Famil: Taxo: Solaaceae Brufelsia americaa Som: Commo Name lad-of-the-ight Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L(Hawai'i) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -3 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 5/25/2010 Brufelsia americaa (Solaaceae) Page 1 of 6
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L(Hawai'i) WRA Score -3 Prit Date: 5/25/2010 Brufelsia americaa (Solaaceae) Page 2 of 6
Supportig Data: 101 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 201 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees for the Tropical Ladscape. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 202 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees for the Tropical Ladscape. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 203 2003. Llamas, K. A.. Tropical Flowerig Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 204 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 205 2009. Chog, K.Y./Ta, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plat Flora of Sigapore: Native, Naturalized ad Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversit Research, Natioal Uiversit of Sigapore, Sigapore 205 2010. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Lad of the Night. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/70946/ 205 2010. efloras. Flora of Pakista - Solaaceae. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=5 &taxo_id=10828 301 2000. Liogier, A. H./ Martorell, L. F.. Flora of Puerto Rico ad adjacet islads: a sstematic sopsis. La Editorial, UPR, Sa Jua, Puerto Rico No evidece that Brufelsia americaa is highl domesticated Native to the West Idies Native to the West Idies zoes 10-11 origiall from the West Idies cultivated ol [Sigapore] Brooksville, Florida Clearwater, Florida Haies Cit, Florida Hollwood, Florida Jupiter, Florida Melrose, Florida Miami, Florida (2 reports) Tampa, Florida Thootosassa, Florida Mililai, Hawaii Lafaette, Louisiaa Lake Charles, Louisiaa Cedar Park, Texas Housto, Texas Seabrook, Texas Sprig, Texas Brufelsia americaa L., Sp. Pl. 191.1753; Baile, Stad. Cclop. Hort. 1:582. 1919. A ative of S. America. Reportedl cultivated (Price List Catalogue, Gadhi, Gardes, Karachi 1958). A free flowerig shrub. The fragrat white flowers fade to ellow with age. I woodlads at lower to middle elevatios i the easter moutais ad souther slopes of cetral Cordillera, Puerto Rico, probabl a escape from cultivatio [possibl aturalized?] 302 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia americaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/brufelsia_ameri caa/ Listed as a cultivatio escape, weed [cites Liogier (2000), which does ot provide evidece that B. americaa is a garde weed. See aswer to Questio 3.01] 303 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia americaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/brufelsia_ameri caa/ No evidece of B. americaa as a weed of Agricultural/forestr/horticultural 304 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia americaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/brufelsia_ameri caa/ No evidece of B. americaa as a evirometal weed 305 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia calcia [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/brufelsia_calci a/ Brufelsia calcia listed as a weed, but o evidece of impacts or cotrol foud 305 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia itida [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/brufelsia_itida / Brufelsia itida listed as a weed, but o evidece of impacts or cotrol foud Prit Date: 5/25/2010 Brufelsia americaa (Solaaceae) Page 3 of 6
305 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Brufelsia pauciflora [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/brufelsia_pauci flora/ Brufelsia pauciflora listed as a weed, but o evidece of impacts or cotrol foud 401 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. Uarmed shrubs or trees, 402 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of allelopath for B. americaa 403 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Not parasitic 404 2004. Crescet Bloom. Brufelsia americaa. Deer resistat: o http://www.crescetbloom.com/plats/specime/b o/brufelsia%20americaa.htm 404 2009. Harriso, M.. Flowerig Shrubs ad Small Trees for the South. Pieapple Press Ic, Sarasota, FL 405 2009. Harriso, M.. Flowerig Shrubs ad Small Trees for the South. Pieapple Press Ic, Sarasota, FL 405 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees for the Tropical Ladscape. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 406 1987. Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 406 2006. Brooks, F.. List of Plat Diseases i America Samoa 2006. America Samoa Commuit College Lad Grat Program, Pago Pago, AS 407 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 407 2010. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Lad of the Night. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/70946/ Like ma members of the ightshade famil, Brufelsia cotais poisoous substaces. The berries are extremel toxic, ad all parts of the plat (flowers, leaves, berries ad seeds) should be cosidered toxic to aimals. Dogs appear to be particularl attracted to the berries ad seeds. Like ma members of the ightshade famil, Brufelsia cotais poisoous substaces. The berries are extremel toxic, ad all parts of the plat (flowers, leaves, berries ad seeds) should be cosidered toxic to aimals. Dogs appear to be particularl attracted to the berries ad seeds. Because related species produce toxis, it is wise to avoid igestig a part of the plat. Isects/Diseases: For grasshoppers, appl diazio [o other pests or pathoges metioed] Brufelsia americaa L. [lad-of-the-ight] Colletotrichum sp. athracose (ASLG296P) Lasiodiplodia theobromae o athracose lesio (ASLG297P) [diseases recorded i America Samoa, o idicatio that B. americaa is a importat alterate host] The fruits are reported to be poisoous 408 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece that plat is a fire hazard Dager: Seed is poisoous if igested. Parts of plat are poisoous if igested 409 2003. Llamas, K. A.. Tropical Flowerig Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 409 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 409 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees for the Tropical Ladscape. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 410 1987. Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 410 2003. Llamas, K. A.. Tropical Flowerig Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 411 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Full to part su. prefers hot, su, dr areas with rich, well-draied soil Plat it i full su i a good, well-draied soil. Adaptable; will grow almost awhere i Hawaii except i salt-exposed areas; prefers hot, dr, su locatios with rich, well-watered, well-draied soil. Humus-rich, well-draied soil; eutral ph. Shrub aroud 10 feet tall [ot climbig or smotherig] Prit Date: 5/25/2010 Brufelsia americaa (Solaaceae) Page 4 of 6
412 1918. Britto, N.L.. The flora of the America Virgi Islads. New York Botaical Garde, New York, NY 501 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 502 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 503 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 504 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 601 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 602 1987. Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 602 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 602 2002. MacCubbi, T./Tasker, G.. Florida Gardeer's Guide. Cool Sprigs Press, Frakli, TN 602 2010. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Lad of the Night. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/70946/ Thickets ad hillsides [occurs as a compoet of thickets, but o evidece that species forms dese thickets or moocultures] Terrestrial Solaaceae Solaaceae [ot a itroge fixig wood plat] Not a geophte No evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat Grow from seeds or cuttigs 603 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Abilit to hbridize ukow 604 1998. Plowma, T. C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: 1 135. 605 2010. Kapp, S.. O various cotrivaces : polliatio, phloge ad flower form i the Solaaceae. Philosophical Trasactios of the Roal Societ B: Biological scieces. 365: 449-460. 606 1998. Plowma, T. C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: 1 135. 607 2010. Shoot Gardeig. Brufelsia americaa (Lad of the ight). http://www.shootgardeig.co.uk/plat/brufelsiaamericaa 5-10 ears to maturit 701 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. Propagate b cuttigs; sometimes propagated b seeds. To sow seeds, remove the ski ad pulp, push seeds just beeath the surface of a 50-50 mix of peat moss ad perlite, ad keep moist. Propagatio Methods: From seed; direct sow outdoors i fall From seed; witer sow i veted cotaiers, coldframe or uheated greehouse Direct sow as soo as the groud ca be worked From seed; sow idoors before last frost From seed; direct sow after last frost All species were artificiall self-polliated, although selfig appears to take place aturall. The dehiscig athers lie ver close to the stigma, ad loose polle ma easil fall upo it. However, o viable seed was produced from a of the self-polliated idividuals, idicatig that these species are self- icompatible. Fruits were occasioall produced spotaeousl i B. pilosa ad B. desifolia, but these cotaied completel aborted seeds. I Brufelsia, the South America species have either moth (e.g. Brufelsia guiaesis) or butterfl (e.g. Brufelsia gradiflora, figure 1e) flowers, while the Caribbea taxa (thought to be moophletic b Plowma 1998) are all log-tubed (e.g. Brufelsia americaa) ad probabl polliated b sphigid moths, except for the Cuba edemic Brufelsia cestroides, which has bright red, presumabl hummigbird-polliated flowers. Vegetative reproductio ma also occur to a limited extet b the rootig of broke braches o the forest floor. This has bee observed i B. chiricaspi [some species of Brufelsia ca spread vegetativel, but ukow for B. americaa] Fruit a globose to ovoid flesh or coriaceous, mostl idehiscet berr; seeds large, prismatic, the embro straight or slightl curved i flesh edosperm. [No evidece, ad o meas of exteral attachmet] Prit Date: 5/25/2010 Brufelsia americaa (Solaaceae) Page 5 of 6
702 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 703 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. 704 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. 705 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. 706 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. 706 1987. Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 706 1998. Plowma, T. C.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa Bota. 39: 1 135. 707 1973. Woodso, Jr., R. E./Scher, R. W./D'Arc, W. G.. Flora of Paama. Part IX. Famil 170. Solaaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 60: 573-780. 708 1987. Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 801 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 801 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 802 2008. Liu, K./Eastwood, R. J./Fl, S./Turer, R. M./Stupp, W. H.. Seed Iformatio Database (release 7.1, Ma 2008). http://www.kew.org/data/sid commol cultivated for its show flowers that are fragrat at ight.the flowers are used i lei makig [plated itetioall as a orametal]. Fruit a globose to ovoid flesh or coriaceous, mostl idehiscet berr; seeds large, prismatic, the embro straight or slightl curved i flesh edosperm. [No evidece of produce cotamiatio] Fruit a globose to ovoid flesh or coriaceous, mostl idehiscet berr; seeds large, prismatic, the embro straight or slightl curved i flesh edosperm. [No adaptatios for wid dispersal] Fruit a globose to ovoid flesh or coriaceous, mostl idehiscet berr; seeds large, prismatic, the embro straight or slightl curved i flesh edosperm. [No evidece of adaptatios for water dispersal] Fruit a globose to ovoid flesh or coriaceous, mostl idehiscet berr; seeds large, prismatic, the embro straight or slightl curved i flesh edosperm. [flesh-fruited, geus descriptio] Roud, orage-colored, 1/2-ich berries ma appear o the plat at the same time with flowers. The ol species of Brufelsia that occurs toda i the Lesser Atilles is B. americaa, the least specialized ad most widel distributed species of the geus. It is also foud i Puerto Rico ad the eastermost tip of Hispaiola. This plat has flesh, bright orage fruits that ma be carried b birds from islad to islad. The agec of log-distace dispersal b birds caot be igored i cosiderig the migratio of Brufelsia ito the Caribbea, although a path of "islad hoppig" seems more logical. Fruit a globose to ovoid flesh or coriaceous, mostl idehiscet berr; seeds large, prismatic, the embro straight or slightl curved i flesh edosperm. [No evidece for exteral aimal dispersal, ad o meas of exteral attachmet] Roud, orage-colored, 1/2-ich berries ma appear o the plat at the same time with flowers. [flesh fruits presumabl adapted for cosumptio b ad passage through gut of disperser] Propagate b cuttigs; sometimes propagated b seeds [suggests seed productio is ot sufficiet to achieve such high desities] Shrub aroud 10 feet tall [o evidece for such high seed desities i Hawaiia Islads] Storage Behaviour: Orthodox? Storage Coditios: This species ma show orthodox seed storage behaviour [persistece of seed bak i field coditios ukow] 803 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow [o iformatio foud o cotrol of this species, although a stadard herbicide used to cotrol wood species would probabl be effective] 804 1987. Cla, H.F./Hubbard, J.C.. The Hawaii Garde: Tropical Shrubs. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI 804 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees for the Tropical Ladscape. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu, HI It should be prued ol lightl Although ol growig to 10 feet i height, it ca be prued ito a small tree to shade a walkwa or frame a etr [but see Staples ad Herbst 2005) 805 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if effective atural eemies preset locall Prit Date: 5/25/2010 Brufelsia americaa (Solaaceae) Page 6 of 6