Colonial Settlement & The American Revolution Unit One - Description This unit focuses on how people migrate for political, religious and economic opportunities and how government impacts the success and/or failure of societies. The unit will also study the events leading up to the American Revolution, the emerging tensions, conflicting loyalties, and resulting independence from Great Britian. Unit One Students Will... Students understand British policies for the thirteen colonies and how those policies led to the American Revolution. Students understand that colonists were divided in their support for the American Revolution. Students learn about the role key figures played in events that led to the conclusion of the American Revolution. Students use geographic tools and historical narrative to explain American Revolution events and compare the interdependence of Great Britain and the American colonies with the current global economy. Guiding Questions 1. Can students identify and describe significant physical and human features that influenced U.S. historical events? 2. Can students compare the interdependence of Great Britain and the American colonies to the global economy today? 3. Can students use economic concepts to explain mercantilism and describe its role in British colonization and the conflict between the thirteen American colonies and Great Britain? 4. Can students explain the causes, course and consequences of the American Revolutionary War, identify key figures, and explain their roles? 5. Can students compare and contrast the strategies and motivations of the Patriots and British during the American Revolution? 6. Can students explain how the American Revolution affected the politics, society and economy of the new nation?
Guiding Questions 7. What was life like in the colonies for different groups of people before and during the Revolutionary War? 8. What were the key events, ideas and differing viewpoint that led to America s declaration of independence from Britain and the resulting war? 9. Who were some of our founding fathers and how did their principles impact the outcome of the revolution? 10. How did viewpoints about independence differ and shift among individuals and groups before and during the war? 11. What were the major turning points of the American Revolution and how are they significant to the United States independence? How did the first humans arrive in the Americas? Beringia - a land bridge that lies in the Bering Strait. It is believed that people traveled from Asia to North America across the land bridge. During the Ice Age glaciers melted causing the ocean levels to rise and the land bridge disappeared. What were the reasons for people migrating throughout North & South America? Perhaps they were in search for food Nomadic people who moved from place to place in search of hunting grounds
Effects of Agriculture Farming then began to emerge which would eventually change the way of life for nomadic groups In Mexico area, people learned to plant a form of maize which is a type of corn. They also planted pumpkins, beans and squash Farming led to an improvement in the lives of people in the Americas With farming came early settlements and villages in North America as long as 5,000 years ago Eventually, these groups developed their own cultures with shared traditions and beliefs Textbook Assignment Lesson 1 1. Write the vocabulary words and definitions for: Archeology Artifact Strait Migration Noman Maize Carbon Dating Culture. Migration Nomad Maize Carbon dating 2. Lesson 1 Review Questions page 7 / Numbers 1-6 Cities & Empires Olmec Most advanced and largest of early civilizations were: 1. Olmec 2. Maya 3. Aztec 4. Inca Along Gulf Coast of Mexico (1200 BC - 800 BC) Stone houses Monuments Drainage systems Farmers
Maya In Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize (250 AD - 900 AD) Farmers planted maize, beans, squash and other vegetables Hieroglyphics was the writing system they used They were over 2 million in population Advanced in astronomy and mathematics Used at 365 day calendar Theocracy - ruled by religious leaders Maya Transportation & Trade Actively traded maize and vegetables Exchanged goods for cotton, cloth, pottery, deer meat and salt Carried goods on their backs and used canoes along the coast Mystery about why Mayan civilization declined, but the Mayan people did not completely disappear Descendents of this civilization still live in parts of Mexico & Central America Aztec - 1325 Group of hunters in Central Mexico Built permanent home on Lake Texcoco and city named Tenochtitlan -- today known as Mexico City Largest city in the world at that time -- center of trade Had remarkable construction and building skills Created military empire and conquered neighboring communities Revolved around religious beliefs -- performed human sacrifices to please gods -- used prisoners of war Aztecs still going strong when Europeans arrived in Americas in 1492 Incas Western highlands of South America was the largest of all civilizations Capital city was Cuzco in 1200 1438 Emperor Pachacuti wa son throne and he conquered others with a powerful army 3,000 mile empire from Colombia to Argentina and Chile Men ages 25-50 could be drafted for war to serve up to 5 years Used weapons such as clubs, spears and spiked copper balls on ropes and slings Believed that emperor was descendant from sun god Inca farmers grew maize, squash tomatoes, peanuts, chili peppers, cotton and potatoes on terraces which were on steep slopes of mountains
Incas Built at least 10,000 miles of stone paved road over territory through mountains, deserts and forests Built rope bridges to cross canyons and river valleys No written language Thriving in 1500s and faced the Spanish soldiers as well as the Aztecs Textbook Assignment Lesson 2 1. Write the vocabulary words and definitions for: Civilization Terrace Theocracy Hieroglyphics Federation Clan Irrigate Channel Structure Pueblo 2. Lesson 2 Review Questions page 13 Cultures in North America before Europeans Arrived in the 1500s Adena Hopewell Mississippians Hohokam Ancient Puebloan Central & Eastern United States Southwest United States Adena, Hopewell & Mississippians The Mound Builders -- Built earthen mounds -- earthworks One famous mound was built in shape of serpent Some mounds were burial chambers Other mounds had temples built on top of them Found influences from Mayan and Aztec cultures as well
Adena Hopewell Hunter-gatherers from the Ohio River Valley 800 BC to 100 AD 200 BC - 500 AD Farmers and traders Buried items in their mounds such as pearls, shells, cloth and copper Cahokia ( Mississippians) Hohokon Built mounds in present day Illinois 200,00 or more residents 200 AD - 1400 Located in the desert of Arizona Irrigated to bring water to corn, cotton and other crops by digging hundreds of miles of channels Produced pottery, carved stone and etched shells with acid
Ancient Puebloans Native Americans 1 AD to 1300 Lived in the 4 corners of the states, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico Built great stone dwellings and pueblos Also built dwellings in walls of steep cliffs Native American civilizations took the place of the Hohokam, Ancient Puebloan, Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian civilizations Native Americans - Northern People Native Americans - Western People Called Inuit Were located in frigid areas of North America near the Arctic Ocean Built igloos from snow blocks to protect from weather Skilled hunters and fishers Hunted whales, seals and walruses in boats called kayaks On land they hunted caribou They made warm, waterproof clothing from caribou and seal skins Burned seal oil in lamps Tlingit, Haida & Chinook Northwest coast of North America - Canada, Alaska, Washington & Oregon Depending on forest and sea for food and materials Forest provided wood for houses and canoes and tree bark for baskets and clothes River and coastal waters were filled with salmon
Plateau Region - Nez Perce & Yakima Central Valley - Pono Located between Cascade Mountains and Rocky Mountains Lived in earthen houses Gathered acorns and pounded into flour Great Basin - Ute & Shoshone Native Americans - Southwest People Between Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains Soil to hard and rocky for farming Had to travel to search for food Hopi, Acoma & Zuni Farming was central to culture Maize was basic food source Homes built from dried mud called adobe Used irrigation to grow beans, squash, melon, and fruit
Native Americans - Apache & Navajo Native Americans - Plains People Settled also in Southwest region Primarily hunter and gathers Navajo later settled into villages and built square homes called hogans Grew maize and beans and raised sheep Nomadic by seasons Women planted maize and squash and beans Men hunted antelope, deer and buffalo When they moved, they dragged their homes behind them -- cone-shaped skin tents called tepees Buffalo was central to their lives for meat, used the bones for tools and weapons and used the skins for shelter and clothes Native Americans - Eastern People Native Americans - Southeastern People Lived in Eastern North America Algonquin groups had similar language. Cherokee and Iroquois had formal laws & formed federations to join together Iroquois lived in the New York state area Iroquois groups often warred with each other 1500 s Iroquois League - Great Peace Alliance was formed Creek, Cherokee & Chickasaw Farming was essential Creek were in Georgia and Alabama Cherokee were in the mountains of Georgia, Tennessee and the Carolinas Chickasaw had several settlements with the largest one in Mississippi
1500 s -- Arrival of Europeans to North America Would change Native Americans forever Textbook Assignment Lesson 3 1. Lesson 3 Review Questions page 21 2. Chapter 1 Activities - page 22 - #1 only 3. Chapter 1 Assessment page 23-24 #1-11 (write questions and answers) Puritan Pilgrim Quacker Bread Basket Colonies Colonial Life Protestants who wanted to reform (purify) the Church of England A member of a Puritan separatist sect that left England in the early 1600s to settle in the Americas Protestant group whose members moved from England and settled in Pennsylvania (Leader - William Penn) A group of American colonies which grew vasts amounts of grain and wheat People Left from Europe to Go to the New World for Many Reasons: Religious freedom To find wealth (gold) New adventure (glory) To spread Christianity (God) Plantation A large farm that usually specialized in growing one kind of crop for profit
13 Colonies A colony is a group of people that settle far from home, but are still part of their homeland. European countries wanted to establish colonies because colonies gave them national resources and made them appear more powerful Mercantilism Most western European countries practiced Mercantilism. Mercantilism was a system for created and maintaining wealth by carefully controlling trade. Which Countries Had American Colonies? 3 Regions of the 13 Colonies England (Great Britain) France Spain Netherlands (Dutch) Sweden New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies
New England Colonies Two immigrated (moved) to New England Puritans - were a religious group that wanted to purify and reform the Anglican Church. Puritans left England when the economy fell and they were being punished for being dissenters. Pilgrims - Protestants that wanted to separate from the Anglican Church. Pilgrims were discriminated against in Europe. Government in the New England Colonies Colonies had to obey English laws Politics and religion were closely linked - government leaders were usually church members Governor was head of the government and was assisted by an advisory council New England Economy Had a harsh climate and rocky soil so most farmers could only grow enough food to feed their own families. Trade was very important to the economy Because it was located on the coast, fishing was important Because of the large number of forests, shipbuilding became an important economic activity. New England Education Communities established town schools to make sure future generations would have educated church leaders. 1636 Harvard college was founded 1693 William and Mary college was founded
Middle Colonies These colonies offered religious tolerance so many different religious groups came. Quakers were largely a religious group who believed in the equality of men and women before God and believed in tolerance for all religious groups. Quakers were persecuted in Europe and America, thus, they started their own colony -- Pennsylvania Middle Colonies Had a good climate and rich land so they grew many staple crops (crops that are always needed) Called the Bread Basket because they grew a lot of grain Sold Cash Crops (crops that can be sold for money) Had some slaves, but indentured servants filled most of the labor needs Indentured Servants - A colonist who received free passage to North America for working without pay for a number of years Trade (including fur trade) was very important to the economy Southern Colonies Had a warm climate and long growing season so their economy depends on agriculture Many farmers grew cash crops (crops sold for a profit) which required much labor - slave labor was used especially on plantations These colonies also traded and exported raw materials When colonies were originally founded, many had conflicts with Native Americans Southern Colonies Many Catholics began moving to America to escape persecution. To decrease tension in the colonies, the Tolerations Act of 1649 was passed which made it crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians.
Student Activity Label the map of the 13 colonies (write the name of each colony in its correct location on the map. Color the map of the colonies: Red = Southern Colonies Blue = Middle Colonies Green = New England Colonies English Bill of Rights James II felt colonies were too independent so he united the northern colonies under one governor Parliament (in England) replaced James II because he was very unpopular and had passed the English Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights decreased the powers of the monarch (king) and increased the powers of Parliament (legislative branch) English Trade Laws England started colonies to make money from trade. Practiced mercantilism (gain wealth when you have fewer imports than exports) Parliament passed several Navigation Acts to promote mercantilism and limit colonial trade. Colonists were NOT free to buy and sell goods and the best price. A system where goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain and Africa. The Middle Passage refers to the voyage that brought slaves to the Americas Triangular Trade
The Great Awakening A religious movement that became popular in the colonies in the 1730 s and 1740 s It impacted religion and politics - many sinners looked for forgiveness while others wanted political equality to match spiritual equality that was being preached about. Enlightenment started in Europe and spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society. The French & Indian War -1756 The French and Indian War started when the British started to settle the Ohio River Valley The French & Indian War Native American fought on both sides of the war. Although struggles for supremacy had been going on for many decades between France and England in the New World, hostilities intensified in the early 1750's as both English and French settlers had attempted to colonize land in the Ohio River Valley. The English settlers, who had moved northwest from Virginia, and French settlers, who had moved east from the Great Lakes, or south from Canada, each thought they owned the rights to the land. The French & Indian War In 1754, English forces under George Washington had begun their march to Fort Duquesne to oust the French from the region by force. On the way, they encountered a French scouting party. Washington's men massacred the party in what came to be known as The Battle of Jumonville Glen. Washington soon took camp at Great Meadows, a large natural clearing, and ordered the construction of Fort Necessity in anticipation of a French response. The French did respond, as 600 soldiers including Indians forced the surrender the fort.
The French & Indian War COLONIALS BRITISH Methods of Fighting Indian-style, guerilla tactics March in formation, or bayonet charge Military Organization Military Discipline Colonial militia served under own captains No military deference of protocols observed British officers wanted to take charge of Colonials Drills & tough discipline Finances Resistance to rising taxes Colonists should pay for their own defense Treaty of Paris - Great Britain Won the War As a result of the British victory, France was effectively expelled from the New World. France relinquished virtually all of their New World possessions including all of Canada. In addition, as compensation for Spain's loss of Florida to England, Spain was awarded the Louisiana territory. The entire face of North America had been dramatically changed. France Spain England Lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River Got all French lands west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, but lost Florida to England Got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade and commercial dominance in India. Effects on Britain from the French & Indian War It increased Britain s colonial empire in the Americas It greatly enlarged England s debt Britain s contempt for the Colonials grew and created bitter feelings Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of the American empire was necessary Effects on American Colonials from the French & Indian War It united them against a common enemy for the first time It created a socializing experience for all the Colonials who participated It created bitter feels toward the British that would only intensify
The Western Frontier Most colonial settlements had been made along the Atlantic coast Colonial settlers and pioneers began to move west after the war Indians led by Chief Pontiac rebelled against new British settlements in 1763 To avoid conflict, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 which banned settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains Proclamation of 1763 Following the war, England issued the Proclamation of 1763, which restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to appease Indians who had developed positive relations with France. Westward-bound settlers, however, ignored the proclamation and moved into Indian lands.