fp x'g] sfd eg]/ gu/k~rfotsf] Onfsfleq chfoa3/, lrl8ofvfgf, snfvfgf, wd{zfnf, k':tsfno, lj>fdu[x, :gfgu[x v8f ug]{ / cfk"mn] v8f u/]sf jf cfˆgf] lhddfdf /x]sf o:tf ;Dkbfsf] agbf]a:t ug]{, ;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ pkof]ul tnfp, kf]v/l, Ogf/, affw, s'nf], xfjf vfg] / lj>fd ug]{ kfs{, k"mnaf/l, d}bfg agfpg] jf /fvg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o; P]gn] gu/ jf zx/df a:g]

gful/ssf nflu v'nf 7fpF cfjzos 5 egg] s'/f :jlsf/ ub{} To;sf] Joj:yfkg gu/ k~rfotn] ug]{ kl/snkgf u/]sf] 5. of] P]g g]kfndf v'nf :yn lgdf{0f jf Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fhon] b]vfpsf] cu ;/tfsf] klxnf] gd'gf xf]. v'nf :yn jf ;fj{hlgs :ynegbf klxn] :yfgú :ynú jf :k];úaf/] :ki6 x'g' h?/l 5. :k]; k ydtm k fs[lts cjl:ylt xf], tf]lspsf] jf lglzrt ul/psf] If]q xf], ;Fu;Fu} :jtgq cl:ttj / dfgl;s dgf]j}1flgs clejolqm klg xf]. :k];ú ef}uf]lns k ltlqmof x'g] If]q / ;fdflhs sfo{x hf]l8p/ ag]sf b'j} k sf/sf x'g5g\ (Carless 2009). ;fl08«of k ]mo6fun] cf}klgj]lzs pq/ ef/tsf] ;fdk bflostf jf :yfglo :j/fhsf] l;4fgt ;DaGwL cwoogsf qmddf ;fd'bflos dxœj / k tlsftds ultljlwnfo{ klans Pl/gfh\Ú eg]sf 5g\. ljb f]x jf czflgt drrfpg] tyf ;f+:s[lts ultljlw b'j}n] sdo'gnú jf ;fdk bflos klxrfg lgdf{0f ub{5, o;sf nflu Psq x'g] 7fpF klans :k];ú xf]. ;f+:s[lts / u}/ ;f+:s[lts -lx+;ftds_ lqmofsnfk ;fj{hlgs :yndf g} ul/g5 (Veer 1996). el/sf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] pkof]u / To;n] l;h{gf ug]{ kl/0ffd Jofks x'g5. hfkfgl zab dfrlh's'/lúsf] zflabs c+u ]hl cy{ sdo'lg6l l8enkd]g6ú jf g]a/x'8 laln8ªú jf 6fpg d]lsªú egg] x'g5. o;n] c;fwf/0f lsl;dsf ultljlw, cfly{s ljsf;sf cu ;/tf, k/dk/fut zx/l of]hgf / ;dfh snof0fsf :jod\;]jl kl/of]hgfnfo{ ;d]6]sf] x'g5. cgo k lqmof 5f8]/ Pp6f dfq} k otgnfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] dfrlh's'/lú cgtu{t l;les :k];úsf] lgdf{0f ul/g5. of] ef}lts / cef}lts b'o{ k sf/sf] x'g5. ef}lts l;les :k];úleq kfs{, ;fd'bflos s]gb, vfnl hldg, ;fd'bflos ejg, gful/s ;dfhsf nflu lgld{t sfof{no cflb kb{5g\. cef}lts l;les :k];ún] goff ;fd'bflos ;+u7g / ;+u7gsf] sfo{qmdn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] :yn, s'g} hldg jf ;Dkbfdfly clwsf/ aff8kmf8sf] k lt1f hgfpkl5 k fkt x'g] cg'dlt cflbnfo{ ;d]6\5 (Sorensen et al 2009). ;fj{hlgs :ynnfo{ a'e\mg] ;Gbe{df :yfg, ;d'bfo / k/dk/f d'vo cfwf/ x'g\. g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs :ynú ;DaGwL k i6 cjwf/0ff /fho / u}/ /fho b'j}

txdf 5}gg\. JolQm / k':tfcg';f/ ;fj{hlgs :ynú ;DaGwL a'emfodf klg km/s 5. ;Q/L jif{ k'u]sf sf7df8f} +df hgd]/ x'ls{psf Pp6f k':tfn] ;+s6f dlgb/ kl/;/, 6' Fl8v]n, /Tgkfs{df ljlegg v]n / afudtldf kf}8l v]n]sf cfwf/df ltg} If]qnfO{ ;fj{hlgs :ynú eg]/ a'e]msf 5g\. t/, clxn]sf] k':tfn] ;fylnfo{ e]6\g] u/]sf] d+unahf/ / sf7df8f} + dnnfo{ ;fj{hlgs :ynú 7fg]sf 5g\. ;fj{hlgs k of]u / :jfldtj epsf v'nf 7fpF g} ;fj{hlgs :ynú xf]. o;nfo{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0flo tlg k sf/n] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg5. t/ /fhosf s'g} klg sfg'gl, glltut jf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL b:tfj]hdf ;fj{hlgs :ynú egg] kbfjnlsf] JofVof ul/psf] 5}g. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g @)!# n] ;+/If0fÚnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ eg]sf] 5 === ;+/lift :df/snfo{ afg]{, 9fSg], dd{t ug]{, ;kmf /fvg] ;d]tsf] k agw u/l :df/snfo{ df}lns kdf b'?:t /fvg] sfdnfo{ ;Demg'k5{Ú. zx/l ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f /0fgLltdf ;+/If0f dfq}sf] s'/f x'fb}g, ToxfF ljsf;] ultljlw klg hf]l8g5g\. g]kfndf ;+/If0f;Fu} ljsf;sf] ljifo klg p7\g] u/]sf] 5 (Bjonness 1998). /fhon] ;+/If0fÚ zabsf] k of]u u/]sf] sl/a krf; jif{kl5 @)^$ ;fndf PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfúdfk{mt Joj:yfkgÚ kbfjnlsf] k of]u u/]sf] 5. /fhon] ;+/If0fÚsf] 3]/faflx/ lgl:sp/ a[xq/ cy{ lbg] Joj:yfkgÚsf] cjwf/0ff cg' k sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ljzj ;Dkbf If]qsf] 5' f5' } of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5. Joj:yfkg cgt{ut b'o{cf]6f kifnfo{ a'lemg5. Pp6f ;+/If0f / csf]{ pkof]u. ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] ;+/If0f dfq} eof] t/ To;sf] ;fj{hlgs pkof]u epg eg] Tof] cw'/f] x'g5. To:t} pkof]u rflx+ x'g] t/ ;+/If0f gx'g] xf] eg] ;Dkbf nfdf] ;do l6sb}g. ;+/If0f / pkof]u b'j} sfd ;Fu;Fu} x'g cfjzos 5. PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfún] ljzj ;Dkbf If]qleqsf :yfglo ;f];n ;fog; axfmsf] OG6/PlS6e Doflkª PG8 cfsf{oe k fh]s6åf/f ;~rflnt sflgtk'/ PkmPdsf] 6lsª :k];ú sfo{qmddfk{mt ;g\ @)!! h'nfo{ ( df k ;fl/t ;fdu Ldf cfwfl/t. ;f];n ;fog; axfmsf] OG6/PlS6e Doflkª PG8 cfsf{oe k fh]s6åf/f ;~rflnt sflgtk'/ PkmPdsf] 6lsª :k];ú sfo{qmddfk{mt ;g\ @)!! h'nfo{ ( df ;'bz{g/fh ltjf/ln] JoQm u/]sf] ljrf/df cfwfl/t.

;d'bfosf] hljg:t/, ;'/Iff / cfly{s ;DefJotf;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5. of] cwoogdf ;+/If0f / pkof]u b'j} kifnfo{ ;dli6df a'emfpg Joj:yfkgÚ zabsf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgdf :6]s xf]n8/ú jf ;/f]sf/jfnf, /fo6 xf]n8/ú jf clwsf/jfnf / 8\o'6L xf]n8/ú jf bflotjjfnf alrdf ;x;dagw x'g'kb{5. bflotj /fhosf] efudf /xg5. clwsf/ :yfglo / cgt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] x'g5. bflotj ;fdflhs / cfly{s :jtgqtf;lxtsf] x'g'k5{ eg] clwsf/ ;d'bfosf] hlljsf]kfh{g / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;Fu hf]l8psf] x'g'kb{5. o; n]vdf k of]u epsf] ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgÚn] ol tlg kifalrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;+s]t ub{5. u}/ /fhosf] txdf Joj:yfkgsf] a'emfo u}/ /fhosf] txdf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fnfO{ a'e\mg] b'o{cf]6f cjwf/0ff 5g\. klxnf] cjwf/0ffn] ;+/If0f ljb]zlsf] xftdf uof], g]kfnln] slxn] ug]{ < egg] ;/f]sf/ p7fpsf] 5. bf]; f] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;+/If0fdf s;sf] e"ldsf lyof] jf 5 egg] egbf klg s] u of] egg] kif k d'v x'g5. To;}n] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f eof] ls epg egg] k Zg d'vo xf]og. pkof]usf] of]hgf s;/l agof] jf To;df :yfglo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf eof] ls epg egg] k Zg d'vo x'g5 lsgls pkof]u klg ;+:s[lt xf] / ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ff pkof]usf] ljlwaf6 z'? x'g5. To;}n] ;+/If0f ;f]rfo / k/dk/f;fu hf]l8psf] x'g5. g]kfn ;f+:s[lts Pj+ k fs[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ;+3n] b]zjofkl kdf u/fpsf] lgagw k ltof]lutfdf pts[i6 7xl/Psf lgagwsf] ;Fufnf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fM Ps r'gf}tlú k':ts ;+jt\ @)$# df k sflzt epsf] lyof]. o; k':tsdf!% hgf lzifs, k fwofks / ;dfhsf cu'jfx sf] lgagw ;+u lxt 5g\. k :t't lgagw ;+u xsf dfwodaf6 Tolt a]nfsf] ;fdflhs /fhgllts kl/j]zdf klg :yfglo lgsfonfo{ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f sfo{sf] s]gb df /flvg'kg]{ ;'emfj cfpsf 5g\. of] Jojxf/tM ;sf/ftds / ;jn kif xf]. cgt/f{li6«o @)^* d+l;/ @# ut] ondfof s]gb df ;f];n ;fog; axfmsf] OG6/PlS6e Doflkª PG8 cfsf{oe k fh]s6åf/f cfof]lht ;d"x 5nkmnÚdf cfpsf ljrf/df cfwfl/t.

tl:a/!m s6{ a]osn] ;g\!*(( df lvr]sf] kmf]6f] uf]6\h Xofªd'n/sf] k':ts kf6g Do'lhodÚ k':tssf] k[= #@ af6 lnopsf] xf]. tl:a/ @M u':tfe n] af]gn] ;g\!**% df lvr]sf] kmf]6f]nfo{ lnyf]u fkm ul/psf] xf]. uf]6\h Xofªd'n/sf] kf6g Do'lhodÚ k':tssf] k[= @@ af6 lnopsf] xf].

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/x]sf] 7fpF / /fli6«o jf cgt/f{li6«o b[li6sf]0fn] ljlzi6 d"no /fvg] Pscsf]{;Fu hf]l8psf] jf Ps} Onfsfdf a]unfa]un} kdf cjl:yt dfgj a:tl jf :yn / k frlg dfgj a:tlsf] cjz]if, k frlg :df/sx sf] eugfjz]if, u'kmf cflb ;d]tnfo{ hgfpf5 -ljefu @)^%Ù k[=! / @_. @ -v_ k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf j:t'ú eggfn] k fup]ltxfl;s sfndf dflg;n] lgdf{0f u/l pkef]u u/]sf] j:t' jf s'g} klg b]zsf] Oltxf; af]w u/fpg] x:tlnlvt j+zfjnl, x:tlnlvt u Gy, :j0f{kq, lznfkq, tfd kq, sfi7kq, ef]hkq, tf8kq, sfuhkq, d'b f jf P]ltxfl;s 36gf 36]sf] jf P]ltxfl;s ljlzi6 JolQm a;]sf] 3/ / To:tf] JolQmn] k of]u u/]sf] j:t', 9'+uf, sf7, df6f], xl:txf8, xf8, sffr, sk8f, sfuh, wft' cflb jf a]na' f e/l cfsif{s 9+un] agfpsf] 3/sf] s'g} dxœjk"0f{ efu jf ;f] 3/df pkof]u ul/psf j:t' jf a]na' f e/l jf ge/l agfopsf] d"lt{, b]jlb]jtfsf] dlgb/, r}to, ;flns, kf}eflrq, /fhk f;fbdf pkof]u ep ul/psf j:t', kz'kg5l, :yfj/ h+udsf] k lts[lt / g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lslbpsf] j:t' ;d]t ;Demg'k5{ -ljefu @)^%Ù k[= @_. k frlg :df/súx ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s hghljg;fu klg uffl;psf x'g5g\. t/, P]gn] k frlg :df/súx sf] ;fdflhs hljg;fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ hf]8]sf] 5}g jf Tof];Fu hf]8]/ ;+/If0fsf] k :tfj u/]sf] 5}g. P]gsf] bkmf # df ;+/lift :df/s If]q 3f]lift ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -!_ df elgpsf] 5, g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} k frlg :df/s /x]sf] 7fpF jf If]qnfO{ ;+/lift If]q 3f]lift ug{ rfx]df rf/ lsnnf vf]nl ;f]sf] ;"rgf :df/s /x]sf] 7fpF / ;f] 7fpF glhs}sf] o;nfo{ k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g @)!# sf] bkmf #-!_ adf]lhd ;+/lift :df/s If]q ;d]t 3f]if0ff ul/psf] 5.

;fj{hlgs :yndf ;d]t Ps Ps k lt 6fF:g' kg]{5.ú P]gsf] of] Joj:yfn] ;/sf/nfo{ ;+/lift If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ af6f] k z:t u/]sf] 5. o;n] /fhon] rfx]df k frlg :df/s / k'/ftflœjs If]qsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ cfˆgf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5. bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -^_ n] ;+/lift :df/s If]qleq s;}n] cfˆgf] xsef]usf] huufdf goff3/ jf ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ jf ;flas cfsf/df kl/jt{g x'g] u/l cfˆgf] 3/ jf ejgsf] dd{t, yk36 jf k'glg{df{0f ubf{ To:tf] If]qleqsf] 3/ jf ejgsf] z}nll;t ldng] u/l k'/ftœj ljefun] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 adf]lhd lgdf{0f, dd{t, yk36 jf k'glgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{5ú egg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -&_ df gu/kflnsf If]qleq kg]{ ;+/lift :df/s If]qdf 3/ jf ejgsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t, yk36 jf k'glg{df{0f ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] k]; u/]sf] gs;f gu/kflnsfn] k rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd kf; ug'{egbf cufj} To:tf] gs;fdf k'/ftœj ljefusf] :jls[tl lng'kg]{ ===Ú Joj:yf 5. bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -*_ df ;+/lift :df/s If]qdf 3/ jf ejgsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t, yk36 jf k'glg{df{0f sfo{ ubf{ :jls[t gs;f adf]lhd gu/]df To:tf] 3/ jf ejgsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t, yk36 jf k'glg{df{0f ug]{ sfo{nfo{ /f]sg k'/ftœj ljefun] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5Ú elgpsf] 5. pkbkmf ^, & / * n] u/]sf] Joj:yfn] ;+/lift If]qsf] k frlgtf / k'/ftflœjs dxœjnfo{ sfod /fvg ;xof]u k' ofpf5. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]gsf] kffrf}+ ;+zf]wg @)%@ df ul/psf] lyof]. kffrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] k frlg :df/ssf] jul{s/0f u/]sf] 5. :df/snfo{ :jfldtj / dxœj b'o{ b[li6n] jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. :jfldtjsf b[li6n] ;fj{hlgs k frlg :df/s / lghl k frlg :df/s 5g\. dxœjsf b[li6n] cgt/f{li6«o dxœj, /fli6«o dxœj / :yfglo dxœj u/l tlg lsl;dn] jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. ;fj{hlgs k frlg :df/sx sf] :jfldtj, ;+/If0f, dd{t tyf hl0ff]{4f/sf] lhddf k'/ftœj ljefudf /xg] Joj:yf 5. lghl :jfldtjdf /x]sf k frlg :df/sx sf] ;+/If0f, dd{t tyf hl0ff]{4f/ ;DalGwt JolQm / k'/ftœj ljefudf /xg] Joj:yf 5. /fli6«o cgt/f{li6«o b[li6n] dxœjk"0f{ dflgpsf k frlg :df/s :yn tyf k'/ftflœjs :ynx sf] ;+/If0f k'/ftœj ljefun] ug]{5. k frlg :df/s / k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf j:t' / :ynsf] ;+/If0fpk/

/fhosf] k"/} lhdd]jf/l x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5. of] Joj:yfn] /fhonfo{ ;+/If0fsf] k d'v kifsf] kdf peofpsf] 5. P]gn] cgo b'o{ dxœjk"0f{ Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5. klxnf] Joj:yf cg';f/ k frlg :df/s ;+/If0fsf] lgldq k frlg :df/s /x]sf] 7fpF jl/kl/ ;'?ª vgg] jf ljikmf]6s kbfy{ xfnl hldg kmf]g]{ sfddf lgogq0f ug{ cfjzos 5 egg] g]kfn ;/sf/nfo{ nfu]df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l To;/L ;'?ª vgg jf ljikmf]6s kbfy{ xfnl hldg kmf]g{ gkfpg] u/l tf]sg ;Sg]5. bf]; f] Joj:yf cg';f/ k frlg :df/s / k'/ftflœjs j:t' jf So'l/of]sf] ;f/k]m/, vl/b laqml, lgsf;l / ;+u xdf k ltagw nufopsf] 5. o;n] ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf goff tl/sfn] ;f]rg sfg'gl Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;+qmd0fsfnlg cj:yfdf klg b'o{cf]6f dxœjk"0f{ sfd epsf lyp. o;n] g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf Jojl:yt yfngl u of]. k'/ftœj ljefusf] u7gn] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf /fhon] k ltlglwsf] 6'+uf] nufof] / /fhosf] tk{maf6 ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf g]t[tj ug{ yfnof]. /fhosf] sfdnfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ P]gsf] Joj:yf eof]. P]gn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf nflu /fhonfo{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ af6f] tof/ u of]. P]gdf epsf Joj:yf / ;ft k6s epsf] ;+zf]wgn] ;+/If0f sfo{df goff ugtjo v'n]. @)%@ ;fndf epsf] kffrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] s]xl goff Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;+jt\ @)!# df ag]sf] P]gn] sfg'gsf] cfwf/ tof/ u/] klg of] sfg'gnfo{ Jojl:yt ug]{ lgodfjnl @)$^ ;fndf dfq cfpsf] lyof]. P]g agg' dxœjk"0f{ sfd ep klg lgodfjnl agg l9nfo x'g' sfg'g sfof{gjogdf ttk/tf gx'g' g} xf].

k~rfotsf] tl; jif{ -@)!& b]lv @)$^ ;Dd_ lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ ckb:t eof]. o; 36gfsf] d'vo kfq /fhf dx]gb sf] g]t[tjdf k~rfotl k hftgqú gfdsf] agb /fhgllts Joj:yf k f/de eof] h;nfo{ Oltxf;df k~rfotl Joj:yfÚ jf k~rfotú dfq eg]/ klg a'lemg5. k~rfotn] y'k } gful/s clwsf/ agb]h u of]. gful/ssf cfjfh af]ng] /fhgllts bn k ltalgwt ep. o;sf] k efj /fhosf y'k } If]q / txdf k of]. ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf] If]q klg k efljt eof]. o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] kdf k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g ag]/ klg lgodfjnl aggnfo{ sl/a ## jif{ s'g'{ k/]sf] lyof]. k~rfotsf] tl; jif{nfo{ P]g jf lgodfjnl lgdf{0f, ;Dkbf ;j]{if0f, ljzj;dkbfdf ;"rls/0f / df:6/ Knfgsf] lgdf{0f rf/cf]6f ;Gbe{df a'e\mg ;lsg5. P]g / lgodfjnlsf] lgdf{0f k~rfotsf] tl; jif{df kffrcf]6f k"/s P]g ag]. ol P]gx df ;Dkbf / To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]xl Joj:yf ;dfj]z 5g\. d"ntm tl P]gx ;Dkbf Jo:yfkgsf nflu g} hf/l ul/psf xf]ogg\. :yfglo k zf;g P]g @)@*, u'7l ;+:yfg P]g @)##, n'ldagl ljsf; sf]if P]g @)$@, sf7df8f}+ pktosf ljsf; k flws/0f P]g @)$% / gu/ ljsf; P]g @)$% s'g} g s'g} kdf ;Dkbf Joj:yfkg;Fu hf]l8psf 5g\. :yfglo k zf;g P]g @)@*M :yfglo k zf;g ;DaGwL sfg'gnfo{ ljs]lgb t k zf;g Joj:yf cg' k ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ Pj+ zflgt tyf Joj:yf sfod ug{ of] P]gsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] xf]. P]gsf] bkmf!)-s_ df ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] clen]v ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. bkmf!)-s_ sf] -!_ df ;e]{ gfkl gs;faf6 jf nfndf]x/, v8\u, lgzfgf,

tfd kq, lznfkq jf To:t} cflwsfl/s lnvtaf6 b]lvpsf ;fj{hlgs huuf, kf6lkf}jf, ;Qn, kfs{, kf]v/l, s'jf, uf}r/, lgsf; cflbsf nut k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] sfof{non] tof/ u/l To;sf] clen]v /fvl Ps Ps k lt dfnkf]t sfof{no / lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf klg /fvg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. of] P]gsf] Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbfsf] clen]vls/0f / ;'/Iff ug]{ ;Gbe{df dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof]. u'7l ;+:yfg P]g @)##M u'7l ;+:yfg P]gn] u'7lnfo{ rf/ lsl;ddf aff8]sf] 5 u'7l, /fhu'7l, 5'6u'7L / lghl u'7l. bkmf @ -u_ u'7lú eggfn] s'g} d7 jf s'g} b]jlb]jtfsf] kj{, k"hf jf hfqf rnfpg jf s'g} wfld{s k/f]ksf/l sfdsf nflu s'g} dlgb/, b]j:yn, wd{zfnf, kf6lkf}jf === agfpg, rnfpg jf ;+/If0f ug{ s'g} bftfn] cfˆgf] rn crn ;DklQ jf cfo:tf cfpg] c s'g} ;DklQ jf /sddf cfˆgf] xs 5f8L /fv]sf] u'7l ;d]tnfo{ ;Demg'k5{. of] P]g k frlg :df/s jf k'/ftflœjs j:t' / If]qsf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts lg/gt/tfnfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;+rflnt u'7lx sf] Joj:yfkgdf s]lgb t 5. o;n] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf k ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fvb}g. t}klg P]gsf] bkmf!& sf] pkbkmf ^ -v_ sf] k fjwfg s]xl xb;dd ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;Fu hf]l8psf] 5. n'ldagl ljsf; sf]if P]g @)$@M P]gsf] k :tfjgfdf n'ldagl ljsf; ug]{ nio / cfbz{nfo{ a9l k efjsf/l agfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sl6a4tfnfo{ ljzj hg;dif k :t't ug{ / ;f] cg' k n'ldagl ljsf; of]hgfnfo{ a9l ;dgjoftds / ;'rf? kn] ;+rfng ug{ ===Ú pnn]v ul/psf] 5. P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf n'ldagl, ltnf}/fsf]6, uf6lxjf, lgunlxjf, b]jbx, /fdu fd cflb If]qsf] ljsf;df PsLs[t Joj:yf ug{nfo{ of] P]g th{'df epsf] xf]. of] P]g a'4 hgd]sf] If]q / To;sf] k frlgtfnfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lgdf{0f ul/psf] xf]. o;n] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf If]qdf :jfoqtfsf] ceof;nfo{ k/lif0f u/]sf] 5. o;nfo{ /fd f] z'?jftsf kdf lng ;lsg5. sf7df8f}+ pktosf ljsf; k flws/0f P]g @)$%M of] P]g d"ntm a9\bf] hg;+vof / zx/ls/0fnfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ sf7df8f}+ pktosfnfo{ Jojl:yt zx/ agfpg] p2]zon] lgdf{0f ul/psf] xf]. t/, P]gsf s]xl k fjwfgdf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf /fhon] clvtof/ u/]sf] gllt k ltlaldat epsf] 5. bkmf

^ sf] pkbkmf!=# df k frlg :df/s ;DaGwL k rlnt g]kfn sfg'gsf] cwlgdf /xl of]hgf If]qdf s'g} wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; / ;Def/sf nflu cfjzos kl/of]hgf agfo{ sfof{gjog ug]{ú pnn]v 5. bkmf * df lgoldt, lgogq0f / lgif]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5. ;f]xl bkmfsf] pkbkmf!=! df k fs[lts ;Dkbf, k'/ftflœjs, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s :ynx === pkef]u / k of]u ug]{ú csf]{ Joj:yf klg ul/psf] 5. o; P]gn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf k"j{jtl{ sfg'gx nfo{ pk]iff ug{ gx'g] k i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. sf7df8f}+ pktosf ljsf; k flws/0f P]g @)$% d+l;/! ut] k df0fls/0f / k sflzt ep/ b'o{ k6s ;+zf]wg klg epsf] 5. t/, k flws/0f u7g x'g ;s]sf] lypg. ;+jt\ @)^* r}t!# ut] g]kfn /fhkqdf k sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ @)^( j}zfv! ut]b]lv ;/sf/n] k flws/0f u7g u/]sf] 5. of] lg0f{o;fu} sf7df8f}+ pktosfleqsf tlgcf]6} gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt vf/]h ep -gful/s b}lgs @)^(_. ttsfnlg ;/sf/n] gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdfk{mt sf7df8f}+sf ;8s rf}8f ug]{ cleofgdf /fhgllts / :yfglo gful/ssf] ;dy{g k fkt ug{ ;s]sf] lypg. gful/s ;dy{gljgf ;8s rf}8f kfg{] sfd k"/f x'g g;sg] epsfn] gu/ ;ldltegbf zlqmzfnl k flws/0f u7g ug{ ;/sf/n] ttk/tf b]vfpsf] egg] a'lemg5. gu/ ljsf; P]g @)$%M ttsfnlg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] Ps} jif{ Ps} :j ksf b'o{cf]6f P]g hf/l u/]sf] lyof] sf7df8f}+ pktosf ljsf; k flws/0f P]g / gu/ ljsf; P]g. ol b'j} @)$% d+l;/! ut] k df0fls/0f / k sfzg epsf x'g\. b'j}n] a9\bf] hg;+vof / zx/ls/0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbpsf 5g\. Pp6fn] zlqmzfnl k flws/0f u7g / csf{n] gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ol Pscsf{sf k/:k/ k lt/f]wl P]g x'g\. b'j} P]gdf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf ljifon] p:t} kdf k j]z kfpsf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu, gu/ ljsf; P]g @)$% sf] bkmf ( sf] lgoldt, lgogq0f jf lgif]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf x]/f}+. o;sf] pkbkmf (=!=! n] s[lif, k fs[lts ;Dkbf, jg:klt, jgh+un, hljhgt', k'/ftflœjs, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s :ynx === pkef]u / k of]u ug]{ú Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. bkmf!! df ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ cgtu{t pkbkmf!=# df k frlg :df/s ;DaGwL k rlnt

g]kfn sfg'gsf] cwlgdf /xl gu/ of]hgf If]qdf s'g} wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; tyf ;Def/sf nflu cfjzos kl/of]hgf agfo{ sfof{gjog ug]{ú pnn]v 5. ol b'j} Joj:yf sf7df8f}+ pktosf ljsf; k flws/0f P]g;Fu ldnbfh'nbf 5g\. To;}n] b'j} P]g ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf b[li6n] ;xfos x'g\. d'vo xf]ogg\. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f lgodfjnl @)$^M k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f lgodfjnlsf] lgdf{0f k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g hf/l epsf] sl/a ## jif{kl5 dfq epsf] xf]. P]g @)!# sflqs!% ut] nfndf]x/ ;b/ eo{ sflqs @& ut] g]kfn /fhkqdf k sflzt 5. t/, lgodfjnl @)$^ r}t @) ut] g]kfn /fhkqdf k sflzt 5. P]g / lgodfjnlalr w]/} nfdf] cjlwsf] UofkÚ 5. @)!# ;fnkl5 nfdf] ;do;dd b/af/sf] rfxgf jf OR5fdf ;Dkbf;Fu hf]l8psf clwstd ultljlw x'g] u/]sf lyp. b/af/sf] cfb]zdf ttsfnlg d'vo k'/ftœj clws[tn] ljefusf] ;~rfng ug]{ k rngn] P]gsf] clwstd pkof]u x'g ;s]g. o;n] ubf{ lgjdfjnlsf] cfjzostf dx;'; epg. @)$% $^ ;fndf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] k f/ldes ;j]{if0f ;DkGg epkl5 tl ;Dkbfx sf] jul{s/0f ug{, ;+/If0f ug{ / k fljlws kif jf cgo hfgsf/l k fkt ug{ ck7\of/f] k/]kl5 dfq lgodfjnl agfpg' k/]sf] lyof]. rf/ k6s ;+zf]wg epsf] lgjdfjnln] yk rf/cf]6f k fjwfg /fv]sf] 5. o;n] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf nflu k fljlws ;ldltú, k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f ;ldltú, k frlg :df/s ;j]{if0f Pj+ jul{s/0f ;ldltú / k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f sf]ifú u7gsf] cjwf/0ff NofPsf] 5. k To]s ;ldlt / sf]if u7gsf 5' f5' } p2]zo 5g\. k fljlws ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf lgodfjnlsf] kl/r5]b @ df ul/psf] 5. kl/r5]b @=! df ;+/lift :df/s If]qleq gllh xsef]usf] huufdf agfog] 3/sf] z}nl tyf dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf ljefunfo{ k/fdz{ lbgú k fljlws ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k fjwfg 5. kl/r5]b @=# df k frlg :df/snfo{ k'/ftœj ljefu ljzj;dkbf zfvfdf sfo{/t ;'/]z ;'/; >]i7;fu ;+jt\ @)^( j}zfv!^ ut] ul/psf] cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t.

:jfldtj / dxœjsf b[li6n] jul{s/0f ug{ ljefunfo{ k/fdz{ lbg] p2]zon] ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf kl/r5]b # df ul/psf] 5. of] ;ldlt k To]s ;+/lift If]qdf k frlg :df/ssf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k' ofpg u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] xf]. lgodfjnlsf] kl/r5]b $=!) df P]ltxfl;s tyf snftds b[li6sf]0faf6 dxœjk"0f{ dflgpsf k frlg :df/sx sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f sf]if u7gsf] Joj:yf 5. lgodfjnln] ;ldlt / sf]if u7g tyf ltgsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL k i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08, k'/ftflœjs j:t'sf] ljj/0f, k'/ftflœjs j:t'sf] ptvgg\ ug]{ :jls[lt nufotsf P]gdf Joj:yf epsf ;a} kifdf lgodfjnln] ;xh sfof{gjogsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] k f/ldes ;j]{if0f ;g\!(&% df o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;j]{if0f ul/psf] lyof] -cdfto @)%*_. /fhosf] kxndf klxnf] kn6 d'n'se/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx sf] k f/ldes ;"rgf k fkt ug]{ p2]zon] ;+jt\ @)$! $@ b]lv @)$% $^ ;Dd ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] k f/ldes ;j]{if0fú ul/of]. of] ;j]{if0f lsg ul/psf] lyof] egg] ;Gbe{df ttsfnlg k'/ftœj ljefusf dxflgb]{zs k'0o k ;fb lg/f}nfn] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] k f/ldes ;j]{if0f k ltj]bgsf] klxnf] efusf] e"ldsfdf n]v]sf 5g\M g]kfn clw/fhosf ljlegg efudf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s :yn / :df/sx, d7, dlgb/, u'daf, ljxf/ nufot wfld{s :ynx, hfqf, d]nf, kj{, gfr cflb k/dk/f h:tf ljlegg ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx sf] ;j]{if0f cwoog u/l ltgsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug'{kg]{ /fli6«o cfjzostfsf] ;Gbe{df cf=j= )$! )$@ b]lv o; ljefun] o:tf ;Dkbfx sf] k f/ldes ;j]{if0f cleofg z'? u/]sf] 5 -k'/ftœj ljefu @)$@_. of] ;j]{if0f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx sf] ;+Vof u0fgf dfq} xf]. o;n] ;Dkbfsf]

lj:t[t hfgsf/l jf ;"rgf lbb}g. k ltj]bgsf] tlg efudf dxflgb]{zs lg/f}nfn] e"ldsf n]vg] qmddf klg of] ljifonfo{ p7fpsf 5g\. affsl kffr efudf slxn] lgldq / slxn] sfodd'sfod dxflgb]{zssf] x}l;otdf ;fkmno cdfton] e"ldsf n]v]sf 5g\. pgn] k ltj]bgsf] cf7f}+ efusf] e"ldsfdfk{mt k f/ldes ;j]{if0fsf] p2]zo / ;Ldfsf] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\M === z'?sf efudf pnn]v ep e}+m of] k ltj]bg s]jn k f/ldes ;j]{if0faf6 k fkt k ltj]bg dfq epsf]n] o;n] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] s]jn gfd / 5f]6f] kl/ro dfq lbg ;Sg]5, t/ klg lj:t[t cwoog tyf cg';gwfgstf{sf] nflu o;n] s]xl kdf cle?lr a9fpg / ;3fp k' ofpg ;Snf egg] d}n] 7fg]sf] 5' -k'/ftœj ljefu @)$^_. cf7cf]6f efudf k sflzt k ltj]bgsf] klxnf] efudf ( lhnnf, bf]; f] efudf!) lhnnf, t]; f] efudf!$ lhnnf, rf}yf] efudf & lhnnf, kffrf}+ efudf % lhnnf, 5}+6f} efudf!) lhnnf, ;ftf}+ efudf * lhnnf / cf7f}+ efudf ( lhnnf ;d]6]/ &@ lhnnfsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljj/0f / kl/ro k sflzt ul/psf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;/sf/l cu ;/tfdf ul/psf] of] ;a}egbf 7"nf] ;j]{if0f lyof], h;df g]kfne/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx sf] ;"rls/0f / jul{s/0f ug]{ sfd epsf] lyof]. o;df b'o{cf]6f k ToIf k efj k/]sf 5g\. klxnf] ;Dkbfsf] cwoog / cg';gwfg;fu hf]l8psf] ljifo xf] eg] bf]; f] rflx+ :yfglo jf /fli6«o :t/df ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf] rf;f]nfo{ clej[l4 ug{] xf]. ljzj;dkbfdf ;"rls/0f sf7df8f} pktosfsf ;ftcf]6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx @)#^ ;fn sflqs dlxgfdf ljzj;dkbfsf kdf ;"rls[t epsf lyp. ;+;f/df g} ljzj;dkbfsf] ;"rldf sf7df8f}+ pktosf cg'kd gd'gf dflgg5. pktosfsf] ;fgf] 3]/fleq ;ftcf]6f ljzj;dkbf 5g\. logdf tlgcf]6f b/af/ If]q qmdzm j;gtk'/ b/af/ If]q, kf6g b/af/ If]q / eqmk'/ b/af/ If]qÙ b'o{ af}4 :t"k :jode" / af}4gfy Pj+ lxgb" d7 kz'kltgfy / rffu'gf/fo0fsf] dlgb/ /x]sf 5g\.

sf7df8f}+ pktosf ol ;ft :df/s afx]s c y'k } ;Dkbfn] ;DkGg zx/ xf]. ol ;Dkbf P]ltxfl;s dxœj Pj+ a]hf]8 snfsf gd'gf x'g\. logn] sf7df8f}+ pktosfnfo{ ;+;f/df ;Dkbfsf] zx/ eg]/ lrgfpsf 5g\. ;g\!(&% df ul/psf] Ps ;j]{if0f cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pktosfleq *** cf]6f cgt/f{li6«o dxœjsf :df/s 5g\. oldwo] ($ cf]6f clt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf,!%( cf]6f klxnf] bhf{sf, @$# cf]6f bf]; f] bhf{sf / #(@ cf]6f t]; f] bhf{sf 5g\. tl :df/sdwo] sf7df8f}+df #^@, kf6gdf @(*, eqmk'/df ^@ / tlg zx/aflx/!^^ cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ -cdfto @)%*_. of] ;j]{if0fsf] glthfn] g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfaf/] ljzjhgdfg; / o'g]:sf]n] hfgsf/l kfp. clg g]kfndf /x]sf ;Dkbfx n] ljzj;dkbfdf ;"rls[t x'g] cleofgdf /fho / o'g]:sf]sf] ;fy kfp. g]kfnn] ;g\!(&* cu:6df ;f+:s[lts Pj+ k fs[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug{ ag]sf] a8fkqdf x:tfif/ u of]. To;kl5 o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf ;/sf/n] sf7df8f}+ pktosfleqsf ;ftcf]6f :df/s, :df/s If]q / :df/s If]qleqsf ejgx nfo{ ;d]6]/ Pp6} :df/s If]qsf kdf sf7df8f}+ pktosfúnfo{ ljzj;dkbf ;"rldf btf{ ug{ dgf]gogkq bflvn u of] -cdfto @)%*_. ;g\!(&( cs6f]a/ -@)#^ sflqs_ df sfo/f]df ;DkGg ljzj;dkbf ;ldltsf] a}7sn] g]kfnsf] cg'/f]wnfo{ dfgotf k bfg u of]. g]kfn /fho kif /x]/ sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;ft ;+/lift :df/s If]qx cfp6:6\oflg8ª o'lge{;n EofNo'Ú -pnn]vglo ;j{jofkl dxœj_ epsf] k i6ls/0fdf n]v]sf] 5M === ;a} ;ft ;d"xsf æsf7df8f}+ pktosfdf ltglx sf cfˆg} k'/fgf P]ltxfl;s syfx 5g\. ha s]xl ztfabldf lxgb" / af}4 bz{gsf] k"/} Pl;ofdf ljsf; / kl/jt{g eof], o;af6 g]kfnn] cfˆgf] ltaat, rlg / ef/talr cjl:yt clåtlo l:yltaf6 kmfobf pktosfsf ;ftcf]6f ;Dkbf ljzj;dkbfdf ;"rls[t ep klg To;;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} sfof{no lypg. @)%$ %% ;fndf ;+:s[lt dgqfnodf ljzj;dkbf PsfOÚ u7g ul/psf] lyof]. To;sf] b'o{ jif{kl5 @)%^ %& df pqm PsfOnfO{ k'/ftœj ljefu cgtu{t ljzj;dkbf zfvfúsf] kdf :yfgfgt/0f ul/of].

lng ;Sof]. O:jLsf] kffrf}+ ztfablb]lv g]kfnn] wfld{s ;'wf/ u of], t/ ltgn] kgw f}+b]lv c7f/f}+ ztfablalr dfq} ;ffrr} l;h{gzln of]ubfg ug{ ;Sof]Æ (ICOMOS 2006). sf7df8f}+ pktosf;fu} o;sf ; f]t / dgf]gogsf tlg cfwf/x æklxnf], ltglx clåtlo / ;fflrrs} ck fko 5g\Ù bf]; f], ltglx clåtlo snf / ;f}gbo{sf pts[i6 gd'gf x'g\ / t]; f], ltglx lznkljlwsf dxœjk"0f{ k/dk/fut z}nlsf pbfx/0f x'g\ h'g ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+j]bgzln jf ckl/jt{glo klg 5g\. sf7df8f}+ pktosf ultzln / ljsf;zln d'n'ssf] s]gb xf], t/ klg of] j}ejzfnl ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] ;DkGg 5 / ;a} dg'io hfltsf] lxtsf nflu ol ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ lxtsf/l sfddf k lta4 5. g]kfn /fho kif /x]/ ;ftcf]6f ;Dkbfaf/] k i6ls/0f;lxt o'g]:sf] cgtu{t ljzj;dkbf s]gb df dgf]gog kq btf{ ul/psf] lyof]. ljzj;dkbfdf ;"rls[t afx]s w]/} k frlg dxœjsf :df/sx sf7df8f}+ pktosfdf /x]sf 5g\. ol ;a} :df/sx sf] Joj:yfkgdf /fhosf sfg'g / u}/ /fhosf] k of; PsLs[t ug{'k5{. k~rfotsf] tl; jif{df /fhon] clvtof/ u/]sf sfg'gn] s]xl xb;dd ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 eg] u}/ /fhosf] pkl:yltnfo{ v's'nf] kfg]{ k of; klg u/]sf] 5. df:6/ Knfg km/ b sghe]{;g ckm b snr/n x]l/6]h Og sf7df8f}+ EofnL ;g\!(&& ;g\!(&% df g]kfn ;/sf/sf tk{maf6 k'/ftœj ljefusf] cfu xdf o'g]:sf]n] O{= Pkm= ;]Sn/sf] g]t[tjdf cf7 ;b:olo cgt/ljefulo ;d"x OG6/g];gn sfplg;n ckm df]g'd]g6 PG8 ;fo6 -Osf]df];_sf] b:tfj]haf6 g]kfnldf ul/psf] efjfg'jfb xf]. unt 9+un] cy{ nfug] epdf To;sf nflu cg';gwftf lhdd]jf/ 5g\.

g]kfn k7fof]. To;sf cfjlws / t'?gt} nfu" ug{ ;lsg] b'o{cf]6f p2]zo lyp. klxnf], g]kfn ;/sf/nfo{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug{ tyf hf]ufpg ;xof]u ug]{ / bf]; f], ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu df:6/ KnfgÚ agfpg] -;]Sn/ ;g\ @)))_. of] of]hgfn] sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;Dkbfx sf] ljbdfg cj:yfsf] ;j]{if0f / ljzn]if0f u/]sf] lyof]. o;df cfly{s jf ko{6slo dxœjsf b[li6n] ljzn]if0f ul/psf] lyof]. of] ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgÚsf nflu dxœjk"0f{ kif xf]. ef}lts ljsf;, k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf, oftfoftsf] k"jf{wf/ tyf ljbdfg sfg'gl k fjwfg cflbnfo{ ljzn]if0fsf] cfwf/ dflgpsf] lyof]. o; of]hgfn] ;fdfgo / ljlzi6ls[t b'o{ lsl;dsf ;'emfj lbpsf] 5. ;fdfgo lsl;dsf ;'emfjdf ;r]tgfd"ns jf ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{qmd, snftds ;Lksf] k j4{g, ko{6gsf] ;sf/ftds gsf/ftds k efj ;DaGwL hfgsf/l, ko{6gsf nflu k frlg ejgx sf] Joj:yfkg tyf b:tfj]hls/0f ubf{ ;+/If0f OGe]G6«LnfO{ k5øfpg], k'/ftœj ljefusf] gfd kl/jt{g u/]/ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ljefu agfpg] / If]q lj:tf/ ug]{, lj:t[t sfg'gl ;+/If0f rflxg] epsfn] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f P]g Nofpg] h:tf ljifonfo{ ;d]l6psf] 5 (Sekler 2000). ljlzi6ls[t ;'emfjx :df/s, :df/s If]q / ;+/lift If]q ;DaGwL 5g\. :df/s / :df/s If]qaf/] t'?gt} /]vf+sg j0f{g;lxt /fhkqdf k sflzt ug'{kg]{, d'vo zx/df ejgsf] prfo lgogq0f ;DaGwL lgod Nofpg'kg]{, ;+/lift If]qdf goff ejg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw clgjfo{ nfu" ug]{, cfkt\sfnlg p4f/ / ejg dd{t ;DaGwL sfo{qmd Nofpg'kg{] / ;+/If0fsf qmddf s'g} lghl ejg x6fpg'kg]{ jf k fkt ug{' lng'kg]{ epdf To;sf nflu cfjzos sfo{ljlw klg agfpg'kg{] eg]/ ljlzi6ls[t ;'emfj k :t't ul/psf] 5 (Sekler 2000). k~rfotsf] tl; jif]{ cjlwdf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf s]xl ;/f]sf/ b]vfopsf] lyof]. kffrcf]6f P]gn] ck ToIf kdf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf s]xl k fjwfg k :t't u/]sf lyp\. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f lgodfjnl hf/l eo{ k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g sfof{gjog x'g] cj:yf tof/ x'g' ;sf/ftds kif xf]. P]g, lgodsf b[li6n] pnn]vglo gb]lvp klg o; cjlwdf g]kfnsf ;ftcf]6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ljzj;dkbf ;"rldf ;"rls[t epsf lyp. of] k~rfotl

zf;g cjlwdf g]kfndf ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgsf] kifdf epsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] / ljz]if pknlaw xf]. o; cjlwdf cgt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/l ;+3;+:yf tyf o'g]:sf] h:tf ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf lgsfon] g]kfndf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf kl/0ffdd'vl sfd u/]sf lyp. /fhosf tk{maf6 klg cgt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/l ;+3;+:yfnfO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f / cfjzos ;xof]u k fkt lyof] h;sf] hudf plep/ cfh w]/}h;f] ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgsf] kl/snkgf / kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf 5g\.

k hftgqsfn -@)$^ ;fnkl5_ @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgllts Joj:yf kl/jt{gnfo{ /fli6«o dxœj lbg] clek fon] hgcfgbf]ngú egg] ul/psf] 5. hgcfgbf]ngú gful/ssf] txdf nf]slk o /fhgllts kbfjnl ag]sf] 5. o; kl/jt{gn] gful/s clwsf/ / cfwf/e"t nf]stgqsf d"ne"t dfgotfx nfo{ :yflkt ug{ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5. nf]stgqsf gfddf ;dfhdf y'k } ;kgf affl8p. t/, gful/ssf hlljsf]kfh{g nf]stgqsf] cfwf/e"t ljifoj:t' x'g ;S5 ls ;Sb}g egg] 5nkmnsf] sdl /Xof]. oxff hgcfgbf]ngú kl5 ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgdf /fhon] slt / s;/l -dfqf / k lqmof_ cu ;/tf lnof] egg] ljifodf rrf{ ul/psf] 5. k hftgqsfndf ;Dkbf Joj:yfkgdf ul/psf k of;nfo{ gful/ssf] hlljsf]kfh{g;fu hf]8]/ cwoog ug{ pko'qm x'g5. To;sf nflu @)$^ ;fnkl5 /fhon] hf/l u/]sf rf/cf]6f P]g, Pp6f lgb]{lzsf, Pp6f sfo{ljlw / Pp6f PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfsf af/]df 5nkmn ul/psf] 5. P]g gu/kflnsf P]g @)$*M P]gsf] bkmf!% df gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. P]gsf] pkbkmf!-3_ df gu/sf] vfg]kfgl, af9l lgogq0f, cffwla]x/l, k fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;+/lift If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{, -ª_ df gu/ If]qdf /x]sf vf]nfgfnf, s'jf, Ogf/, kf]v/l, tfntnfp, 9'+u]wf/f cflbsf] kfgl ;+/If0f u/l ;b'kof]u u/fpg], -9_ df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k'/ftflœjs j:t' / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ lhdd]jf/l gu/kflnsfsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5. kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if P]g @)%)M o; P]gsf] k :tfjgfdf >L kz'kltgfy If]qsf] ;'/Iff, ;Def/ / ljsf; ug{ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]

;bfrf/ / ;'ljwf sfod /fvg kz'klt ljsf; If]q sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ jf~5glo epsfn]ú pnn]v ul/psf] 5. k :tfjgfn] ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff, ;Def/ / ljsf;sf nflu P]gsf] kl/snkgf ul/psf] k i6 kfb{5. P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf!=# df kz'klt If]qsf] k frlg, P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fli6«o dxœjsf j:t' jf :ynx tyf k fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;Def/, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{ú egg] Joj:yf nufot kffrcf]6f p2]zo P]gdf 5g\. cgo p2]zon] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fvb}gg\. P]gsf] bkmf * df kz'klt If]q ljsf; ;~rfns kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. kl/ifb\ kz'klt If]qdf /x]sf ;f+:s[lts / k fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df sfd ug]{ clwsf/ ;DkGg ;ldlt xf]. a[xq/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g @)%%M P]gsf] k :tfjgfdf g} wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf :ynx sf] ;'/Iff, ;Def/ / ljsf; ug]{ p2]zonfo{ k i6;fu /flvpsf] 5. kl/ifb\sf kffrcf]6f p2]zodwo] bkmf %-v_ a[xq/ hgsk'/leqsf] wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf :yfgx / ;f]xl If]qleq /x]sf ljlegg ;Dkbfx sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{, / -u_ a[xq/ hgsk'/ If]qleqsf k frlg, P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf d7dlgb/, ;/f]j/ jf cgo :ynx sf] klxrfg, vf]hl / cg';gwfg ug]{ b'o{cf]6f p2]zo ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;Fu k ToIf hf]l8psf 5g\. P]gsf] bkmf!#=! df kl/ifb\n] ;do;dodf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf u/l a[xq/ hgsk'/ If]qleq cfjzostf cg';f/ lgoldt, lgogq0f / lgif]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. k fs[lts ;Dkbf, k'/ftflœjs, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s :ynx, k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf dlgb/ / ;/f]j/x sf] pkof]u, k of]u, klxrfg, vf]hl / cg';gwfgnfo{ klg lgodg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o; bkmfdf ul/psf] Joj:yf P]gsf] p2]zo;fu k/:k/ aflemp h:tf] b]lvp klg lgodgsf] Joj:yf Joj:yfkgsf] csf]{ dxœjk"0f{ kif klg xf]. :yfglo :jfoq zf;g P]g @)%%M of] P]g :yfglo lgsfonfo{ lhdd]jf/ / clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fpg] Pj+ hjfkmb]xl klg agfpg] tyf :yfglo lgsfodfk{mt hgtfnfo{ zf;g k lqmofdf w]/}egbf w]/} ;xeful u/fpg] p2]zon] hf/l ul/psf] xf]. t}klg o; P]gn] k fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf j8f:t/b]lv lhnnf:t/;dd lhdd]jf/l / clwsf/ If]q tf]s]sf] 5.

{ P]gsf] bkmf @% df ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt cgt{ut j8f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ pnn]v ul/psf] 5. bkmf @%-u_ df j8fleqsf] hg;+vof, 3/, huuf, kf6lkf}jf, wd{zfnf, d7dlgb/, dl:hb, u'daf cflb b]j:yn, db/;f, ktl{ huuf, kf]v/l, tnfp, Ogf/, s'jf, wf/f cflb ;fj{hlgs dxœjsf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts :ynx sf] nut /fvg tyf ;+/If0f ug{ ufpf ljsf; ;ldltnfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ k fjwfg ul/psf] 5. gu/kflnsf cgtu{t j8f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf (# df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. bkmf (#-s_ df j8fleqsf] hg;+vof, 3/, huuf, kf6lkf}jf, wd{zfnf, d7dlgb/, u'daf, dl:hb, b]j:yn, db/;f, ktl{ huuf, kf]v/l, tnfp, Ogf/, s'jf, wf/f, 9'+u]wf/f cflbsf] nut /fvg tyf ;+/If0fdf gu/kflnsfnfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ pnn]v ul/psf] 5. bkmf (^ df gu/kflnsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL k fjwfg 5. bkmf (^-ª_ df gu/kflnsfn] ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL ug]{ sfdsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. (^-ª_! df gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s dxœjsf :yfgx sf] nut tof/ u/l ltglx sf] dd{t ;Def/ u/l ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{, u/fpg] / -ª_@ df gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf k'/ftflœjs j:t', efiff, wd{, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g Pj+ k of]u ug]{, u/fpg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5. P]gsf] bkmf!*( n] lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. bkmf!*(-7_ df efiff ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltn] tlgcf]6f sfd ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. -7_! df lhnnf ljsf; If]qleqsf ;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s dxœjsf :yfgx sf] clen]v /fvg] / dd{t ;Def/ u/fo{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug] { / -7_# df lhnnf ljsf; If]qleqsf k'/ftflœjs j:t', efiff, wd{, snf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ;+j4{g Pj+ k of]u ug] u/fpg] ] b'o{cf]6f a' Fbf ;Dkbf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\. o; P]gn] :yfglo lgsfodfk{mt :yfglo gful/snfo{ ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf ;xeful u/fpg vf]h]sf] 5. cgo Joj:yf sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;+/lift :df/s 3f]lift If]qdf x'g] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 Pj+ lgb]{lzsf @)$* -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ M of] dfkb08 Pj+ lgb]{lzsf o; lgb]{lzsfnfo{ kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qdf x'g] ;+/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL

æ === sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;+/lift :df/s 3f]lift If]qx sf] P]ltxfl;s Pj+ jf:t'snfsf] jftfj/0fsf] b'?kof]u x'g glbg tyf ;f] If]qx sf] k/dk/fut z}nl Pj+ ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{, ;f] If]qsf] k frlgtf, df}lnstf / :jr5 jftfj/0f sfod /fvg] p2]zon] :df/s If]qx df lgdf{0f x'g] 3/ ejgx sf] lgldq of] dfkb08 Pj+ lgb]{lzsf agfo{ nfu" ul/psf] 5Æ -k'/ftœj ljefu @)%$Ù k[=!^_. ;+/lift :df/s 3f]lift If]qdf lgdf{0f x'g] 3/ jf ejgnfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ of] lgb]{lzsf agfopsf] xf]. lgb]{lzsfsf] Joj:yfn] ;+/lift If]qsf] k/dk/fut z}nlnfo{ sfod /fvg d2t ug]{5. lgb]{lzsfsf] klxnf] a'fbf -!_ df elgpsf] 5M of] dfkb08 Pj+ lgb]{lzsf sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]q, kf6g b/af/ If]q, eqmk'/ b/af/ If]q, rffu'gf/fo0f If]q, :jode"gfy :t"k / af}4gfy If]qdf nfu" x'g]5. lgb]{lzsfsf] a'fbf $ df ;+/lift :df/s If]qdf lgdf{0f x'g] 3/ ejgx sf] dfkb08 Pj+ lgb]{lzsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. rf}yf] a'fbfsf] @-s_ n] 3/ jf ejgsf] clwsqd prfo #% lkm6 cunf] x'g] egl tf]s]sf] 5. t/ goff lgdf{0f x'g] 3/;Fu} s'g} P]ltxfl;s Pj+ jf:t'snfsf] b[li6n] dxœjk"0f{ :df/s /x]5 eg] 3/ ;f] :df/segbf xf]rf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5. o;n] k/dk/fut z}nl afx]s ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iffdf klg Wofg lbpsf] 5. lgb]{lzsfn] 3/ jf ejgsf] uf/f], e\mofn9f]sf, 5fgf, afb{nl, sfg]{;, k]6l, sf}zl ;DaGwL k i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o; afx]s ;+/lift If]qleq cf/= ;L= ;L= / l:6n k m]d /fv]/ 3/ jf ejg lgdf{0f ug{ gkfog] tyf gfklsf] gs;fdf b]vfopsf] / xfn eo/x]sf] rf]s / rf]ssf] k]6l df:g gkfog] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5. o;n] k/dk/fut g]kfnl z}nlaf/] klg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5M k/dk/fut g]kfnl z}nl eggfn] 3/sf] k]6l, sfg]{;, an]gf], kfvf, 5fgf /fvg', k i6;fu b]lvg] u/l OF6fsf] uf/f] x'g', sf7sf] 8G8L epsf nfdf 7f8f e\mofnx, sf7sf] cffve\mofnx x'g', le+mu6lsf] dfkb08 @)^$ sf] bkmf *=! n] vf/]h u/]sf] 5 -k'/ftœj ljefu @)^$v_.

5fgf x'g', sf7sf] /ª;Fu ldng] dfq /ª nufpg', OF6fsf] uf/f]df Knf:6/ gx'g' cflb h:tf s'/fx nfo{ ;Demg'k5{ -k'/ftœj ljefu @)%$, k[= @)_. of] lgb]{lzsfsf] dxœjk"0f{ kif eg]sf] o;n] ;+/lift If]qsf] k frlgtf / df}lnstf sfod /fvg of]ubfg ug'{ xf]. lgb]{lzsfn] 3/ jf ejgsf] prfo, To;sf] ;+/rgf / lgdf{0f ;fdu Laf/] klg k i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;n] k/dk/fut g]kfnl z}nlsf] kl/efiff klg u/]sf] 5. of] lgb]{lzsf /fhosf] dxœjk"0f{ sbd xf]. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)^$M k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s b'ljwf x6fpg tyf k frlg :df/sx sf] df}lnstf, ;+j]bgzlntf / k fdfl0fstfnfo{ cif'00f /fvl ;+/If0f sfo{df x'g] q'l6 36fpg ;3fp k'uf];\ egg] p2]zon] sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ul/psf] xf]. P3f/cf]6f efudf ljeflht o; sfo{ljlwn] cfh;dd ceof; ul/psf t/ kl/eflift gul/psf ljifoj:t'df klg Wofg lbpsf] 5. clgtd kfgfdf hl0ff]{4f/ tyf ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]gdf epsf Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]l6psf] 5. sfo{ljlw k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f ;DaGwL l;4fgt, k lqmof / k ljlw s]lgb t 5. sfo{ljlwsf] bf]; f] efudf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k rngdf /x]sf s]xl zabfjnl / ltgsf] JofVof ul/psf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu hl0ff]{4f/, hf]ufpg] sfo{, /f]syfd, k'g?4f/, k'gmlgdf{0f, dha'tls/0f k anls/0f cflb. t]; f] efu k frlg :df/s ;+/If0fsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtaf/] 5. rf}yf] efudf ;+/If0fsf sfd ubf{ ;fdfgotof ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/l ;d]l6psf] 5. kffrf}+, 5}6f}+, ;ftf}+, cf7f}+ / gjf}+ efudf qmdzm uf/f], lnpg Knf:6/, nfsff;l, e\mofn9f]sf / yfd s:tf] x'g'kg]{ jf s;/l agfpg] egg] JofVof ;d]l6psf] 5. bzf}+ efudf k'/ftœj ljefusf] :jls[ltdf ug{ ;lsg] hl0ff]{4f/ sfo{sf] ljj/0f lbopsf] 5. clgtd efudf k :tfljt k'/ftflœjs nut kmd{sf] gd'gf /flvpsf] 5. sfo{ljlwsf] d'vo kif ;+/If0fsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgt xf]. sfo{ljlwsf] t]; f] efudf kffrcf]6f l;4fgt k i6;fu Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. s_ ;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{

df}lnstf;fu k lt:kwf{ ug]{ vfnsf gssn / ldyofs/0f x'g'xf'b}g. v_ ;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{ jf:t' jf ;+/rgfsf] df}lns :j kdf kl/jt{g ug'{x'fb}g. u_ ;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{ ;Dej ep;dd k'/fg} / ;Dej gepdf k of]u eps} ;fdu L;Fu d]n vfg] u'0f / k s[ltsf goff ;fdu L k of]u ug'{kb{5. 3_ ;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{ df}lns :j k / k4ltdf ;s];dd Go"gQd x:tif]k x'g'kb{5. ª_ ;+/If0f sfo{df k of]u ul/g] ;fdu L kl5 cfjzos k/]df x6fpg ;lsg] x'g'kb{5. To:tf] sfo{ ubf{ df}lnstfdf k lts"n k efj kg{ lbg'xf'b}g. sfo{ljlwsf] of] efusf] p2]zo ;+/If0f ubf{ :df/snfo{ yk gi6, e i6 x'g glbo{ oyf kdf efjl ;GtltnfO{ x:tfgt/0f ug'{ xf] -ljefu @)^$_. d"ntm of] sfo{ljlw o;}df JofVof ul/psf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL zabfjnl hl0ff]{4f/údf s]lgb t 5. PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf @)^$M sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;ftcf]6f :df/s If]qx Pp6f ;Dkbfsf kdf ljzj;dkbf ;"rldf ;g\!(&( df ;"rls[t ep. o;sf] rf}al; jif{kl5 ;g\ @))# df k/dk/fut :yfglo ;Dkbfsf] x f; / clgolgqt ljsf;sf sf/0f ol ;Dkbf If]qnfO{ vt/fsf] ;"rldf /flvof]. /fhon] o; ljifonfo{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljlegg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3;+:yf, cgt/f{li6«o lgsfo;fu y'k } txdf ;xsfo{ u of]. To;sf] pknlawsf kdf ljlwd'vl PsLs[t Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ eof], h;nfo{ k'/ftœj ljefu tyf :yfglo lgsfo / If]q Joj:yfksx sf] ;xsfo{df tof/ ul/psf] lyof] -cfrfo{ @)^$_. of] g]kfn /fho kif eo{ u x0f ul/psf] b:tfj]h xf], h;df PsLs[t sfof{gjog of]hgfsf kdf sfo{sf/l b:tfj]h /x]sf] 5. of] ljbdfg ;+:yfut, sfg'gl tyf cfly{s ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/l ;Dkbfsf] ljzjjofkl dxœjsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ ljlw tyf /0fgLltnfO{ kl/eflift ul/psf] b:tfj]h xf]. PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf;fu} x/]s :df/s If]qsf nflu Joj:yfkg n3' k'l:tsf ljlw k'l:tsf / sfof{gjog of]hgf klg agfopsf] 5. PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfleq df]6fdf]6l tlgcf]6f kifnfo{ Jojl:yt ul/psf] 5. klxnf] ;d:ofsf] lg k0f / p2]zo, bf]; f] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf / t]; f] To;sf] sfof{gjog kif. of] b:tfj]h /fho kifn] sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ljzj ;DkbfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ tof/ u/]sf] xf] / o;n] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] sfof{gjog k lqmofnfo{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5.

PsLs[t Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k fylds p2]zo ljzj;dkbfsf ljzjjofkl dxœjsf ;fy;fy} ;Dkbfsf] :yfglo :t/df dflgcfpsf] d"nosf] hu]gf{ ug'{ klg xf]. o;f] ubf{ ljzj;dkbf If]qleqsf ;d'bfosf] hljg:t/, ;'/Iff tyf cfly{s pkfb]otf ;DefJotf h:tf ljifo klg ;d]l6g5g\ -ljefu / s]gb @)^$_. of] b:tfj]hsf] ;a}egbf dxœjk"0f{ kif eg]sf] :df/s If]qleqsf ;d'bfosf] hlljsf]kfh{g, ;'/Iff / cfly{s ;DefJotfnfO{ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f cleofg;fu hf]8\g' xf]. PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfn] ;+:yfut, sfg'gl / cfly{s ;+/rgfx nfo{ Joj:yfkg p2]zo k fkt ug]{ /0fgLltsf kdf lnpsf] 5. ;+:yfut ;+/rgfleq ljzj;dkbf ;+/If0fsf sfd ug{sf nflu k'/ftœj ljefu s]gb Lo lgsfosf kdf /xg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. To;kl5 qmdzm :yfglo lgsfo, If]q Joj:yfks / :df/s If]q /x]sf 5g\. sfg'gl ;+/rgfn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;Fu k ToIf jf ck ToIf kdf ;DalGwt lgod sfg'gsf] k i6ls/0f u/l ltgdf lglxt bf]xf]/f] clwsf/sf] l:ylt / lj/f]wfef;nfo{ x6fpg'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbpsf] 5. cfly{s ;+/rgfdf ; f]t / ;xof]unfo{ a[xq/ ;dgjoftds ljqlo of]hgf agfp/ ;d]6\g'kg]{ elgpsf] 5. sfof{gjogsf nflu klg /fho kifn] ;+:yfut, sfg'gl / cfly{s ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ elgpsf] 5. k hftgqsfnsf P]g jf cgo ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL b:tfj]hn] ;+:yfut, sfg'gl / cfly{s ;+/rgfnfo{ s]gb df /fv]sf 5g\. hl0ff]{4f/ jf cgo ;+/If0f sfo{sf] p2]zo / k lqmofnfo{ a'fbfut kdf Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5. /fhgllts v'nfkgsf] k efj ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;Fu hf]l8psf lgsfo / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;d]t k/]sf] 5. :yfglo :jfoq zf;g P]g / PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfn] :yfglo ;d'bfonfo{ klg ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf ;xeful u/fpg] / ltgsf] hljg:t/nfo{ ;Dkbf;Fu hf]8\g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5.

kf6g b/af/ If]q s]lgb t Joj:yfkg k of; o; cwofodf kf6g b/af/ If]q s]lgb t /fho / u}/ /fhosf] txdf epsf k of;nfo{ ;d]l6psf] 5. /fhosf tk{maf6 ;+/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ljlegg dfkb08, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / nfu" ul/psf 5g\. b/af/ If]qleq ;/sf/l sfof{no :yfkgf u/]/ /fhon] cfˆgf] pkl:ylt b]vfpsf] 5. ;Dk"0f{ /]vb]vsf] lhdd]jf/l klg /fhosf] dftxtdf g} 5. t}klg /fhosf] pkl:yltn] b/af/ If]qsf] k"/} Joj:yfkgdf oy]i6 Wofg k'u]sf] 5}g. u}/ /fho If]q ; f]t / ;Lk lnp/ b/af/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeful 5. /fhosf] pkl:ylt /fhosf] k ltlglwsf] x}l;otdf ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dgqfno cgt{ut :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{noú kf6g b/af/ If]qdf cjl:yt 5. o; afx]s kf6g ;+u xfno / s]gb Lo ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f k of]uzfnf klg /fhosf k ltlglw g} x'g\. kf6g ;+u xfno 5' } ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z @)%# dfk{mt lgdf{0f ul/psf] :jfoq ;+:yf xf]. kf6g ;+u xfno u7gsf] cfwf/ /fli6«o wft'snf ;+u xfnoú xf]. kf6g wft'snfsf nflu k l;4 epsfn] Tof] k l;l4nfo{ sfod /fvg] cjwf/0ff cg' k wft'snf ;+u xfnosf] :yfkgf ul/psf] lyof]. /fli6«o wft'snf ;+u xfno M lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf /fli6«o wft'snf ;+u xfnosf] :yfkgf eof] / @)@^ ;fndf ;a}sf nflu v'nf ul/of]. ;+u xfno eg]/ v'nf ul/p klg of] jf:tjdf ;+u xfnosf] cjwf/0ffut ;'/]z ;'/; >]i7 / Zofd;'Gb/ /fhj+zl;fu ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t. of] v08sf ;"rgf ;'/]zdfg nfv];fu ;+jt\ @)^* kmfu'g * ut] ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t 5.

dfgotfdf cfwfl/t lypg. ljlegg d"lt{ / ;f+:s[lts dxœjsf j:t'x nfo{ b/af/sf ljlegg e\mofndf ;hfp/ /flvpsf] lyof]. k blz{t j:t'sf] wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts dxœjaf/] v'nfopsf] lypg. o;nfo{ rf}sf]7 b/af/df ;fl/of]. @)#( ;fndf cli6«og ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jls[ltdf ;+u xfno ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu agb u/]/ yk Joj:yfkgsf] sfd k f/de eof]. /fli6«o wft'snf ;+u xfno k'/ftœj ljefu cgtu{tsf] Pp6f sfof{no xf]. clxn] klg wft'snf ;+u xfno cgtu{t rf}w hgf sd{rf/l ljsf; ;ldlt cgtu{t sfhdf sfo{/t 5g\ h;dwo] ;xfos / sfof{no ;xof]ul cf7 hgf 5g\. affsl vl/bf/ ;/xsf sd{rf/l 5g\. ol ;a} sd{rf/ln] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tna kfpf5g\ eg] cgo ;'ljwf ljsf; ;ldltn] a]xf]g]{ u/]sf] 5. sd{rf/lnfo{ ljsf; ;ldlt cgtu{t ldnfg ug]{ k of; ul/psf] ep klg k lqmofut sf/0fn] k"/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. wft'snf ;+u xfnosf] gfddf tnal sd{rf/l ep klg pqm ;+u xfno ef}lts kdf kf6g ;+u xfno ljsf; ;ldltdf uflepsf] 5. kf6g ;+u xfnom kf6g ;+u xfno ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g ;+jt\ @)%# df kf6g ;+u xfno ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%#Ú cgtu{t epsf] xf]. ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z o'jf, v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt dgqfnosf] ;"rgfsf] kdf @)%# h]7!$ ut] /fhkqdf k sflzt 5. ;+u xfnonfo{ ;fj{hlgs kdf Ps jif{kl5 dfq v'nf ul/of]. ljsf; ;ldlt ;ft ;b:olo x'g5. ;ldltsf] cwoif ;+:s[lt dgqfnosf] ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5. pkfwoifdf k'/ftœj ljefusf dxflgb]{zs /xg5. ;b:o ;lrjsf kdf ;+u xfnosf] sfo{sf/l lgb]{zs /xg5. snf / ;+:s[lt If]qsf lj1 jf hfgsf/x af6 Ps hgf dlxnf;lxt tlg hgf ;b:o / nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/l clws[t kb]g ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5. d]/l z]k8{n] k bz{gsf nflu j:t'sf] 5gf}6 / To;sf] kl/ro n]vg] sfd tlg jif{df u/]. lxgb" / af}4 b'o{ 5' f5' } bz{gdf cfwfl/t j:t'x sf] :yfkgf / k bz{gsf nflu leql >[+uf/sf] sfd!$ jif{df k"/f eof] / @)%# ;fndf /fli6«o wft'snf ;+u xfno ttsfnlg o'jf, v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt dgqfnosf] ;"rgfdfk{mt goff ;+/rgfdf ljnlg x'g k'uof].

kf6g ;+u xfno ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%# sf] bkmf # df ;ldltsf] u7g k lqmof pnn]v ul/psf] 5. bkmf # sf] pkbkmf @ cg';f/ gf} ;b:olo ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf lyof] h;df k'/ftœj ljefusf pk dxflgb]{zs cwoif /xg] k fjwfg /x]sf] lyof]. of] k fjwfgdf klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dgqfnosf ;x ;lrj cwoif /xg] u/l ;ft ;b:olo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof]. o;df klg bf]; f] ;+zf]wg @)^& df eof] / ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;blo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dgqfnosf ;lrj cwoif /xg] k fjwfg 5. ;ft ;b:olo ;ldltdf ;b:o ;lrjsf] lhdd]jf/l ;+u xfnosf sfo{sf/l lgb]{zsn] axg ug]{ Joj:yf 5. ;+u xfnosf s]xl ljz]iftfm ;+u xfno lgdf{0fdf -;g\!(*# b]lv!((&_ cli6«og ;/sf/n] ljqlo / k fljlws ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof]. ;+u xfnosf] cg';f/ s'g} klg ;fdfgo dfg5]n] ljgf s'g} ;xof]u ;+u xfno 3'Dg ;S5 / p;n] lxgb" / af}4 bz{gaf/] hfgsf/l kfpg ;S5. kf6g ;+u xfnosf lglzrt ljz]iftf 5g\. oxffsf] nfol6ªú / SofK;gÚ k 0ffnL ljz]if k sf/sf] 5 (Hagmuller 2003). aql / P]gfsf] ;+of]hgaf6 s'g} klg d"lt{ jf k blz{t j:t'sf] k"/f k bz{sn] b]vg ;S5. b'o{ ;o j:t'nfo{ k bz{gdf /flvpsf] 5. cgo ;f+:s[lts dxœjsf gf} ;o j:t' e08f/df ylgspsf 5g\. ;+u xfnosf] lbuf]kgsf nflu ;+u xfno k zf;gn] s]xl cfdbfglsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. cfdbfglsf nflu Sofk]mÚ ;~rflnt 5, o;af6 dfl;s ^% xhf/ cfdbfgl x'g5. k;n / k sfzg cfdbfglsf] csf]{ ; f]t xf]. To:t} l6s6 laqmlaf6 klg w]/yf]/ cfdbfgl x'g5. u]i6 :6'l8of]Ú klg ;~rflnt 5, o;nfo{ s'g} :jb]zl tyf ljb]zlx n] lglzrt /sd lt/]/ k of]u ug{ ;S5g\. ;+u xfno kl/;/df sf7df08' sg6]dkf]/]/l cf6{ ;]G6/Ú gfds lghl Uofn/L ;~rflnt 5, o;af6 klg ;+u xfnosf] cfdbfglnfo{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5.

pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ;g\ @))) b]lv ko{6snfo{ k ltjolqm?= @)) z'ns lng yfnof] h;n] ubf{ ;+u xfno / nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfalrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ 5}g. ;+u xfnon] cfˆgf] lbuf]kgsf nflu lqmofsnfk ug{ rfxof] t/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] s'g} ;lqmotf b]vfpg. ;+u xfno :jfoq ;+:yf epsfn] b}lgs / cfjlws s'g} klg lqmofsnfkdf pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] agwg 5}g. t/, b'o{ ;+:yfalrsf] tltf] ;DaGwn] ;fe]mbf/ldf ul/g] sltko sfddf cj/f]w k'u]sf] 5. ;+u xfnon] clxn] cfˆgf] ;~rfng vr{ cfˆg} sdfoaf6 ug{ yfn]sf] 5 -sflgtk'/ b}lgs @)%^_. :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{nom kf6g b/af/ If]qdf /fho kifsf] cflwsfl/s k ltlglwsf kdf :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{noú /x]sf] 5. o; sfof{non] kf6g b/af/ If]q dfq xf]og kf6gel/sf k frlg :df/s / k'/ftflœjs If]q tyf j:t'sf] /]vb]v ug]{] sfd ub{5. kf6g If]qdf x'g] ;+/If0f ultljlwnfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ x]/rfx / /]vb]vsf] sfd eo/x]sf] 5. d"ntm o; sfof{non] ;o jif{ k'/fgf k frlg :df/s / k'/ftflœjs j:t'sf] x]/rfx, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf] sfd u5{. kf6g b/af/df sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk he]{;g 6«i6n] hl0ff]{4f/sf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5, o;sf] k ult k ltj]bg # # dlxgfdf lng] / d"nof+sg ug]{ sfd klg x]/rfx sfof{nosf] lhdd]jf/lleq kb{5. u}/ /fho pkl:ylt o'g]:sf]n] ;g\ ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf g]kfn k j]z u/] otf /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx n] g]kfnsf] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf If]qdf of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\. of] pk zlif{sdf u}/ ;/sf/l ;+3;+:yfsf] k of; / ;lqmotfaf/] 5nkmn ul/psf] 5. o:tf] ceof;n] b/af/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf s;/l of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] cfsng ul/psf] 5. kf6g b/af/ If]qdf ;lqmo tlgcf]6f b]j]gb gfy ltjf/l;fu ul/psf] cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgl tyf ;+u xfnodf sfo{/t ;'/]zdfg nfv];fu ljlegg cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 / @)^* kmfu'g * ut] ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t. :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{no nlntk'/sf k d'v Zofd;'Gb/ /fhj+zl / OlGhlgo/ w 'j clwsf/l;fu @)^& d+;l/!$ df ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cflwl/t.

/fli6«o jf :yfglo u}/ ;/sf/l ;+:yf / Pp6f cgt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/l ;+:yfaf/] oxff rrf{ ul/psf] 5. kf6g b/af/ If]q ;'wf/ ;ldlt b/af/leqsf] If]q ;/sf/l lgsfon] x]/rfx ul//x]sf] lyof]. t/, b/af/aflx/sf] If]q s;n] x]g]{ < of] k Zg kf6gsf :yflgojf;l;fu lyof]. ;fflrr, b/af/aflx/sf] If]q s;n] x]g]{ < :yfglo ;d'bfon], ;/sf/n] jf u}/ ;/sf/l ;+3;+:yfn] < o:t} b'ljwfdf /x]sf] a]nf @)%& ;fnb]lv nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ko{6sx ;Fu s/ klg lng yfnof]. gu/kflnsfsf] of] lg0f{on] :yfglojf;ldf cem ;lqmotfsf] dx;'; u/fof]. clg :yflgojf;ln] egg yfn] s/af6 p7]sf] /sdnfo{ b/af/ If]qaflx/sf] ;Dkbf / v'nf :ynsf] ;+/If0fdf klg pkof]u ug'{k5{. of] cleofgnfo{ g]t[tj ug{ tyf Jojl:yt ug{ clwsf/ ;DkGg ;ldlt cfjzos 5 egg] dfu p7\of]. gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/l kbdnfn dxh{gsf] g]t[tjdf @)^^ c;f/ @! ut] ljlwjt\ kdf kf6g b/af/ If]q ;'wf/ ;ldltú gfds cgf}krfl/s ;+:yfsf] u7g eof]. ;'wf/ ;ldltdf ;/sf/l, u}/ ;/sf/l / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;qcf]6f ;+:yf cfa4 x'g k'u]. cgf}krfl/s ;+:yfsf] kdf ep klg o;n] :yfglo :t/df dfgotf kfpsf] 5. ;'wf/ ;ldltdf ;/sf/l sfof{no nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf, k'/ftœj ljefu nlntk'/, :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{no / k x/l k efu d+unahf/ /x]sf 5g\. /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o b'o{ k sf/sf u}/ ;/sf/l ;+:yf klg o;sf ;b:o 5g\. logdf /fli6«o cgtu{t nlntk'/ pbf]u jfl0fho dxf;+3, nlntk'/ x:tsnf ;+3, ly :6f/ Sna, kf6g ko{6g ljsf; ;+:yf / nlntk'/ o'jf ;d"x 5g\. cgt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/l ;+:yf sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk he]{;g 6«i6 ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] ;b:o /x]sf] 5. ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx af}4 ljxf/ ;+3 nlntk'/, Hofk" ;dfh, d+un 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt, x/jf 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt, xf]un 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt, s'g} klg ;/sf/l lgsfodf btf{ gul/p klg kf6g pkdxfgu/leq kf6g b/af/ If]qsf] ;Gbe{df ;a}egbf zlqmzfnl ;ldltsf] kdf lqmofzln jf lg0f{osf/l e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] ;+:yf epsfn] cgf}rfl/s elgpsf] xf].

tl:a/ #M kf6g ;+/lift If]q. ; f]tm sf7df8f}+ EofnL -g]kfn_ g+=!@! cf/o{el dxfkfn 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt / Nofs' d+sf ;ldlt o;sf ;b:o 5g\. ;ldltn] z'?df b'o{cf]6f sfdaf6 cfˆgf] cleofgnfo{ cufl8 a9fof]. klxnf] ;/;kmfo / bf]; f] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfd u of]. k To]s dlxgfsf]! ut] :yfglo cfdf ;d"xsf] g]t[tjdf ;/;kmfo x'g] u/]sf] 5. b/af/ If]qsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] gu/ k x/l lgo'qm u/]sf] 5. ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf klg of] ;ldlt lqmofzln 5. ;ldltsf] g]t[tjdf ;f]nf/ k f]h]s6ú ;~rflnt 5. 5cf]6f ;f]nf/ aqlaf6 of] kl/of]hgf z'? epsf] lyof]. cfly{s jif{ @)^& ^* sf] ah]6af6 nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] kl/of]hgfsf nflu krf; nfv 5'6\ofof] / To;af6 b'o{ ;o ;f]nf/ aql h8fg eo;s]sf] 5. aql h8fgsf] sfd kf6g b/af/ If]q k'ug] 5cf]6f gfsfx df epsf] 5. k'nrf]s, nugv]n, afns'df/l, Ujfsf]{, kf6g9f]sf kf6g b/af/ If]q ;'wf/ ;ldltsf cwoif afa'/fhf ah frfo{;fu @)^* kmfu'g!( ut] u/]sf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t.

/ s'de]zj/af6 d+unahf/;dd 5cf]6f af6fdf kl/of]hgf cgtu{t ;f]nf/ aql h8fg eo;s]sf 5g\. 8L /f]km of] ;+:yfsf] k"/f gfd 8]l:6g];g?6 ckm lkk'n cg cy{ú / 5f]6s/Ldf 8L /f]kú xf]. of] ;+:yfn] kf6g b/af/ If]qleq y+y 5] + afl6sf s[i0f pbfgsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5. ;+:yfsf] u Lg k f]h]s6ú gfdsf] kl/of]hgf cgtu{t au} +rf lgdf{0f ul/psf] xf]. of] pbfg epsf] 7fpFdf klxn] kmf]x/ kmflngyof], dflg;x? lb;flk;fa uy{ ]. o;nfo{ Joj:yfkg u/]/ au} +rf agfpg ;lsg] 7fg]/ 8L /f]kún] ;f];n Olgl;Pl6e ljy snr/n P08 lx:6f]l/sn ODkf] {6]G;Ú gf/f lbp/ b/af/ If]qsf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fvgnfo{ pbfg agfof]. o; au} +rfn] b/af/ If]qsf] Pp6f efunfo{ ;'Gb/ / ;kmf /fv]sf] 5. lrn8«]g km/ u Lg Go' g]kfnm of] ;+:yfn] kf6g b/af/ :Sjfo/ ˆnfj/ k f]h]s6ú gfdsf] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5. Ao'l6kmfOª b l;6l, lqmpl6ª u Lg ˆo'r/Ú gf/f lbp/ :s"n / sn]hsf ljbfyl{nfo{ of] kl/of]hgfdf :jod\;]jssf] kdf kl/rfng ul/psf] 5. ;+:yfsf] ˆnfj/ k f]h]s6ú b/af/ If]qsf] jftfj/0f :jr5 /fvg] p2]zon] ;~rfng ul/psf] xf]. jftfj/0f kl/of]hgfsf nflu 6'u]b/ km/ a]6/ PGefO/Gd]G6Ú egg] gf/f to ul/psf] 5. of] ˆnfj/ k f]h]s6ú b/af/ If]qleq /x]sf] dl0flx6ldf s]lgb t 5. o; afx]s ljbfyl{nfo{ kl/rfng u/]/ b/af/ If]qleq ;/;kmfosf] sfd klg ;+:yfn] ul//x]sf] 5. sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk h{e];g 6«i6M ;g\!(() clk n ( df g]kfnlx ax'bnlo k hftgq k'gm:yfkgf / :jtgqtf k fkt u/]sf] lbg w"dwfd;fu dgfo/x]sf lyp. ToxL lbg sf7df8f}+egbf w]/} 6f9f cd]l/sfsf] Dof;fr';]6\;df sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk he]{;g 6«i6Ú gfdsf] ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ x:tfif/ eo/x]sf] lyof]. O{= Pkm= ;]Sn/sf] g]t[tjdf u7g epsf] o; ;+:yfn] cgt/f{li6«o cleofgsf nflu df]6fdf]6l b'o{cf]6f p2]zox lglb{i6 u/]sf lyp. klxnf] p2]zo sf7df8f}+ pktosf jl/kl/sf] If]q / ;+;f/el/sf goff k':tfsf nflu sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f x]t' ljsf;, k j4{g, ;+of]hg tyf ;+:yfsf ;b:o /lj bz{gwf/l;fu ;g\ @)!! h"g #) df ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t. ;+:yfsf ;b:o ljho k hfklt;fu ;g\ @)!! cu:6 @! df ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t.

lglzrt lqmofsnfk / /0fgLlt lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ug]{ / bf]; f] sf7df8f}+ pktosfsf ;+:s[lt hu]{gf ug{ cd]l/sf / affsl ;+;f/sf gful/snfo{ ;xeful agg ptk ]l/t ug]{ lyof] (Sekler 2000). 6«i6n] ;g\!((! df ;fgf] ah]6 -@*)) cd]l/sl 8n/_ af6 cfˆgf] sfd z'?jft u/]sf] lyof]. ;g\ () sf] bzssf] cgto;dddf!$ cf]6f kl/of]hgfsf nflu #,#^,))) cd]l/sl 8n/ vr]{sf] lyof]. of] cjlwsf clwsf+z kl/of]hgf kf6g s]lgb t lyp. kl5nnf] ;dodf klg 6«i6 kf6g b/af/sf] hl0ff]{4f/ sfo{df ;lqmo /x]sf] 5. 6«i6sf] clt dxœjfsf+ifl dflgpsf] /]:6f]/];g ckm b kf6g /f]on Kofn]; sdkn]s;ú kl/of]hgfsf] clgtd r/0fdf sfd eo/x]sf] 5. of] kl/of]hgf cf}krfl/s kdf ;g\ @))& df z'? ep klg o;sf] tof/l / nufgl vf]hg] h'6fpg] sfd To;eGbf klxn]b]lv g} epsf] lyof]. 6«i6sf] cfˆgf] lgoldt cfo; f]t gepsfn] nufgl h'6fp/ sfd ug]{ k/dk/f 5. 6«i6sf] clxn]sf] kl/of]hgf kf6g b/af/ If]qsf] d"n rf]s / ;'Gb/L rf]sdf s]lgb t 5. e08f/vfndf /x]sf] kf]v/lsf] sfd ;DkGg eo;s]sf] 5. kl/of]hgf cgtu{t ^ s/f]8?k}offegbf a9l nufgl ul/;s]sf] 6«i6n] Ps kn6df Pp6f dfq kl/of]hgfdf s]lgb t x'g] gllt lnpsf] 5. /fho;fu cg'dlt lnp/ sfd z'? ul/g5 / kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ul7t sfo{;ldltsf] cwoif k'/ftœj ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5. To; afx]s :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{non] kl/of]hgfsf] ;'k/lj]if0f / d"nof+sg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 h;n] ;+/If0f sfo{sf] ;+j]bgzlntf / kf/blz{tf sfod /fvg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5. clxn]sf] kl/of]hgf cgtu{t d"ntm ejg hl0ff]{4f/ -/]:6f]/];g_ sf] sfd eo/x]sf] 5. :jb]zl u};;x b/af/aflx/sf] ;Dkbf / v'nf :ynsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ pkof]udf s]lgb t 5g\. ljb]zl ;+:yf b/af/sf] leql If]qdf lqmofzln 5g\. b/af/sf] leql If]q, To;sf] ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflœjs dxœj Pj+ ;+j]gzlntfsf b[li6n] ;/sf/sf] lgogq0f x'g'kg]{ xf]. t/, sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk he]{;g 6«i6Ú sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk he]{;g 6«i6sf g]kfnl:yt sfo{qmd lgb]{zs /f]lxt /~hltsf/;fu ljlegg ;dodf ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t.

nfdf] ;dob]lv ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf lj1x sf] ;d"x epsfn] o; ljifon] vf; cy{ /fvb}g. clxn] 6«i6n] laln8ª /]:6f]/];gÚsf] dfq} sfd ul//x]sf] 5. /fhosf lgsfo jf sfof{nosf] pkl:ylt / ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf e"ldsf k zf;slo PsfOsf kdf ;Lldt 5. u}/ /fhosf] txdf :jb]zl ;+3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf ;DkbfeGbf ;fj{hlgs v'nf :yndf s]lgb t 5. loglx n] u/]sf sfdsf] d"nof+sg ug]{ a]nf eo;s]sf] 5}g. Pp6f dfq ljb]zl ;+:yf sf7df8f}+ EofnL lk h{e];g 6«i6Ú kf6g b/af/ If]qdf ;lqmo 5. o; 6«i6n] nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ul//x]sf] ;fe]mbf/l, ;Dkbf ;+/If0fk ltsf] lgi7f, ;+/If0f If]qsf] cg'ej, nufgl h'6fpg ;Sg] x}l;ot / ;fj{hlgs 5ljn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ljzjf;sf cfwf/df 6«i6n] b/af/sf] hl0ff]{4f/ ug]{ lhdd]jf/l kfpsf] xf]. of]hgf / Joj:yfksLo cu ;/tf kf6g b/af/ If]q ;g\!(&( df ljzj;dkbfdf ;"rls[t epsf] k frlg :df/s xf]. ljzj;dkbfsf] dfkb08nfo{ cif'00f /fvg k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g @)!# -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] bkmf #-!_ cg';f/ @)$! ;fpg!% ut] kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift If]qÚ 3f]if0ff epsf] lyof] -cdfto @)%* / ljefu @)^$v_. of] 3f]if0ffn] ;d]6]sf] If]qleq clt dxœjk"0f{ :df/s Pj+ :df/s If]qx 5'6]sfn] o'g]:sf]n] ;g\!((# df lbpsf] ;'emfj / kf6g ;+/If0f / ljsf; cfof]hgf;d]tn] k :tfj u/]sfn] @)%# r}t @& ut] kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]q 3f]lift k'/fgf] ;"rgf vf/]h u/l goff rf/ lsnnf;lxtsf] ;"rgf /fhkqdf k sflzt ul/of] -cdfto @)%*_ -x]g'{xf];\ tl:a/ #_. kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift If]qleq y'k } dxœjk"0f{ :df/s /x]sf 5g\. b/af/leqsf ls;l rf]s, s]zjgf/fo0f rf]s, gf;n rf]s, d"n rf]s, ;'Gb/L rf]s / lådfh' rf]s d'vo rf]s x'g\. lzv/ z}nl / 5fg] z}nlsf d'vo dlgb/x s[i0f dlgb/, xl/z+s/ dlgb/, gf/fo0f dlgb/, g/l;+x /f]lxt /~hltsf/;fu ul/psf] s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t.

dlgb/, pdfdx]zj/ dlgb/, u?8gf/fo0f dlgb/, Ovnv' u0f]z dlgb/, xvf u0f]z dlgb/, lzj dlgb/, Sjfnv' u0f]z dlgb/, :jygf/fo0f dlgb/, cw{ gf/lzj/ dlgb/, k6'sf] dlgb/, dl0fs'df/ u0f]z dlgb/, eld;]g dlgb/, ljzjgfy, rf/gf/fo0f, huggfy, jfdg cjtf/, Ovfnv' e}/j / ltf5'u0f]z dlgb/ k dv x'g\. axfn / ljxf/df gfu axfn, lx/0oj0f{ dxfljxf/, dl0fd08k dxfljxf/, lhgj0f{ dxfljxf/, xf}un axfn, hf]d axfn, OjxfF jxl / Hofjlxn d'vo 5g\. gfu axfn lx6l, d0fllx6l, nidl dxf/fgllx6l / hnb f]0fl 9'+u]wf/f k Voft 5g\. dl0fd08k, nfdkf6l h:tf ;Qn / kf6l tyf e08f/vfn, sdnkf]v/l, 7"nf] 306f, d'5]f cfug cflb klg dxœjk"0f{ :df/s x'g\ -cdfto @)%*_. 5l/P/ /x]sf k frlg :df/s tyf k'/ftflœjs dxœjsf j:t' / If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qdf x'g] ;+/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 @)^$ hf/l epsf] 5. kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qdf x'g] ;+/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 @)^$M kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qnfO{ tf]s]/ ToxfF x'g] ;+/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 hf/l ul/psf] 5. k :tfjgfdf g} ;+/lift If]qleqsf k frlg :df/s / cgo ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]zon] dfkb08 hf/l u/l nfu" ug'{kg]{ ;Gbe{nfO{ k i6;fu pnn]v ul/psf] 5M === kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qsf] P]ltxfl;s Pj+ jf:t'snftds jftfj/0f ;+/If0f Pj+ Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} o; If]qdf /x]sf k frlg :df/s Pj+ cgo ;Dkbfx / ltglx sf] dxœjnfo{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu k'/ftœj ljefun] pqm P]gsf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -^_ k of]hgsf nflu of] dfkb08 tof/ u/l nfu" u/]sf] 5 -k'/ftœj ljefu @)^$v_. ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fpg @! ut]b]lv nfu" epsf] of] dfkb08n] rf/cf]6f kifnfo{ ;d]6]sf] 5. klxnf], jul{s[t 3/ ejgx sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ d/ddt ;Def/sf nflu dfkb08ù bf]; f], vfnl huufdf agfog] Pj+ jul{s/0fdf gk/]sf 3/ ejgx sf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu dfkb08ù t]; f], ;'wf/ ug]{ 3/ ejgx sf

tl:a/ $M sflgtk'/ b}lgs ;f]daf/!* j}zfv @)^( k[=!( af6 lnopsf] nflu dfkb08 / rf}yf], cgo ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 -k'/ftœj ljefu @)^$v_. kf6g b/af/ :Sjfo/ :df/s If]qsf nflu Joj:yfkg n3' k'l:tsf ljlw k'l:tsf @)^$M kl5nnf] cjlwdf g]kfn /fho kif / ljzj;dkbf s]gb sf] ;+o'qm k of;df lgld{t PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfsf] Pp6f kifsf kdf ljlw k'l:tsf ;fj{hlgs epsf] 5. of] k'l:tsf kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qsf If]q Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljlw k'l:tsf xf]. o;n] :df/s If]qsf] kl/efiff jf ljj/0f ;DaGwL ;"rgf lbg'sf ;fy} pqm If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+:yfut, sfg'gl / cfly{s ;+/rgfaf/] lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5. o; ljlw k'l:tsfnfo{ pqm If]qsf] b}lgs Joj:yfkg / sfof{gjog of]hgfsf] jflif{s ;dliff / kl/dfh{gsf nflu klg k of]u ug'{ kg]{5. Joj:yfkg ljlw k'l:tsf sdtldf x/]s kffr jif{df ;dliff u/l kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{5 -ljefu / s]gb @)^$v_. o; ljlw k'l:tsfn] Joj:yfkgsf p2]zo / /0fgLltnfO{ ljzj ;Dkbf kf6g b/af/ ;+/lift :df/s If]qsf nflu If]q Joj:yfks eggfn] ljzj;dkbf zfvf -k'/ftœj ljefu_, :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{no / nlntk'/ pk dxfgu/kflnsfnfo{ a'emfpf5.