APIACEAE CARROT OR PARSELY FAMILY Plant: mostly herbs (annual, biennial or perennial), a few shrubs and trees, often aromatic Stem: often hollow between stem nodes, commonly branched Root: Leaves: usually finely pinnate, sometimes palmate but rarely simple; leaf bases often broad; base of petioles usually sheathed; alternate and/or basal but rarely opposite or whorled; no stipules Flowers: mostly perfect; mostly small; sepals 5 and united, very small, or sometimes absent; petals 5 and small, bracts common; flowers mostly in compound (branching) umbels (radial sprays) branches of umbels are termed rays and bracts, if present, of individual umbels or umbellets termed bractlets or bracteoles ; 5 stamens alternate with petals; ovary inferior, 1 pistil, 2 styles, most have 2 carpels Fruit: 2 dry, one-seeded, fruits (schizocarp with 2 mericarps); may be winged; some with aromatic oils Other: Old family name was Umbelliferae ; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 300-450+ genera; many local genera WARNING family descriptions are only a layman s guide and should not be used as definitive
- 5 petals (often white or yellow, mostly small), sepals small or absent; flowers in umbels or mostly compound umbels; leaf petiole usually sheathed; leaves often pinnate; fruit a schizocarp compound umbels most common 5 petals, often small, usually white or yellow Single umbels Often with a sheath at base of petiole Fruit a schizocarp a dry fruit that splits into one-seed portions, some bur-like Leaves often pinnately compound but not always
APIACEAE CARROT OR PARSELY FAMILY Bishop's Goutweed; Aegopodium podagraria L. (Introduced) Purple-Stemmed Angelica; Angelica atropurpurea L. Hairy Angelica; Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fernald Wild [Hairyfruit] Chervil; Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. Bulblet-Bearing Water Hemlock; Cicuta bulbifera L. [Spotted] Water Hemlock; Cicuta maculata L. (var. maculata?) Poison Hemlock; Conium maculatum L. (Introduced) [Canadian] Honewort; Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Finger Dogshade; Cynosciadium digitatum DC. Queen Anne s Lace [Wild Carrot; Bird s Nest]; Daucus carota L. (Introduced) Harbinger-Of-Spring [Pepper-And-Salt]; Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Leavenworth's Eryngo; Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & A. Gray Creeping [Spreading] Eryngo; Eryngium prostratum Nutt. ex DC. Rattlesnake Master [Button Eryngo or Snakeroot]; Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Common Cow-Parsnip [Masterwort]; Heracleum maximum Bartram Largeleaf [Seaside] Pennywort; Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm. ex Lam. [Wolly] Sweet Cicely; Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke Aniseroot [Smooth Sweet Cicely]; Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. [Stiff] Cowbane; Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. Wild Parsnip; Pastinaca sativa L. (Introduced) Nuttall's Prairie Parsley; Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Laceflower; Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britt.
APIACEAE CARROT OR PARSELY FAMILY Canadian Black Snakeroot; Sanicula canadensis L. Maryland Sanicle [Black Snakeroot]; Sanicula marilandica L. Clustered Black Snakeroot [Clustered Sanicle]; Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe (S. gregaria) [Hemlock] Water-Parsnip; Sium suave Walter Yellow Pimpernel; Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Hairy-Joint Meadow Parsnip; Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Spreading [Field] Hedge-Parsley; Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link ssp. Arvensis (Introduced) Heart-Leaved Golden Alexanders [Meadow Zizia]; Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. Golden Alexanders [Golden Zizia]; Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch
Bishop's Goutweed Aegopodium podagraria L. (Introduced) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, no sepals, in compound umbels often with unequal rays; leaves with 3 USDA leaflets (trifoliate) below and often fewer above, irregularly double-toothed and sometimes lobed; stem and fruit glabrous; spring (white-leaved cultivar) [V Max Brown, 2009]
Purple-Stemmed [Great] Angelica Angelica atropurpurea L. Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, greenish-white, in large USDA glabrous compound umbels; lower leaves twice pinnate, ovate lanceolate, upper leaves reduced, serrate, large basal sheath (>1cm width) on upper leaves; stems glabrous and purplish; fruit glabrous; large plant (2 m+); wet areas; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2006]
Hairy Angelica Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fernald Alley Springs, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, greenish-white, in large hairy compound umbels; lower leaves twice pinnate, ovate lanceolate, upper leaves reduced, serrate, large basal sheath on upper leaves; stems hairy above but glabrous and purplish below; fruit slightly hairy; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010]
Wild [Hairyfruit] Chervil Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, white, small, in small compound umbels (2-10-15), pedicel widens toward tip; leaves twice pinnate, hairy at least beneath, sheaths at stem (hairy); stem mostly hairy; fruit small, somewhat club-shaped, usually hairy; plant variable but at least the stem is usually hairy; spring [V Max Brown, 2010]
Bulblet-Bearing Water Hemlock Cicuta bulbifera L. Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 5-petaled flower, white, small, in compound umbels (up to 6 cm); leaves twice pinnate, mostly linear to very narrow lanceolate, usually with fine teeth, sheaths at stem, bulblets present in many upper leaf axils; stem smooth; reported to be very poisonous; wet areas; late summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2008]
[Spotted; Common] Water Hemlock Cicuta maculata L. (var. maculata?) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, white, in compound umbels; leaves twice pinnate, lanceolate, serrate, with sheaths at stem, no bulblets in leaf axils; stem smooth, often spotted near base; reported to be very poisonous; wet areas; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2006]
Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum L. (Introduced) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, white, in compound umbels; stem purple-spotted, glabrous, often glaucous, very tall; leaves alternate, some basal, 2-4 pinnate, lobed; reported to be very poisonous (remember Socrates); late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2005]
[Canadian] Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, in umbels often with unequal rays; leaves with 3 leaflets (trifoliate), irregularly to double-toothed, 1 or more may be lobed, upper leaves alternate; stem and fruit glabrous; woods; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2005]
Finger Dogshade Cynosciadium digitatum DC. Big Cane Conservation Area, Butler County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, very small, white, in compound umbels, sepals very small teeth, involucre bracts usually 2-5 and linear; leaves alternate and sometimes basal, usually 3-5 linear palmate leaflets; fruit pods brown with ribs; stem glabrous; moist or swampy areas; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2012]
Queen Anne s Lace [Wild Carrot; Bird s Nest] Daucus carota L. (Introduced) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white (rarely pink), in compound umbels, rays bend upward, bracts large and pinnately divided; leaves 2-3 pinnate, lobed or dissected; stem hairy; fruit resembles a birds nest ; common plant in many habitats; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2004]
Harbinger-Of-Spring [Pepper-And-Salt] Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Sam A. Baker State Park, Wayne County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, white with reddish-brown to black anthers, in mostly compound umbels with subtending bractlets, no sepals; leaves mostly basal, 1-2 pinnate, usually 3 leaflets divided into segments or lobed; moist or wet woods; early spring [V Max Brown, 2006]
Leavenworth's Eryngo Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & A. Gray Near Crawford State Park, Crawford County, Kansas Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, usually purple, each subtended by a bractlet in a dense globe-like head, large spiny bracts at base and crown (purple tinged); leaves alternate, sessile, palmately lobed (spiny), with netted veins, basal leaves usually unlobed (mostly withered at time of flowering); late summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2011]
Creeping [Spreading] Eryngo Eryngium prostratum Nutt. ex DC. Near Greers Ferry Lake, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: 5-petaled flower, small and densely packed on head or receptacle ( < 10 mm in length), usually purple (blue or rarely white), each subtended by a bractlet, 5 to 10 bracts at base; leaves opposite and USDA often whorled and basal basal leaves with long petioles, stem leaves sessile to short petiolate, entire or coarsely toothed; plant perennial, prostrate, rooting at nodes; usually in moist or wet habitats; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2014]
Rattlesnake Master [Button Eryngo or Snakeroot] Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Mountain View area, Howell County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, each subtended by a sharp bract, in a dense globe-like head; leaves simple, linear (Yucca- like), parallel veined, lower margins usually with spines; often in prairies or waste areas; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2008]
Common Cow-Parsnip [Masterwort] Heracleum maximum Bartram Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, in compound umbels; leaves trifoliate, large, about as long as wide, palmately lobed, coarsely toothed, petioles with sheaths, long and woolly pubescent; fruits flattened; wet or moist areas; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2008]
Largeleaf [Seaside] Pennywort Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm. ex Lam. Tybee Island, Georgia Notes: 5-petaled flower (no sepals), white to light-green, in compound umbels; leaves ovate to 10+ cm; petioles peltate (stem attached to center of leaf); fruit flattened and seed-like; common on south Atlantic and Gulf dunes, sand flats and swamps; summer [V Max Brown, 2006]
[Wolly] Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, in umbels (usually < 8 flowers per umbel); stem woolly pubescent; leaves twice-divided into 3 s with lateral leaflets usually smaller; weak to little anise scent; woods; late spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2008]
Aniseroot [Smooth Sweet Cicely] Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, in umbels (usually 8+ flowers per umbel), styles longer than petals; stem mostly smooth to slightly hairy; leaves twice-divided into 3 s with lateral leaflets usually smaller; fruit sticks to clothing; strongly anise-scented (particularly roots); woods; late spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2005]
[Stiff] Cowbane [Common Water Dropwort] Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. Kitty Todd Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, in open compound umbels; leaves once pinnate with 5-9+ leaflets, mostly lanceolate to somewhat linear with considerable variation, entire or often with a few teeth; wet areas; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2006]
Wild Parsnip Pastinaca sativa L. (Introduced) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, yellow, in compound umbels; stem is deeply grooved and stout; leaves pinnate, leaflets mostly ovate and sharply, and irregularly toothed and lobed, lower leaves with petioles, upper leaves on sheathing petioles; fruit glabrous; tall plant; various habitats; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2004] USDA
Nuttall's Prairie Parsley Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Prairie State Park, Barton County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, small, in compound umbels, each umbellet with several linear bractlets; leaves pinnate, leaflets dissected, with teeth; stem with fine stiff hairs; prairie habitat; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010]
Laceflower [Mock Bishop s Weed] Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britt. Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, white, in compound umbels, sepals very small, involucre bracts numerous and entire; pinnate leaves opposite or alternate, leaflets linear to thread-like; fruit pods light brown to tan with prominent ribs; usually in moist or wet areas; summer [V Max Brown, 2007]
Canadian Black Snakeroot Sanicula canadensis L. Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flowers whitish in compound umbels; 1-3 staminate flowers with short pedicels, styles of bisexual flower hidden by fruit bristles; leaves parted or cut into 3-5 leaflets (usually 5 parts); fruits are burs with hooked bristles that are often lined up in rows; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2008]
Maryland Sanicle [Black Snakeroot] Sanicula marilandica L. Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flowers whitish in compound umbels (a few bisexual and many staminate flowers), sepals of staminate flowers linear to linear-lanceolate, styles long and curving over fruit; leaves parted or cut into 3-5 leaflets (usually 5); fruits are burs with hooked bristles; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2008]
Clustered Black Snakeroot [Clustered Sanicle] Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe (S. gregaria) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flowers greenish-yellow in compound umbels (a few bisexual and many staminate flowers), sepals of staminate flowers triangular, styles long and curving over fruit; leaves parted or cut into 3-5 leaflets (usually 5); fruits are burs with hooked bristles; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2005]
[Hemlock] Water-Parsnip Sium suave Walter Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, white, small, in compound umbels, involucre with several bracts; leaves 1-pinnate, 7-8 to 15-17 leaflets, linear to lanceolate, serrate with many small teeth, aquatic leaves may be 3-4 pinnate; stem well ridged, mostly glabrous; fruit glabrous; wet areas to aquatic; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2009]
Yellow Pimpernel Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Alley Springs, Ozark National Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, small, no sepals, in large (up to 15 cm) compound umbels; leaves basal and cauline, ternate and then 2-3 pinnate, margins of leaflets entire; stem glabrous and glaucous; woods; spring [V Max Brown, 2010]
Hairy-Joint Meadow Parsnip Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Wilson s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, cream to light or pale yellow, small, in compound umbels, involucre with several bracts; basal leaves ternate and then 2-3 pinnate, upper leaves with less leaflets, leaflets deeply dissected below but less so above; stem glabrous and glaucous except nodes which have stiff white hairs; spring [V Max Brown, 2010]
Spreading [Field] Hedge-Parsley Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link ssp. Arvensis (Introduced) Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 5-petaled flower, white, in compound umbels, involucre mostly with 1(2-4) bracts or none; lower leaves 2-3 pinnate; stem and leaves with appressed pubescence; fruit bristles curving up; plant branching freely; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2007]
Heart-Leaved Golden Alexanders [Meadow Zizia] Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, yellow, in compound umbels, central flower is often sessile; heart-shaped basal leaves, often not dissected (sometimes lobed), stem leaves alternate, more often dissected into leaflets, teeth rounded along margins; late spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2005]
Golden-Alexanders [Golden Zizia] Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, small, yellow, in compound umbels; leaves lanceolate, 2-3 pinnate, 3-9 leaflets, finely and sharply toothed, basal leaves cut; stem sometimes tinged with red; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2005]