Famil: Aoaceae Taxo: Aoa reticulata Som: Aoa lutesces Saff. Commo Name: ox-heart bullock's-heart custard-apple Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Patti Clifford Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Patti Clifford WRA Score 11 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 1 of 7
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 11 Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece of domesticatio that reduces ivasive traits. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Has the species become aturalized where grow? NA] 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Does the species have weed races? NA] 201 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical? 2- High] "The http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex custard apple is believed to be a ative of the West Idies but it was carried i earl times through Cetral America to souther Mexico. It has log bee cultivated ad aturalized as far south as Peru ad Brazil. It is commol grow i the Bahamas ad occasioall i Bermuda ad souther Florida 202 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Qualit of climate match data? 2-High] "The custard apple is believed to be a ative of the West Idies but it was carried i earl times through Cetral America http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex to souther Mexico. It has log bee cultivated ad aturalized as far south as Peru ad Brazil. It is commol grow i the Bahamas ad occasioall i Bermuda ad souther Florida." 203 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "The custard apple tree eeds a tropical climate but with cooler witers tha those of the west coast of http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex Malaa. It flourishes i the coastal lowlads of Ecuador; is rare above 5,000 ft (1,500 m). I Guatemala, it is earl alwas foud below 4,000 ft (1,220 m). I Idia, it does well from the plais up to a elevatio of 4,000 ft (1,220 m); i Celo, it caot be grow above 3,000 ft (915 m). Aroud Luzo i the Philippies, it is commo below 2,600 ft (800 m). It is too teder for Califoria ad trees itroduced ito Palestie succumbed to the cold. I souther Florida the leaves are shed at the first oset of cold weather ad the tree is dormat all witer. Full grow, it has survived temperatures of 27º to 28ºF (-2.78º to 2.22ºC) without serious harm." 203 2007. Ecocrop. Aoa reticulata. Food ad Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] Native of the Caribbea area, ad also occur i Cetral America, orther South America ad i South- East Asia at elevatios betwee sea level ad 1500 m. 204 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "The custard apple is believed to be a ative of the West Idies but it was carried i http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex earl times through Cetral America to souther Mexico. It has log bee cultivated ad aturalized as far south as Peru ad Brazil. It is commol grow i the Bahamas ad occasioall i Bermuda ad souther Florida." 205 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "The custard apple is believed to be a ative of the West Idies but it http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex was carried i earl times through Cetral America to souther Mexico. It has log bee cultivated ad aturalized as far south as Peru ad Brazil. It is commol grow i the Bahamas ad occasioall i Bermuda ad souther Florida. Apparetl it was itroduced ito tropical Africa earl i the 17th cetur ad it is grow i South Africa as a doorard fruit tree. I Idia the tree is cultivated, especiall aroud Calcutta, ad rus wild i ma areas. It has become fairl commo o the east coast of Malaa, ad more or less throughout southeast Asia ad the Philippies though owhere particularl esteemed. Eight ears ago it was reported as thoroughl aturalized i Guam. I Hawaii it is ot well kow." 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] Widel cultivated ad aturalized throughout the tropics. 301 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "The custard apple is believed to be a ative of the West Idies but it was carried i earl times through Cetral America http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex to souther Mexico. It has log bee cultivated ad aturalized as far south as Peru ad Brazil. It is commol grow i the Bahamas ad occasioall i Bermuda ad souther Florida." 301 2003. Groves, R.H./Hoskig, J.R./Batiaoff, G.N. et al.. Weed categories for atural ad agricultural ecosstem weed maagemet. Bureau of Rural Scieces, Caberra [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] Aoa reticulata is aturalized i Queeslad, Australia. It is impactig atural ecosstems ad a atioal cotaimet or eradicatio program is recommeded. Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 3 of 7
302 2003. Groves, R.H./Hoskig, J.R./Batiaoff, G.N. et al.. Weed categories for atural ad agricultural ecosstem weed maagemet. Bureau of Rural Scieces, Caberra [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] Aoa reticulata is aturalized i Queeslad, Australia. It is impactig atural ecosstems ad a atioal cotaimet or eradicatio program is recommeded. [scored as a evirometal weed] 303 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece of Aoa reticulata as a agricultural weed that causes productivit losses or costs due to cotrol. 304 2003. Groves, R.H./Hoskig, J.R./Batiaoff, G.N. et al.. Weed categories for atural ad agricultural ecosstem weed maagemet. Bureau of Rural Scieces, Caberra 305 2003. CRC. Weed maagemet guide - pod apple Aoa glabra. CRc Australia Weed Maagemet, http://www.weeds.gov.au/publicatios/guidelies/ wos/pubs/a-glabra.pdf 305 2003. Weber, E.. Ivasive Plat Species of the World. A Referece Guide to Evirometal Weeds. CABI Publishig, Walligford, UK [Evirometal weed? Yes] Aoa reticulata is aturalized i Queeslad, Australia. It is impactig atural ecosstems ad a atioal cotaimet or eradicatio program is recommeded. [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Aoa glabra is a Weed of Natioal Sigificace. It is regarded as oe of the worst weeds i Australia because of its ivasiveess, potetial for spread, ad ecoomic ad evirometal impacts. Itroduced as graftig stock for the closel related custard apple, it is a ver hard tree ad a aggressive ivader. Over time the dese thickets it forms ca graduall replace everthig else i the caop ad create a udesirable ew habitat." [Cogeeric weed? Yes] Aoa glabra is a ivasive tree/shrub that forms dese thickets ad shades out ative shrubs ad trees b prevetig their establishmet ad growth. Species richess is reduced i stads of this tree/shrub. 401 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] Aoa reticula is a erecttree, with a rouded or spreadig crow ad truk 10 to 14 i (25-35 cm) thick. Height rages http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex from 15 to 35 ft (4.5-10 m). The leaves are deciduous, alterate, oblog or arrowlaceolate, 4 to 8 i (10-20 cm) log, 3/4 to 2 i (2 5 cm) wide, with cospicuous veis. 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Parasitic? No] Aoaceae. 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] 405 2012. Natioal Ceter for Biotecholog [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece of toxicit to aimals. Iformatio. PubMed. http://www.cbi.lm.ih.gov/sites/etrez 405 2012. Specialized Iformatio Services, U.S. [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece of toxicit to aimals. Natioal Librar of Medicie. TOXNET toxicolog data etwork [olie database]. Natioal Istitutes of Health, http://toxet.lm.ih.gov/ 406 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? ] "The custard apple is heavil attacked b the chalcid fl. Ma if ot all of the fruits o a tree ma be http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex mummified before maturit. I Idia, the ripeig fruits must be covered with bags or ets to avoid damage from fruit bats. A dr charcoal rot was observed o the fruits i Assam i 1947. I 1957 ad 1958 it made its appearace at Saharapur. The causal fugus was idetified as Diplodia aoae. The ifectio begis at the stem ed of the fruit ad graduall spreads util it covers the etire fruit." 407 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas?] "I Idia, the fruit is eate ol b the lower classes, out-of-had. I Cetral America, Mexico ad the West http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex Idies, the fruit is appreciated b all. Whe full ripe it is soft to the touch ad the stem ad attached core ca be easil pulled out. " [food] 407 2007. Ecocrop. Aoa reticulata. Food ad Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] The hard seeds are ver toxic ad all o-fruit parts are quite toxic. 408 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece of biomass accumulatio that results i a fire hazard. 409 2007. Ecocrop. Aoa reticulata. Food ad Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id -[Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] Youg trees eed partial shade. Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 4 of 7
410 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] "The custard apple does best i low-lig, deep, rich soil with http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex ample moisture ad good draiage. It grows to full size o oolitic limestoe i souther Florida ad rus wild i light sad ad various other tpes of soil i the New ad Old World tropics." 410 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, New York 411 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 412 2003. CRC. Weed maagemet guide - pod apple Aoa glabra. CRc Australia Weed Maagemet, http://www.weeds.gov.au/publicatios/guidelies/ wos/pubs/a-glabra.pdf 412 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Forms dese thickets? Ukow] 501 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 502 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 503 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 504 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] Aoa reticulata grows o ma soil tpes with ph from 5-8, but thrives best i low-lig, deep, rich soil with ample moisture ad good draiage. It is itolerat of water-loggig. [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] Tree. [Forms dese thickets?] Aoa glabra, a related species does form dese thickets. [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial; tree. [Grass? No] Aoaceae; tree. [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Aoaceae. [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] Tree; wood. 601 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece. 602 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Seed is the usual meas of propagatio. Nevertheless, the tree ca be multiplied b iarchig, or b buddig or graftig http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex oto its ow seedligs or oto soursop, sugar apple or pod apple rootstocks." 602 1994. Herado Bermejo, J.E./Leo, J. (eds.). Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Differet Perspective. Plat Productio ad Protectio Series No. 26. FAO, Rome http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/1492/aoa s [Produces viable seed? Yes] Aoa reticulata is geerall propagated b seed, the germiatio rate of which rages from low to medium. Graftig is usuall doe o stock of the same species. 603 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] 604 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Ukow] 605 2009. Pea, J.E./Crae, J.H.. Isect/mite maagemet i Aoa spp.. U.S. Departmet of Agriculture, Cooperative Extesio Service, Uiversit of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. Uiversit Cooperative Extesio Program, ad Boards of Cout Commissioers C [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The majorit of Aoaceae are polliated b beetles, although some are polliated b thrips." [famil-level descriptio] 606 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "Seed is the usual meas of propagatio. Nevertheless, the tree ca be multiplied b iarchig, or b buddig http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex or graftig oto its ow seedligs or oto soursop, sugar apple or pod apple rootstocks." Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 5 of 7
606 1994. Herado Bermejo, J.E./Leo, J. (eds.). Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Differet Perspective. Plat Productio ad Protectio [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] Aoa reticulata is geerall propagated b seed, the germiatio rate of which rages from low to medium. Graftig is usuall doe o stock of the same species. Series No. 26. FAO, Rome http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/1492/aoa s 607 2007. Ecocrop. Aoa reticulata. Food ad Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 3+] "Begi to fruit 3-5 ears after sowig." 701 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] No evidece of uitetioal dispersal. 702 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "The custard apple is believed to be a ative of the West Idies but it was carried i earl times through http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex Cetral America to souther Mexico. It has log bee cultivated ad aturalized as far south as Peru ad Brazil. It is commol grow i the Bahamas ad occasioall i Bermuda ad souther Florida. Apparetl it was itroduced ito tropical Africa earl i the 17th cetur ad it is grow i South Africa as a doorard fruit tree. I Idia the tree is cultivated, especiall aroud Calcutta, ad rus wild i ma areas. It has become fairl commo o the east coast of Malaa, ad more or less throughout southeast Asia ad the Philippies though owhere particularl esteemed. Eight ears ago it was reported as thoroughl aturalized i Guam. I Hawaii it is ot well kow." 702 1994. Herado Bermejo, J.E./Leo, J. (eds.). Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Differet Perspective. Plat Productio ad Protectio Series No. 26. FAO, Rome http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/1492/aoa s [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Itroduced to the America tropics ad Southeast Asia. 702 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Widel cultivated ad aturalized throughout the tropics. 703 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece. 704 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] Heart-shaped fruit 6" log. Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 705 2012. Lim, T.K.. Edible Medicial ad No- Medicial Plats. Volume 1, Fruits. Spriger, New York [Propagules water dispersed?] Itolerat of water-loggig. [Ulikel] 705 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules water dispersed? Ukow]. 706 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules bird dispersed? Ukow] 707 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 708 2011. Kuz, T.H./Brau de Torrez, E./Bauer, D./Lobova, T./Flemig, T.H.. Ecosstem services provided b bats. Aals of the New York Academ of Scieces. 1223: 1-38. [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] Heart-shapec fruit 6" log. [o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] Aoa reticulata seeds are dispersed b bats. 801 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. Morto, Miami, FL [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)?No] With adequate care, a mature tree will produce 75 to 100 lbs (34-45 kg) of fruits per ear. Actual seed couts have bee http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/idex 55, 60 ad 76 per fruit. 801 2007. Ecocrop. Aoa reticulata. Food ad Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)?No] Trees usuall bear about 20-40 fruits per ear, each about 300 g i weight but ma produce up to 45 kg per ear. 802 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 6 of 7
803 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] 804 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 3/22/2012 Aoa reticulata (Aoaceae) Page 7 of 7