Famil: Taxo: Apocaceae Acokathera schimperi (A. DC.) Beth. & Hook. f. ex Schweif. Som: Acokathera ouabaio Cathel. ex L. Lewi Carissa schimperi A. DC. (basiom) Commo Name: arrow-poiso-tree commo-poisobush Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Patti Clifford Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Patti Clifford WRA Score 6 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/9/2012 Acokathera schimperi (Apocaceae) Page 1 of 6
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 6 Prit Date: 10/9/2012 Acokathera schimperi (Apocaceae) Page 2 of 6
Supportig Data: 101 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece of domesticatio that reduces ivasive traits. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Has the species become aturalized where grow? NA] 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Does the species have weed races? NA] 201 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 202 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 204 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"? 2 - high] Native rage: Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Kea; Tazaia; Ugada; Rwada; Zaire; Yeme [Qualit of climate match data? 2 - high] Native rage: Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Kea; Tazaia; Ugada; Rwada; Zaire; Yeme [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] Acokathera schimperi occurs at the margis of dr forest, i relict forest, thickets, grasslads ad bushlad, at 1100 2400 m altitude ad with 600 1000 mm aual raifall. [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Native rage: Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Kea; Tazaia; Ugada; Rwada; Zaire; Yeme 205 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? No] No evidece. 301 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Naturalized beod ative rage? No] No evidece. Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 302 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece. Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 303 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece. Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 304 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece. 305 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 401 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Parasitic? No] Apocaceae. [Cogeeric weed? No] The Global Compedium of Weeds lists Acokathera oblogifolia as a agricultural weed. However, there is o available iformatio o its impacts to agriculture. [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] Much-brached, evergree tree, sometimes a shrub, up to 9( 10) m tall, with short truk; bark brow, soft; crow dese, rouded; oug braches glabrous or hair, cospicuousl agled ad ribbed. Leaves decussatel opposite, simple ad etire; stipules abset; petiole 1 6( 9) mm log; blade elliptical to ovate or broadl ovate, 2 10 cm 1.5 6.5 cm, base cueate or rouded, apex acute, obtuse or rouded, with hard mucro, leather, gloss, glabrous or shortl hair, piatel veied, lateral veis obscure, with loopig coectios. 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] 405 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. Prit Date: 10/9/2012 Acokathera schimperi (Apocaceae) [Toxic to aimals? Yes] Acokathera species are amog the most commol used plat species for the preparatio of poiso i East Africa. It is either used o its ow or mixed with other plat or aimal parts. The bark, wood ad roots are the usual igrediets for arrow poiso, ad the are also used for suicide ad homicide. The ol treatmet agaist the poiso is immediate excisio of the flesh aroud the woud, or suckig the blood from the woud. The poiso is also used i killig wild aimals ad stra dogs from fields ad homes. Page 3 of 6
406 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Ukow] 407 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 407 2008. Schmelzer, G.H./Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). Plat Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicial Plats 1. PROTA Foudatio, Wageige, Netherlads [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "Acokathera species are amog the most commol used plat species for the preparatio of poiso i East Africa. It is either used o its ow or mixed with other plat or aimal parts. The bark, wood ad roots are the usual igrediets for arrow poiso, ad the are also used for suicide ad homicide. The ol treatmet agaist the poiso is immediate excisio of the flesh aroud the woud, or suckig the blood from the woud. The poiso is also used i killig wild aimals ad stra dogs from fields ad homes. I Ethiopia the leaves ad bark are applied to the ski to treat ski disorders, ad a ifusio of the leaves is gargled to treat tosillitis. Dried pulverized leaves with hoe are take as a atifertilit medicie. I Kea Samburu wome drik a bark decoctio whe their mestruatio does ot stop. I Kea ad Tazaia a hot ifusio of the pouded root is druk i small quatities to treat sexuall trasmitted diseases, ad also as a aphrodisiac. I Ugada a leaf decoctio is give to cattle that have a cold. A mixture made from the leaves, bark ad butter is used for gall-bladder problems. The smoke of dried roots ad twigs is isect repellet; too much smoke is harmful for humas as well. The fruits are edible ad a importat famie food. The are sweet ad slightl bitter whe full ripe. The are also used to make jams. The uripe fruits ad seeds are highl poisoous, ad several cases of accidetal poisoig of childre have bee recorded. The latex i the fruits is used as chewig gum b childre. The wood is ver hard ad compact ad braches are used i makig spear shafts. I Ugada, it is used as firewood ad to make charcoal. Acokathera schimperi serves as a orametal, shade or live fece tree i parks or aroud houses." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] The uripe fruit ad seeds are highl poisoous, ad several cases of accidetal poisoig of childre have bee recorded. 408 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? Ukow] 409 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Ukow] 410 1992. Abulfatih, H.A.. Vegetatio zoatio alog a altitudial gradiet betwee sea level ad 3000 meters i Southwester Saudi Arabia. Sciece. 4: 57-97. 410 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 411 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] Acokathera schimperi is a compoet of the hillside plat commuit i southwester Saudi Arabia. These slopes cosist of graite boulders, sadstoe ad limestoe rocks. The soil is commol sad sto. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] Acokathera schimperi prefers well-draied, red or black rock soils, but also grows o black cotto soil ad poor soil of dr sites. [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] Tree or shrub. 412 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Forms dese thickets? Ukow] 501 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 502 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial; tree. [Grass? No] Tree or shrub. Prit Date: 10/9/2012 Acokathera schimperi (Apocaceae) Page 4 of 6
503 2010. www.atiomaster.com. Ecclopedia Nitroge fixatio. Natiomaster.com, http://www.atiomaster.com/ecclopedia/nitrog e-fixatio 504 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 601 2008. Schmelzer, G.H./Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). Plat Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicial Plats 1. PROTA Foudatio, Wageige, Netherlads [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Apocaceae. [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] Tree or shrub. [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] Acokathera schimperi is ot at risk, but cosidered rare i souther Ethiopia. 601 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece. 602 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 603 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] [Produces viable seed? Yes] Acokathera schimperi regeerates aturall b seed. 604 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Ukow] 605 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [ Requires specialist polliators? No] The flowers are polliated chiefl b bees ad seeds dispersed b aimals. 606 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Ukow] 607 2008. Schmelzer, G.H./Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). Plat Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicial Plats 1. PROTA Foudatio, Wageige, Netherlads [Miimum geerative time (ears)?] Moderate growth rate. 607 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Ukow] 701 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Ukow] 702 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] The stem bark ad roots of Acokathera schimperi are locall traded for poiso productio. The read-made poiso is also sold i East Africa. There are o data o traded volumes ad value. 703 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece. 704 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 705 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] Aimal dispersed. Fruit a ellipsoid berr 1 2.5 cm log, purple whe ripe, pulp gree to deep red, 1 2-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, plao-covex, 6 13 mm log, smooth, glabrous. [Propagules water dispersed? Ukow] Fruit a ellipsoid berr 1 2.5 cm log, purple whe ripe, pulp gree to deep red, 1 2-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, plaocovex, 6 13 mm log, smooth, glabrous. Prit Date: 10/9/2012 Acokathera schimperi (Apocaceae) Page 5 of 6
706 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 707 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. 708 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] Fruit a ellipsoid berr 1 2.5 cm log, purple whe ripe, pulp gree to deep red, 1 2-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, plao-covex, 6 13 mm log, smooth, glabrous. [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] Fruit a ellipsoid berr 1 2.5 cm log, purple whe ripe, pulp gree to deep red, 1 2-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, plao-covex, 6 13 mm log, smooth, glabrous. [o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] Seeds are dispersed b aimals. 801 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ukow] 802 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] The seeds have high moisture cotet ad lose viabilit easil uder ambiet coditios ad o storage. 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] 804 2007. Bethwell, O.O.. Acokathera schimperi (A. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] Acokathera schimperi ca be prued ad pollarded i itercroppig sstems. 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 10/9/2012 Acokathera schimperi (Apocaceae) Page 6 of 6
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk Native to tropical regios Ca adapt to broad evirometal coditios Toxic to aimals (used as a poiso i ative regio) Toxic to humas (seeds ad fruit whe uripe) Tolerates a wide rage of soils (facilitates germiatio ad establishmet) Reproduces b seed No-specific polliators (ot polliator limited) Dispersed locall b humas Aimal ad bird dispersed (seed ca travel log-distaces from paret plat) Tolerates pruig coppices Low Risk Not aturalized Not kow as a weed elsewhere (ot widel cultivated though) No spies, thors, burrs (easier to cotrol/remove) Parts are medicial (ot uripe fruit or seeds) Does t have a persistet seed bak