Term Definition Picture charter joint stock company share economic venture proprietary colony
Term Definition Picture Mayflower Compact religious persecution Puritans separatist debtor
SOL USI.5a Notepage for Student Page 1 Colonization of America As the European explorers claimed the vast lands of North America, they began to establish permanent colonies. Some colonies were established for economic reasons and some colonies were established for religious reasons. The first English colony to be established in the New World was on the island of Roanoke just off the coast of present day North Carolina. England established the Roanoke Island colony for economic reasons. They wanted to expand trade and increase the nation s wealth. This colony, however, was plagued by shortages of supplies and unfriendly Indians. England s hopes for this new settlement ended in 1590 when ships carrying supplies from England arrived to find the colony abandoned and the settlers missing. Four hundred years later, historians still do not agree on what really happened to this Lost Colony. England s next attempt at establishing a colony in 1607 was successful. Jamestown Settlement became the first permanent English settlement in North America. Like the Roanoke colony, it too was established for economic reasons. A group of businessmen called the Virginia Company was granted approval by King James I to settle the new lands across the Atlantic. Under the leadership of Captain John Smith, Jamestown grew and prospered. The next successful English colony was Plymouth Colony. It was founded by a group of people called the Pilgrims in 1620. They were also called separatists because they wanted to be separate from the Church of England. Being separate meant being disobedient to the king, so to avoid religious persecution, they decided to leave England in search of a safe place to practice their religion. They set sail for America on a ship called the Mayflower and landed on the shores of what is now the state of Massachusetts. Ten years later a religious group called the Puritans left England for America and settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Unlike the Pilgrims, they did not want to be separate from the Church of England. Instead they tried for many years to change it. When they finally realized that change was not taking place, they too began to look across the ocean for a safe place to practice their religion. Like the Pilgrims before them, they settled in what is now the state of Massachusetts.
SOL USI.5a Notepage for Student Page 2 Colonization of America (cont d) About fifty years later in the 1680s, the colony of Pennsylvania was settled by a group of people called Quakers. The Quakers were not well liked in England, and like the Pilgrims and the Puritans, they set sail across the ocean looking for a safe place to practice their religion without interference. The last American colony called Georgia was founded almost forty years later in 1733. It was settled by people who had been imprisoned in England for not paying their debts. They came to the New World with hopes of economic freedom and a new life.
Group or Organization Colony Reason Plymouth Massachusetts Bay Pennsylvania Virginia Georgia Directions: Cut out the 10 words/pictures shown below and place them in the appropriate box. Quakers Puritans Sepratists Debtor's VA Company of London
Essential Understanding: Colonies in North America were established for religious and economic reasons. - Colonies & Reasons for Establishment SOL USI. 5a Roanoke Island ( ) Established as an venture. Jamestown was the first settlement in North America. It was an venture by the company. Plymouth Colony was settled by from the Church of who wanted to avoid religious. Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled by the for reasons. Pennsylvania was settled by the, who wanted to have freedom to practice their without interference. Georgia was settled by people who had been in prison in. They hoped to experience freedom and a new life in the New World.
Five English Colonies: How They Began Part 1. Read Pages 65-67 in the Purple Book Answer the following questions: 1. What were the five reasons people left Europe to come to the New World? 2. What did Sir Walter Raleigh do? 3. What is the Lost Colony? 4. Define Persecution- 5. Define debtor- Part 2. Directions: Using the pictures at the bottom of pages 66-67, create a cartoon representing each of the following colonies. Ensure you include the details from the information below the cartoon as well as the information from the bottom of pages66-67. Use at least 5 colors on your cartoon. Ensure the entire block contains color-color the back ground. Roanoke Island Jamestown Massachusetts Bay Pennsylvania Georgia -Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) was established as an economic venture. -Jamestown Settlement, the first permanent English settlement in North America (1607), was an economic venture by the Virginia Company. -Plymouth Colony was settled by separatists from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution. -Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled by the Puritans to avoid religious persecution. -Pennsylvania was settled by the Quakers, who wanted freedom to practice their faith without interference. -Georgia was settled by people who had been in debtors prisons in England. They hoped to experience economic freedom and start a new life in the New World.
Guided Reading page 66-73 1. What were the three reasons people left England to come to the New World? p66 2. Where did was the Lost Colony started? P 67 3. What was the name carved on the gatepost at the lost colony s location? Pa 67 4. What was the name of name of the Colony begun by the Virginia Company of London? P 66 5. What was the reason for the settlement of the following Colonies: Roanoke Island: Jamestown: Plymouth: Massachusetts Bay: Pennsylvania: Georgia: 6. What colony did the Separatists begin?p68 7. What tribe did Samoset belong to?p68 8. What did the English do to Squanto?p68 9. What killed Squanto s tribe?p68 10. Write the sentence that describes New England s land p68. 11. What was the feast between the Wampanoag Indians and the English?p 69 12. Compare and Contrast the Pilgrims and the Puritans below in regards to their beliefs? 13. What did the Colonists do to Earn their Keep? P69,,and 14. Were the New England settlers tolerant of other people s beliefs about religion?p69 15. What is the climate like in the Mid-Atlantic compared to New England?p70 16. What was the land in the Mid-Atlantic well suited for raising?p70 17. Where were the Mid-Atlantic settlers from? P71 18. What other European nations claimed the Mid-Atlantic colonies?p71,,,,, and
19. What kind of fields did the Mid-Atlantic colonies have?p71 20. Why did they refer to the Mid-Atlantic as the bread basket?p71 21. What were 4 Quaker beliefs?p71,,, 22. Who was William Penn?p71 23. What does Piedmont mean?p72 24. What is the weather of the Southern Colonies like compared to the Mid-Atlantic Colonies?p72 25. Who was James Oglethorpe and what did he wish to do?p72 26. What were the first and second large crops the Southern Colonies had?p73 and Vocab-define each Persecution Debtor Seperatists Indentured Servant Plantation 27. What did the southern economy revolve around?p73
Colonies-Why Did They Come? Group Colony Reason Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) Plymouth Massachusetts Bay Pennsylvania Georgia
Essential Understanding: Describe life in the colonies with emphasis on how people interacted with their environment. - Factors that shaped colonial America SOL USI. 5b NEW ENGLAND Resources: Natural resources included,, Human Resources included,,. Geography and Climate: Appalachian Mountains,, terrain, soil, coastline. Moderate and cold. Specialization: Fishing,,, naval supplies. Examples of Interdependence: Depended on colonies for materials such as and on the Middle Colonies for and. Social/Political and as center of life. reformers and separatists. - Civic Life-
Draw a picture depicting the New England region
Describe the geography and climate: Color and label the correct regions on the map below: Massachusetts, Connecticut,New Hampshire, Rhode Island. Describe their religious, social, and political life:
Describe how the colony was How did the colonists make their money? arranged?
The New England Colonies By 1636 four New England Colonies were founded: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The region is bordered on the west by New York State, on the north by Canada, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and the south by Long Island Sound; the land rises in the north and west to the New England system of the Appalachian Mountains. The coast is the most important commercial area, although during the 20th century industry and tourism have largely overrun the traditionally important activities of fishing and shipbuilding. Many of the major events of America s colonial period, including the start of the Revolution, took place in New England. New England colonists faced very cold winters and mild summers in a very rocky area which was not very good for farming. Because of this, their homes were smaller to help keep it warm. They were also closer together in small villages with small farms on each families land. During the 17th century, New England became a religious refuge for Protestant followers of John Calvin, whose beliefs differed from those of the Church of England. One such group, the Pilgrims, established the Plymouth Colony in 1620 to escape persecution in England. The Puritans, another Calvinist sect, arrived nine years later in Massachusetts. The Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England. They simply wanted to change some of it ways as opposed to the Pilgrims who wanted to move away from the church. The Puritans were treated badly in England because of their beliefs. The Puritans eventually absorbed the Pilgrims and spread into Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, upstate New York, and eastern Ohio. The church was the social center where everyone could go for town meetings and celebrations. Sometimes school was actually held in the same place as church. Other New England merchants exploited the rich fishing areas along the northeastern coast of North America, financing a large fishing fleet and transporting its catch of mackerel and cod to markets in southern Europe and the West Indies. Still other entrepreneurs took advantage of the abundant supplies of timber along the coasts and rivers of northern New England. They financed sawmills that provided low-cost wood for houses and shipbuilding. Hundreds of New England shipbuilders, sail makers, blacksmiths and other skilled craftsmen built oceangoing ships, which they sold to British and American merchants. They also carried on much of the slave trade which made New Englanders a lot of money.
Essential Understanding: Describe life in the colonies with emphasis on how people interacted with their environment. - Factors that shaped colonial America SOL USI. 5b Mid-Atlantic Resources: Natural resources included farmlands,. Human Resources included and skilled workers,. Geography and Climate: Appalachian Mountains,, and bays. Mild and climate, wide and deep rivers. Specialization:,, and fish. Examples of Interdependence: The Mid-Atlantic colonies traded with both the and colonies to get the they didn t produce. Social/Political and, lifestyles, religions. - Civic Life-
Draw a picture depicting the Mid-Atlantic region
Describe the geography and climate: Color and label the correct regions on the map below: Mid-Atlantic Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware. Describe their religious, social, and political life: How did the colonists make their money? Describe how the colony was arranged?
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies Also known as the Breadbasket colonies, the Mid-Atlantic colonies include New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York. The first settlers of the Mid-Atlantic colonies soon discovered that the land was good for farming, once the trees and rocks were cleared. The weather was also perfect for agriculture with its moderate climate. The Mid-Atlantic Colonies are located along the Appalachian Mountains and the areas of consists of coastal lowlands, harbors, bays, and many wide rivers. Because the area is perfect for growing crops such as wheat, corn, and rye, these colonies became to be known as the Breadbasket Colonies. Not only did they make money through agriculture, but they also made money through trading goods in the major market towns. Found throughout the middle colonies and through the work that unskilled and skilled workmen as well as fishermen did for the economy. The regions rich resources attracted people from many different countries in Europe and many people from varying religious backgrounds. William Penn, who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682, attracted immigrants from many countries with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership, which meant that framers owned their land free and clear from leases and dues to landlords. The great majority of settlers who came to Pennsylvania and New Jersey before 1700 were English or Welsh Quakers and they remained the dominant social and political group unit the 1750 s. Shopkeepers and artisans-shipwrights, butchers, coopers (barrelmakers), seamstresses, shoemakers, bakers, carpenters, masons, and many other specialized producers- constituted the middle ranks of seaport society. Wives and husbands often worked as a team and passed their craft onto their children. Most of these artisans and traders earned enough income to maintain a modest but dignified existence. Farmers depended on market towns as places to trade their livestock and their crops such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Along with the market towns, the Mid-Atlantic colonies included small towns and villages as well as big cities such as Philadelphia. Philadelphia became the largest and wealthiest city in the English colonies.
Essential Understanding: Describe life in the colonies with emphasis on how people interacted with their environment. - Factors that shaped colonial America SOL USI. 5b Southern Resources: Natural resources included land,, harbors. Human Resources included and African Americans. Geography and Climate: Appalachian Mountains,, Atlantic Coastal Plain, good and. climate with mild winters, and summers. Specialization:,, and products. Examples of Interdependence: The Southern colonies depended on the colonies for goods, including tools and equipment. Social/Political (slavery), mansions, indentured servants, cities, few schools. Church of. - Civic Life-
Describe the geography and climate: Draw a picture depicting the Southern region
Color and label the correct regions on the map below: Southern Colonies:Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. How did the colonists make their money? Describe their religious, social, and political life: Describe how the colony was arranged?
The Southern Colonies In 1607, King James granted the Virginia Company a charter establishing the first English settlement Virginia giving art to the Southern Colonies. In addition to Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Carolina all make up the southern region of the English colonies. The Southern Colonies are located east of the Appalachian Mountains including the Piedmont region. It makes up part of the Atlantic Coastal plains landform which consists of good harbors and many rivers. The climate of the Southern region is very much different than that of the New England and Mid- Atlantic region in that it is very humid. This humidity allows for great farming Because farming in the Southern region is so wide- spread, many large plantations blanket the entire area. The plantation owners, also known as planters, were able to grow large amounts of cash crops such as tobacco, indigo, and rice. The plantations included many buildings such as the mansion or the house in which the planter s family lived in as well as the slave s cabins, cattle pen, overseer s house, stable, tobacco barn, kitchen, office, and smokehouse to start. If a family could not afford a plantation, then that family would make a living by operating a small farm. In addition to farming, the Southern Colonies economy depended on the buying and selling of the wood products used from the vast amounts of trees as well as through slavery. Because each plantation was overwhelmed with a huge amount of work to keep the fields going, the planters had to depend on slaves and indentured servants to ensure his success. The overseer s would often times watch the slaves to see if they were doing their work. Slaves were treated well or cruelly depending on their owners. Because life centered on farming, there was little time for education. Also, due to the fact that the plantations were very apart, there were hardly any formal schools. Children were often tutored at home. Very wealthy plantation owners might even pay to have a personal teacher or they might even send their children to England to receive formal training. There were also very minimal towns and cites located in the South. Most life centered on the plantation life. Instead of using the land for building cities, they decided to use it for farming. As more and more people moved in-land to find more farmland, small towns did start to develop. Most of the towns were county seats which was a main town for a county. A county is a large part of a colony. As time went on, planters started to depend on their county seats as a place to trade their crops. Many times during a year, a family would pack their bags and travel to the county seat. People went to church, held dances, and traded for crops for goods there. Slaves were oftentimes bought and sold at the county seats as well. Most Southerners belonged to the Church of England.
SOL USI.5b Notepage for Student Page 1 Life in the Colonies Just as each of the colonies was established for different reasons, life in the three colonial regions differed, too. Let s learn about the differences in geography, climate, resources, specialization, social life, and political life of the New England colonies, the Mid-Atlantic colonies, and the Southern colonies. We will also learn about interdependence, or how these colonies depended on each other for goods and services. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Geography and Climate - The New England colonies were located on wooded hills between the Appalachian Mountains on the west and the rugged Atlantic coastline on the east. The climate of this region was harsh with short, moderate summers and long, cold winters. Farming was difficult due to the short growing season and the thin rocky soil. Resources and Specialization - In order to make a living, many colonists in New England turned to their natural resources. Numerous natural harbors and the dense forests of this region caused the New Englanders to specialize in shipbuilding, fishing, and naval supplies. Bustling port cities grew up around the harbors of the region. Boston Harbor became a prosperous center of commerce in New England. In these busy port cities many colonists also made a living as skilled craftsmen and shopkeepers resulting in another resource for this colony: a human resource. Social Life - In the areas surrounding these busy port cities, colonists lived in smaller villages and towns where the church was the center of their day to day life. Many of the settlers of this region had tried and failed to reform the Church of England before setting sail for the New World. Others, called separatists, had simply wanted to separate themselves from the Church of England and worship as they chose. Political Life - The political life of the New England colonies revolved around the town meeting. These meetings were first held in churches by church leaders. Colonists would attend to hear and discuss the daily issues of village life. Later the meetings moved outside the church building and became the village political body. Citizens would meet to elect officers, set taxes, and settle community problems. Interdependence As resourceful as the New England colonies were, they still depended on the other colonies for goods and services. From the Southern Colonies they received raw materials such as cotton. The Middle Colonies supplied the New England Colonies with items such as grain and livestock.
SOL USI.5b Notepage for Student Page 2 Life in the Colonies (cont d) MID-ATLANTIC COLONIES Geography and Climate To the south of the New England colonies were the Mid-Atlantic colonies. This region was also located between the Appalachian Mountains on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. The Mid- Atlantic climate was moderate with warm summers and mild winters. Wide, deep rivers flowed through the rich soil of coastal lowlands and emptied into many natural harbors and bays. Resources and Specialization The rich soil of this area produced good farmlands where colonists grew grain and raised livestock. In addition, the rivers, harbors, and bays allowed many colonists to make a living as fishermen. Others became skilled workers such as carpenters or cobblers or unskilled workers such as farm laborers. Social Life The people of the Mid-Atlantic colonies lived in small villages and bustling cities. The lifestyles of the people were very diverse -- they practiced many religions, spoke many languages, and came from many countries other than England such as Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and the Netherlands. Political Life - The political life of the Mid-Atlantic colonies revolved around market towns. These towns provided a center for trade and services on which the people of the surrounding countryside depended. People came together in market towns to buy, sell, and discuss the daily issues of the community. Interdependence Being located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies made it possible for the Mid-Atlantic Colonies to interact with both. In this way the Mid-Atlantic Colonies were able to trade for the products they needed but did not produce or make themselves.
SOL USI.5b Notepage for Student Page 3 Life in the Colonies (cont d) SOUTHERN COLONIES Geography and Climate To the south of the Mid-Atlantic colonies were the Southern colonies. This region was also located between the Appalachian Mountains on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. Its humid climate included mild winters and hot summers. The land of this region included the rolling hills of the Piedmont and the flat land of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Numerous rivers flowed across the area and emptied into good harbors along the Atlantic coast. Resources and Specialization Due to the abundance of rich soil, small farms and large farms called plantations prospered in the South. Wealthy plantation owners grew huge amounts of cash crops such as tobacco, rice, cotton and indigo. Cash crops were grown to be sold. Other crops were grown to feed a farmer s livestock and family. Because of their size, plantations needed a large, cheap workforce. To solve this problem, southern plantation owners began to use indentured servants and enslaved African Americans to do the backbreaking work in the fields. Indentured servants were usually young European men who agreed to work for a planter for a number of years in exchange for passage to the New World. Unlike enslaved African Americans who were owned for life, indentured servants were usually free within four to seven years. This region also benefited from natural resources such as rivers, harbors and dense southern forests. These forests provided wood products like lumber, which were used to build homes, businesses, and ships. Social Life Social life in the southern colonies was very different from the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions. There were very few villages, towns or cities. Instead, the plantation was often the center of social and economic activities. In the center of the plantation stood the elaborate mansion, or Big House, which was surrounded by stables, barns, kitchens, and slave quarters. There were also very few schools in the southern colonies. Children were often educated at home by their parents or private tutors. In the area of religion, the Church of England became the established church throughout much of the southern colonial region. Political Life The political life of the Southern colonies revolved around the local seat of government called the county. Each county set up an area court four times a year to settle community problems. The sheriff was the main officer of the county and was appointed by the Governor of the colony. Interdependence The Southern Colonies specialized in agriculture and did not produce everything they needed. These colonies depended on the New England colonies for manufactured goods, including tools and equipment.
SOL USI.5c Notepage for Student I Social Groups in Colonial America Life was different in the three colonial regions. People s lives were different, too. In fact, the colonies were made up of different people whose lives varied depending on their social position. How were the lives of large landowners, farmers, artisans, women, free African Americans, indentured servants, and enslaved African Americans different in colonial America? One of the wealthiest social positions in colonial America was held by large landowners called planters. These powerful men lived mainly in the southern colonies and were usually well educated. They owned huge farms called plantations. These impressive plantations were filled with barns, stables, gardens, wells, workshops, kitchens, mills, and slave quarters. A planter s home was just as impressive as the property around it. To keep these farms running smoothly, planters needed huge numbers of low cost laborers to work in fields that stretched as far as the eye could see. Indentured servants and enslaved African Americans provided the cheapest labor. Farmers held another social position in colonial America. These men, although they were not wealthy like the planters, were often respected members of the community. They farmed the land of their region and often depended on family members for labor. Artisans were another social class in colonial America. These craftsmen, which included silversmiths, carpenters, masons, shipwrights, coopers, bakers, butchers, blacksmiths, tailors, and shoemakers, often lived above their shops. These shops were located in villages, towns, cities, and even plantations. Although not as wealthy as the large landowners, these men held respectable positions in colonial society. A fourth social class included women. In colonial America a woman s main roles were homemaker and caretaker. Her days were filled with difficult and exhausting work such as cooking, cleaning, laundering, making clothing and household goods like soap, caring for children, doctoring the sick, and tending livestock and kitchen gardens.. Colonial women, whether rich or poor, had few privileges. They were often not given the opportunity to go to school and were not allowed to vote.
SOL USI.5c Notepage for Student I Social Groups in Colonial America (cont d) Free African Americans made up a smaller social group in Colonial America. They had more economic freedom than both the indentured servants and the enslaved African Americans. They could work for pay and decide how to spend the money they earned. They were also allowed to own land. Free African Americans, however, were not allowed to vote. A less respected social class in colonial America consisted of indentured servants. Indentured servants were usually young men and women who wanted to go to the colonies but did not have enough money. They would agree to work without pay for the person who paid for their passage. They often worked as laborers, field hands, craftsmen, and housekeepers and were given their freedom at the end of their contract. The least respected social class was the enslaved African American. These men and women were captured in their native country and sold to slave traders. They were then shipped from Africa to the colonies. Once in America, they were sold into slavery. Unlike indentured servants, enslaved African Americans were owned for life. They were considered the property of their owner and were given no rights or opportunities for an education. Children of enslaved African Americans were also born into slavery.
Directions: Using the Visual Discovery Placard write a few words that you would use to describe each colonial group in the From You column. After class discussion you will write the descriptions given in the notes in the column labeled From The Notes. FROM YOU FROM THE NOTES ARTISANS FARMERS WOMEN LARGE LANDOWNERS INDENTURED SERVANTS SLAVES
Essential Understanding: The colonies were made up of different groups of people whose lives varied depending on their social position. - Colonial Life SOL USI. 5c Large Landowners Lived predominately in the Relied on and/or for labor. Were in some cases Farmers Worked the land according to the Relied on members for labor Artisans Worked as in towns and on plantations Lived in small and Women Worked as caretakers, house-workers, Could not Had few chances for an Essential Understanding: The colonies were made up of different groups of people whose lives varied depending on their social position. Free African Americans Were able to land Had more freedom and could work for pay and decide how to their money Not allowed to Indentured Servants Consisted of and who did not have money for passage to the colonies and who agreed to work without for the person who paid their passage Were free at the end of their Enslaved African Americans Were in their native and sold to slave traders, then were shipped to the where they were sold into Were owned as for life with rights Were often into slavery (Children of enslaved African Americans were born into slavery)
SOL USI.5d, 6a Notepage for Student Page 1 Economic and Political Control Over the Colonies England became Great Britain in the early 1700s, and it was throughout this century that the British colonies in America grew and prospered. The growth of the colonies made it more and more difficult for Great Britain to remain in control. King George III decided to use politics and economics to remind the colonists that he was still in charge. Great Britain attempted to maintain control over the colonies politically. Like their relatives and friends in Great Britain, the colonists had to obey all British laws. In each colony, a colonial governor was appointed by the king or owner (proprietor) of the colony to enforce British laws. Colonial legislatures made the laws and the colonial governor enforced the laws. These legislatures had the power to tax and make laws, but their decisions could be vetoed by the governors or set aside by the king who wanted strict control over them. Colonists began to resent the powers of the king and his colonial governors. The king also found ways to control the colonies economically. First, strict trade laws were established. These laws stated that only British ships could be used to transport colonial products to Great Britain for sale. This law was meant to protect Great Britain s role as a world power and her profitable shipping business. A second trade law stated that only British ships could carry products into and out of the colonies. The colonies were also forced to send their raw materials like cotton, sugar, and wood to Great Britain in exchange for manufactured goods like woolen and linen cloth, fur hats, furniture, and molasses. This law made sure that only Great Britain and British companies would make money on colonial trading. Great Britain s desire to expand its world power led to conflict with the country of France. This led to the French and Indian War being fought in the American colonies. After the war ended, the British king found himself in terrible debt. In order to raise revenue, or money, Parliament, the British governing body, decided to force colonists to pay a tax when they bought things like paint, sugar, glass or tea from Great Britain. A tax is money that citizens are required to pay their government.
SOL USI.5d, 6a Notepage for Student Page 2 Economic and Political Control Over the Colonies (cont d) The British Parliament also passed the Stamp Act. This act required that the colonists pay a tax on every piece of paper they used such as legal documents and newspapers. The colonists opposed these new taxes because they would cause financial problems for the colonies. They were also against them because these new tax laws were passed in Parliament instead of colonial legislatures. Only colonial legislatures were given the power to impose new colonial taxes. In the past, British law had made it illegal for Parliament to tax the colonies. In addition to paying off its war debt, Great Britain also faced the expensive problem of defending and governing its growing territories in North America. At the close of the French and Indian War, the narrow strip of British land along the Atlantic coast had grown to include the French territory that stretched to the Mississippi River. This land was home to Indian tribes who were hostile to British settlers. In order to protect its colonists, Great Britain needed huge sums of money to send and maintain British troops there. In an attempt to solve this expensive and dangerous problem, the Proclamation of 1763 was passed by the king. This proclamation, which followed the French and Indian War, stated that the new territory was off-limits to the colonists. The king hoped this would calm the fears of the Indians who were worried the colonial settlers would drive them from their lands. Instead, it made the colonists even angrier. Great Britain was now telling the colonists where they could and could not settle.