and cold hardiness in grape - PDF Free Download

The Big Chill: bud dormancy and cold hardiness in grape Jason P. Londo United States Department of Agriculture: Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY Northern Grapes Webinar 12/8/2015

How does winter temperature influence grapevines? What is cold hardiness? What is dormancy? How do climate and genetics interact? Can we plan/breed for the future?

Vitis vinifera V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris Adapted to a Mediterranean Climate Cool/mild winters, warm dry summers Varieties with greatest hardiness survive until ~-22/-25 C

Vitis riparia Adapted to cold, harsh winters Survives temperatures until -35/-40 C But also cool, mild winters.

Vitis aestivalis Wild Grapevine Vitis cinerea Vitis rupestris Vitis riparia Vitis vulpina Vitis labrusca Vitis amurensis East Asia

California and the West Mid-Atlantic and Northeast http://chesapeakeclimate.org/ blog/study-va-md-vineyardsdead-by-2050/ Europe http://wineeconomist.com/category/climate-change/

Warmer Winters Changes in Temperature Patterns Changes in Precipitation Patterns

Polar Vortex!! Natural Occurrence, but more frequent NOAA www.news.discovery.com

Environmental stress physiology and genetics Tissue differences; bud, phloem, xylem, cambium Genetic, physiological and mechanical defenses Impacts early, mid, and late season. Dormancy Frost Fall Winter Cold extremes Spring Budburst Frost www.extension.org

Dormancy Growth and Bud Development Auxin, Cytokinin, Giberrelin Paradormancy Hormonal Goffinet 2004 Photoperiod changes cold Endodormancy Molecular- Metabolic Goffinet 2004??? Warmth Growing Degree Days Ecodormancy Growth resumes Environmental Goffinet 2004

Acclimation, Dormancy, Midwinter Bud Hardiness, and Deacclimation Lethal Temperature Endodormancy Acclimation Maximum Hardiness Ecodormancy Deacclimation

Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing Goffinet 2004 http://ilc.royalsaskmuseum.ca/ilc1/pages/12c /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm Ice which forms between cells is not typically lethal ~-5 C If temperatures continue to drop, ice may form inside the cell, or damage from dehydration becomes irreversible

Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing Goffinet 2004 http://ilc.royalsaskmuseum.ca/ilc1/pages/12c /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm Mills et al 2006

Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing LT50 = -21 C Lethal Freezing Non-Lethal Freezing Temperature Mills et al 2006

Winters are not created equal. 2012-2013 Mild/Cool Winter No Freeze Damage 2013-2014 Cold Punctuated Winter Extensive Damage 2014-2015 Cold Sustained Winter Patchy Damage

Species are also, not created equal. Average LT50 Mid December-February 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 aestivalis -24.96-26.02-25.63 amurensis -23.05-27.97-27.81 cinerea -26.00-25.74-25.89 hybrid -25.04-25.55-25.99 labrusca -24.71-26.81-26.50 riparia -25.42-28.91-28.72 rupestris -25.58-27.63-26.95 vulpina -24.79-26.12-26.17 Different species have different ability Winter conditions change how hardy any variety can be

Tracking Bud Survival 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 7-Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr 15.00 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr 15.00 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 15.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Temperature C 0.00-5.00-10.00-15.00-20.00-25.00 0.00-5.00-10.00-15.00-20.00-25.00 0.00-5.00-10.00-15.00-20.00-25.00-30.00-30.00-30.00-35.00-35.00-35.00 The type of winter determines the extent of bud cold hardiness Vitis riparia Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid

Cold hardiness variation in V. riparia 2013-2014 2014-2015 23-Oct 22-Nov 22-Dec 21-Jan 20-Feb 22-Mar 21-Apr 20 10 18-Oct 17-Nov 17-Dec 16-Jan 15-Feb 17-Mar 16-Apr 20 10 43 different genotypes of V. riparia Temperature C 0-10 -20-30 0-10 -20-30 Over 10 C range of variation at any point in the winter Varieties of both Northern and Southern riparia are very winter hardy (in NY) -40-40 Varieties -32 C ; Montreal, Montana, Ontario, Illinois Varieties -32 C ; Manitoba, Quebec, Ontario, Minnesota, North Dakota, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Texas

Breaking Dormancy Buds require a specific number of hours of cool (not cold) temperatures = Chilling Hours Once enough chilling hours have occurred, buds are ready to grow, but require heat to do so = Heating Hours Different species and different cultivars have different Chilling Hours, and different Heating hours

Chilling hours Cold winters, mostly below 0 C Low chilling hours Buds measure length of winter Start tracking temperature below ~7 C Stop tracking temperature below freezing. Cool winters moderated by the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean High chilling hours Variable winters Fluctuating chilling hours Brent Wilson, www.gardenality.com

Chilling hours are different based on geography, due to climate differences Chilling hours accumulate between 0-7 C Temperatures above 7 C may rewind the clock Temperatures below 0 C are essentially invisible and the clock does not advance Chilling Hours 2012-2013 1800 1600 Missouri 1400 1200 1000 New York 800 600 400 South Dakota 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Chilling Hours 2013-2014 1800 1600 1400 Missouri 1200 1000 New York 800 600 400 South Dakota 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May

Chilling hours are different based on geography, due to climate differences Winter warming will tend to increase chilling hours in northern growing regions NY 1300 SD 900 MO 1500 Warm/Mild Winter Higher Chilling Hours NY 1100 SD 800 MO 1200 Cold Winter Lower Chilling Hours 2012-2013 1800 1600 Missouri 1400 1200 1000 New York 800 600 400 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May 2013-2014 South Dakota 1800 1600 1400 Missouri 1200 1000 New York 800 600 400 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May South Dakota

Why would a mild vs. cold winter matter?

Chilling Hours in Geneva NY 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30 Mild/Cool Winter Cold Punctuated Winter 200 0 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15-200 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Cold Sustained Winter

Chilling Hours in Geneva NY 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Warm/Mild Winters are dangerous as vines are super-chilled and will burst early/faster in spring. Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30 Early Budburst 2012 Followed by frost event Late Budburst 2013/2014 No major frost event 0 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15-200 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

Chilling hours Chilling hours = 750 Riesling = Synchronous 50% Budburst at 4 wks Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous

Chilling hours Chilling hours = 750 Riesling = Synchronous 50% Budburst at 4 wks Increased chilling hours results in super-optimal chilling of vines, tighter flowering time, but more rapid spring budburst. Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous

Conserved response to chilling in wild grape All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Southern Different species (genotypes) have different chilling requirements. High chill-slow Moderate We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits Northern Low chill-rapid Chilling Hours

Conserved response to chilling in wild grape All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Southern Different species (genotypes) have different chilling requirements. We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits Northern It is possible to over-chill or provide super-optimal chilling. This makes buds more synchronous and break bud faster. Chilling Hours

Variation in response to chilling and super-optimal chilling within 43 wild grape genotypes of V. riparia 60 50 If wild riparia is used in breeding programs for cold hardy Hybrid grapes, it may be beneficial to select southern material to avoid inadvertently breeding for rapid budburst Days needed for Budburst 40 30 20 Northern Southern Another alternative may be to breed with non-riparia species, but hardiness needs to be tested in Northern Plains 10 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Hours of chilling at 4 C

What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? 1800 1600 1400 2012-2013 Chilling hours determines budburst synchronicity, and budburst speed 1200 1000 800 600 Need to use low chill varieties for the Northern growing regions for budburst and synchronous flowering. 400 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May However, these varieties are also the most at risk of super-optimal chilling and frost, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast. Missouri New York South Dakota

What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? 1800 2012-2013 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Chilling Hour Requirements Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch Missouri/New York Synchronized Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized and over-chilled 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? 1800 2012-2013 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Chilling Hour Requirements Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch South Dakota Desynchronized Synchronized if late spring Synchronized Synchronized and over-chilled 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? 1800 1600 2012-2013 V. riparia based hybrids are likely to also be at risk to spring frost due to low chill phenotypes. Marquette? Frontenac? St. Croix? Others? 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Vitis riparia chilling Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? 1800 1600 2012-2013 Range of wild Vitis chilling However, lots of variation in chilling hours if you use additional wild species in breeding programs. Breeding for a warmer, but less stable, future. 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Vitis riparia chilling Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota Projected minimum temperature increase by 2070 2000 1800 1600 New York 1400 1200 1000 South Dakota 800 600 400 http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/modelcombo.htm 200 0-200 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota 2000 1800 1600 New York 1400 1200 1000 South Dakota 800 600 400 200 0-200 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota 2000 1800 1600 New York + 2 C New York has delayed chilling in Fall, but increased chilling by spring 1400 1200 1000 800 South Dakota + 2 C South Dakota has little effect in Fall, but increased chilling by spring 600 400 200 0-200 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota 2000 1800 New York + 2 C 407.5 hours more 1600 1400 1200 1000 South Dakota + 2 C 249 hours more 800 600 400 200 0 For every 100 hours of chilling, can predict an increased budburst rate of ~1.3 days, or 31 hours. -200 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota 2000 1800 New York + 2 C average of 5.17 days faster 1600 1400 1200 1000 South Dakota + 2 C average of 3.2 days faster 800 600 400 200 0 For every 100 hours of chilling, can predict an increased budburst rate of ~1.3 days, or 31 hours. -200 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

Looking Ahead. Predicted Warm 2015-2016 Winter

Conclusions Winter extremes are more likely to happen with a warmer pole and weakened trade wind system, so bud hardiness must be retained for acute cold. Not foolproof Warmer winters may over-chill grapevines in Northern growing regions, increasing risk for frost event damage. http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/2012/4-18/grapes.html

Conclusions Acclimation, midwinter hardiness, dormancy, and budburst are complex phenotypes in grape and differences are driven by both genetics, and geography/climate. Need to select for both midwinter survival, and chilling hour phenotypes based on climate. Endodormancy Ecodormancy

Conclusions Maximal hardiness is determined by the type of winter This means damage from severe midwinter cold events are very difficult to prevent. Cultivar choice helps, but is not possible to prevent all damage. All wild species have potential in breeding.

Conclusions Chilling hours and dormancy level along with spring temperatures determines frost risk. This risk is different based on geography. 2012-2013 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0-200 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

Conclusions Climate change is projected to result in warmer, northern winters. This will increase chilling hour accumulation, leading to super-optimal chilling of all varieties. Hybrid varieties with low chill pedigrees may be at higher risk to frost damage due to the combination of genetics and climate changes. 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0-200 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr 2012-2013 NY 2012-2013 Warm NY 2012-2013 SD 2012-2013 Warm SD V. riparia and V. amurensis based hybrids at highest risk, but must be evaluated at multiple locations Breeding programs shouldn t be afraid of trying southern species.

Questions? USDA Kathleen Deys Jacquelyn Lillis Nancy Consolie Bill Srmack John Keeton Bob Martens Greg Noden Cornell Alisson Kovaleski Bruce Reisch Bill Wilsey Tim Martinson Chrislyn Particka Beth Takacs Steve Luce Lynn Johnson Anne Fennell - SDSU Michela Centinari Penn State