Ecography ECOG-01131 Savage, J. and Vellend, M. 2014. Elevational shifts, biotic homogenization and time lags in vegetation change during 40 years of climate warming. Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.01131 Supplementary material
Appendix 1. Supplemental methods and results. Plot locations A fine-scale map of our study area permitted relatively accurate re-location of the locations where vegetation was surveyed in 1970 (Fig. A1). Taxa observed during the two time periods Table A1 provides a list of taxa and the number of plots where each was found in 1970 and in 2012. Compilation of Species Indices for Temperature, Light and Moisture (STI, SLI and SMI) In order to test the hypothesis of climate-warming impacts, for each species we calculated a Species Temperature Index (STI) as described in the main text. Species indices for light and moisture were obtained from the TOPIC (Traits of Plants in Canada) database (Aubin et al. 2007). In this database, ordinal values describing the degree of shade in habitats the species is known to grow in were documented for individual species, such as shade-tolerant, intolerant or mid- tolerant. We used these descriptors as a measure of each species association with light (i.e., SLI): 0 for shade tolerant, 1 for mid-tolerant and 2 for shade intolerant species. For hydric stress, the TOPIC database includes a descriptor of water preference, which represents the association of the species with different levels of soil moisture in five categories (xeric, xeric-mesic, mesic, humid-mesic and wet). We used these descriptors as the Species Moisture Index (SMI): 0 for species associated with dry habitats, 1 for xeric-mesic, 2 for mesic, 3 for humid-mesic up to 4 for wet habitats.
For a given habitat-association trait, some species were assigned more than one value in TOPIC, with each value associated with a confidence level which ranged from 1 (low confidence) to 5 (high confidence). Confidence levels 4 and 5 were considered high enough for attribution of the trait to the species; species for which we could not confidently assign one value were not retained. There were 103 species with only a single value of high confidence and 6 species with two adjacent values. We excluded species that were assigned two or more non-adjacent values of high confidence (i.e., 19 taxa that were found in a broad range of conditions and hence described as indifferent ). When a species was found in up to two contiguous light categories (or up to three contiguous moisture categories), the average of the two or three categories was used as a single value in subsequent analyses. When the trait values in TOPIC were associated with a confidence level less than 3 (10 species), or when a species was not documented in TOPIC or Humbert et al. (2007), we used the following resources to assign a value for as many species as possible: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (http://plants.usda.gov/) The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (www.wildflower.org) Plants of Wisconsin (http://wisplants.uwsp.edu) E-Flora of British Columbia (http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca) Flora of North America (http://www.efloras.org) For species not included in TOPIC or in Humbert et al. (2007), no trait value was attributed when different information sources were in disagreement or when the species was reported to live in a wide range of conditions. The package FD was used in R to calculate CTI, CLI and CMI for each plot in both years (Laliberté and Legendre 2010).
Figure A1. A portion of the map of Mont Mégantic (scale 1: 50 000) from Marcotte & Grandtner (1974) showing plot locations (dark circles). The portion of the map shown represents an area of 4.5 km (east-west) by 3.9 km (south-north), and elevation near the summit is shown in units of feet (3550 ft 1100m) with topographic lines separated by 25 feet.
Table A1. List of taxa found in 48 historic (1970) and contemporary (2012) plots in Parc national du Mont Mégantic, Québec. Rows listing multiple species were considered as a single taxon. Nomenclature followed TNRS (Taxonomic Name Resolution Service, http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org), which uses multiple databases but mostly the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov/java/). For a detailed list of species included in large groups (genera and families), or those found outside the plots, see Hall (1998). Taxon Family Stratum # plots in 1970 # plots in 2012 Abies balsamea (L.) Mill Pinaceae Tree 42 41 Acer pensylvanicum L. Sapindaceae Tree 25 34 Acer rubrum L. Sapindaceae Tree 9 14 Acer saccharum Marshall Sapindaceae Tree 26 30 Acer spicatum Lam. Sapindaceae Shrub 43 43 Actaea pachypoda Elliott / A. rubrum (Aiton) Willd. Ranunculaceae Herb 12 9 Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae Herb 7 2 Allium tricoccum Aiton Amaryllidaceae Herb 1 0 Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen and possibly other Betulaceae Shrub 1 0 Alnus species Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald / A. bartramiana (Tausch) M. Rosaceae Shrub 14 19 Roem. Aralia nudicaulis L. Araliaceae Herb 28 36 Aralia racemosa L. Araliaceae Herb 2 3 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Araceae Herb 6 13 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. angustum (Willd.) R.T. Clausen Woodsiaceae Herb 22 36 Betula alleghaniensis Britton Betulaceae Tree 35 39 Betula papyrifera Marshall Betulaceae Tree 31 29 Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Ophioglossaceae Herb 8 1 Botrychium matricariifolium (Döll) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch and Ophioglossaceae Herb 0 2 possibly other Botrychium species Calystegia sepium L. Convolvulaceae Herb 0 2 Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood Brassicaceae Herb 5 7 Carex alopecoidea Tuck. Cyperaceae Herb 0 2 Carex appalachica J.M. Webber & P.W. Ball/ C. brunnescens subsp. Cyperaceae Herb 6 13
sphaerostachya (Tuck.) Kalela Carex arctata Boott/ C. debilis var. rudgei L.H. Bailey Cyperaceae Herb 8 20 Carex blanda Dewey/ C. laxiflora Lam./ C. leptonervia (Fernald) Cyperaceae Herb 13 25 Fernald Carex crinita Lam. Cyperaceae Herb 0 2 Carex deweyana Schwein. Cyperaceae Herb 1 12 Carex disperma Dewey/ C. trisperma Dewey Cyperaceae Herb 2 3 Carex intumescens Rudge Cyperaceae Herb 19 29 Carex projecta Mack. Cyperaceae Herb 2 2 Carex scabrata Schwein. Cyperaceae Herb 3 7 Carex species (other than those already listed) Cyperaceae Herb 2 1 Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Brassicaceae Herb 0 2 Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Berberidaceae Herb 0 1 Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium (L.) Holub Onagraceae Herb 3 0 Chelone glabra L. Plantaginaceae Herb 2 1 Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook. Saxifragaceae Herb 2 4 Circaea alpina L. Onagraceae Herb 4 14 Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. Liliaceae Herb 41 44 Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Ranunculaceae Herb 18 22 Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. Orchidaceae Herb 0 1 Cornus alternifolia L. f. Cornaceae Shrub 19 17 Cornus canadensis L. Cornaceae Herb 16 19 Corylus cornuta Marshall Betulaceae Shrub 11 10 Cypripedium acaule Aiton Orchidaceae Herb 2 5 Dalibarda repens L. Rosaceae Herb 4 1 Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore Dennstaedtiaceae Herb 0 22 Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) M. Kato Woodsiaceae Herb 12 11 Diervilla lonicera Mill. Caprifoliaceae Shrub 4 1 Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs and possibly other rare Dryopteridaceae Herb 48 48 species in the Dryopteris intermedia group Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) A. Gray Dryopteridaceae Herb 1 0 Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H. Raven Onagraceae Herb 1 4 Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Orchidaceae Herb 1 8
Equisetum sylvaticum L. Equisetaceae Herb 3 3 Equisetum pratense Ehrh. or E. arvense L. Equisetaceae Herb 0 2 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Asteraceae Herb 1 0 Eupatorium maculatum L. Asteraceae Herb 1 0 Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Asteraceae Herb 23 3 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Fagaceae Tree 13 23 Fraxinus americana L. Oleaceae Tree 4 4 Fraxinus nigra Marshall Oleaceae Tree 1 0 Fragaria virginiana Mill. Rosaceae Herb 2 1 Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Lamiaceae Herb 0 8 Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex Schult. & Schult. f. Rubiaceae Herb 3 7 Galium obtusum Bigelow/ G. palustre L. and possibly other Galium Rubiaceae Herb 0 3 species Galium triflorum Michx. Rubiaceae Herb 16 10 Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigelow Ericaceae Herb 1 2 Gaultheria procumbens L. Ericaceae Herb 0 1 Geum aleppicum Jacq./ G. laciniatum Murray/ G. macrophyllum Willd. Rosaceae Herb 1 4 Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Orchidaceae Herb 2 0 Gymnocarpium disjunctum (Rupr.) Ching Woodsiaceae Herb 5 4 Hieracium spp. Asteraceae Herb 30 44 Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. Lycopodiaceae Herb 22 34 Hydrocotyle americana L. Araliaceae Herb 0 1 Ilex mucronata (L.) Powell, Savolainen & Andrews Aquifoliaceae Shrub 3 4 Impatiens capensis Meerb. Balsaminaceae Herb 15 13 Juncus tenuis Willd. Juncaceae Herb 0 1 Linnaea borealis L. Caprifoliaceae Herb 1 0 Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Orchidaceae Herb 0 1 Lonicera canadensis Bartram ex Marshall Caprifoliaceae Shrub 19 27 Lycopodium annotinum L. Lycopodiaceae Herb 1 6 Lycopodium clavatum L. Lycopodiaceae Herb 0 1 Lycopodium obscurum L. Lycopodiaceae Herb 4 7 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Lamiaceae Herb 0 1 Maianthemum canadense Desf. Asparagaceae Herb 21 36
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link Asparagaceae Herb 19 22 Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Onocleaceae Herb 1 2 Medeola virginiana L. Liliaceae Herb 5 6 Mitchella repens L. Rubiaceae Herb 4 6 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray Ericaceae Herb 0 1 Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Asteraceae Herb 12 17 Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene Asteraceae Herb 32 42 Onoclea sensibilis L. Onocleaceae Herb 2 4 Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke and possibly rare O. Apiaceae Herb 11 12 depauperata Phil. individuals Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmundaceae Herb 3 8 Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmundaceae Herb 9 5 Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch Betulaceae Tree 1 1 Oxalis montana Raf. Oxalidaceae Herb 40 48 Packera schweinitziana (Nutt.) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve Asteraceae Herb 1 0 Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae Herb 0 2 Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt Thelypteridaceae Herb 22 36 Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Pinaceae Tree 6 5 Picea rubens Sarg. and possibly rare P. mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns Pinaceae Tree 30 40 & Poggenb. individuals Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl./ P. psycodes (L.) Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb 1 6 Poaceae spp. Poaceae Herb 27 32 Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Asparagaceae Herb 13 21 Polypodium virginianum L. Polypodiaceae Herb 4 4 Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Dryopteridaceae Herb 4 5 Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée Dryopteridaceae Herb 2 3 Populus balsamifera L. Salicaceae Tree 1 2 Populus grandidentata Michx. Salicaceae Tree 0 1 Populus tremuloides Michx. Salicaceae Tree 4 2 Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Rosaceae Tree 1 11 Prunus serotina Ehrh. Rosaceae Tree 4 7 Prunus virginiana L. Rosaceae Tree 19 14 Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller Dennstaedtiaceae Herb 2 2
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. / Orthilia secunda (L.) House / Pyrola chlorantha Ericaceae Herb 5 5 Sw. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Ranunculaceae Herb 0 1 Ranunculus acris L./ R. pensylvanicus L. f. Ranunculaceae Herb 1 0 Ribes glandulosum Grauer/ R. triste Pall. Grossulariaceae Shrub 10 23 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Grossulariaceae Shrub 4 5 Rubus idaeus L. Rosaceae Herb 5 24 Rubus pubescens Raf. and possibly one individual of R. allegheniensis Rosaceae Herb 18 16 Porter Salix spp. Salicaceae Shrub 2 2 Sambucus racemosa L. var. racemosa Adoxaceae Shrub 27 31 Solidago flexicaulis L./ S. macrophylla Banks ex Pursh Asteraceae Herb 19 6 Solidago canadensis L./ S. rugosa Mill. and possibly other Solidago Asteraceae Herb 0 1 species Sorbus americana Marshall Rosaceae Tree 18 23 Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Liliaceae Herb 14 17 Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal Liliaceae Herb 24 37 Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Asteraceae Herb 1 3 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Asteraceae Herb 0 5 Taxus canadensis Marshall Taxaceae Shrub 2 7 Thalictrum pubescens Pursh Ranunculaceae Herb 2 6 Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. Thelypteridaceae Herb 19 18 Thuja occidentalis L. Cupressaceae Tree 2 1 Tiarella cordifolia L. Saxifragaceae Herb 22 22 Tilia americana L. Malvaceae Tree 1 1 Trientalis borealis Raf. Primulaceae Herb 23 27 Trillium erectum L. Melanthiaceae Herb 27 38 Trillium undulatum Willd. Melanthiaceae Herb 17 23 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière Pinaceae Tree 1 0 Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Ericaceae Shrub 3 5 Veratrum viride Aiton Melanthiaceae Herb 5 7 Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Adoxaceae Shrub 32 37 Viburnum nudum L. var cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray Adoxaceae Shrub 9 9
Viola spp. Violaceae Herb 28 19
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