UUED TOMATISORDID VALVE JA MAI

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364 UUED TOMATISORDID VALVE JA MAI ABSTRACT. The new tomato varieties Valve and Mai. At the Jõgeva Plant Breeding Institute have been developed two new early-ripening, high yielding, disease resistant and with good flavour tomato varieties Valve and Mai. These varieties are suitable for growing in unheated glass and plastic greenhouses. Breeding of tomatoes was started in 1945 at the Jõgeva PBI. The varieties suitable for growing in outdoor conditions was the objective of the first period. The next period started in 1968 with breeding of the varieties suitable for growing mainly for unheated and plastic greenhouses. A lot of varieties from many countries have been studied in various collection trials during the years. The best varieties, perspective breeds and hybrids have been used in breeding of new varieties. The breeding method has been crossing and continual selection of breeding material. The variety Valve (N 1621) was selected from cross between the hybrid variety Verlioka F 1 (Russia) and local breed N 941. Crossing was made in 1990. Mother of the local breed N 941 was local variety Koit. Breeding of variety Koit was started in 1946. It was taken to the Official Variety List in 1968. Variety Valve is semideterminate, with generative growth which ends after 6. or 7. fruit cluster. Plant is medium sized. Foliation is semierect. Leaf is rather broad with medium length, intensity of green colour is medium. Inflorescence is uniparous or multiparous. Fruit is medium sized, average weight of 90 95 g. Shape of fruit is variable, from rounded up to oblong. Ripening fruit is light green. Ripe fruit is red. The variety `Valve is earlyripening, with high yielding, resistance to leaf mold (Fulvia fulva (Cke) Cifferi) and resistance to cracking of fruits. The variety Mai (N 1653) was selected from the cross of the local breed (N 1581) and local hybrid (N 1638) F 1. Crossing was made in 1993. The variety Mai is determinate and with generative growth. Pose of leaf is horizontal. Leaf is short with medium width. Plant is with slow regeneration of side shoots. Inflorescence is multiparous. Fruit is round and small, average weight of 60 65 g. Dominate number of locules is 2. Ripening fruit is light green. Ripe fruit is red. The variety Mai is early-ripening, disease resistance and resistant to cracking of fruits. Keywords: breeding, continual selection, crossing, hybrid, local breed, variety. Sissejuhatus Tomatiaretus on toimunud Jõgeva Sordiaretuse Instituudis alates 1945. aastast. Esialgu piirduti avamaal kasvatatava tomati aretamisega. Alates 1968. aastast aretati tomateid peamiselt kütteta klaas- ja kilekasvuhoonetes kasvatamiseks (Jaagus, 1994). Selline aretustöö on toimunud jätkuvalt käesoleva ajani. Käesoleva uurimistöö eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada, millised on aretiste N 1621 ( Valve ) ja N 1653 ( Mai ) saagi- ja kvaliteedinäitajad võrreldes olemasolevate standardsortidega ning nende perspektiivikus. Võtmesõnad: aretus, hübriidsort, individuaalvalik, kohalik aretis, ristamine, sort. Materjal ja metoodika Kogu aretustöö jooksul on kollektsiooniaeda uuritud ja katsetatud hulgaliselt teiste maade tomatisorte. Nende hulgast on välja valitud sobivamad aretustööks, mida siis on kasutatud ristlusvanematena. Peale kollektsiooniaia paremate sortide on tomatisortide Valve ja Mai aretuses kasutatud aretustöö käigus saadud perspektiivsemaid aretisi ning hübriide. Aretustöö meetodiks on olnud ristamine ja saadud hübriidide korduv individuaalvalik. Aretusmaterjali on hinnatud varavalmivuse, saagikuse, haiguskindluse jt näitajate poolest. Saaki koristati 2 korda nädalas, loeti viljad ning kaaluti kogu kaubanduslik ja mittekaubanduslik saak (haiged ja lõhenenud viljad). Saagiandmete analüüsimisel kasutati dispersioonanalüüsi. Haiguste esinemise (tabel 2) ja biokeemiliste näitajate (tabel 3) analüüsimisel on kasutatud aritmeetilist keskmist. Tulemused ja arutelu Tomatisordi Valve (N 1621) vanemateks on hübriidsort Verlioka F 1 ja kohalik aretis N 941 (joonis 1). Ristamine toimus 1990. aastal. Aretise N 941 emasordiks olnud sort Koit, mis anti sordina üle 1963. aastal ja

Uued tomatisordid Valve ja Mai 365 riiklikku sordilehte kanti 1968. aastal, saadi 1946. aastal sortide Gruntovõi skorospelõi 1165 ja Potentate (Jaagus, 1970) ristamisel. Tomatisort Koit on ka sordi Mai esivanemaks nii ema kui ka isa kaudu. Sort Koit on andnud oma järglastele varavalmivuse ja saagikuse. Verlioka F1 Valve (N1621) N 941 Koit Vetomold Joonis 1. Sordi Valve põlvnemisskeem Figure 1. Full breeding of the variety Valve Tomatisordi Mai (N 1653) vanemateks on kohalik aretis N 1581 ja hübriid N 1638 F 1. Ristamine toimus 1993. aastal (joonis 2). Hübriidi N 1638 F 1 emasordiks olev G-1-92 on 1992. aastal saadud tundmatu päritoluga var. grandifolium tüüpi vähe külgvõrseid andev homogeenne sort. Harkovtšanin F1 N 1581 Sonatine F1 Erk Mai (N 1653) Koit N 1638 F1 G-1-92 Koit Joonis 2. Sordi Mai põlvnemisskeem Figure 2. Full breeding of the variety Mai Tabelist 1 on näha, et uus sort Valve ületab viie aasta andmete põhjal standardit Visa F 1 usutavalt taimel valminud ja kogu kaubandusliku saagi poolest. Ületamine on tingitud eelkõige sellest, et sordi Valve viljad ei lõhene ning peaaegu kogu saak on standardne. Ka varajane saak on mõnel katseaastal (1998 ja 2000) olnud usutavalt suurem. Standard Erk on samuti nagu uus sort homogeenne, suure saagiga, kuid ta on vegetatiivse kasvuga sort ning võrsete võtmine on väga töömahukas, suured viljakobarad murduvad kergesti taimelt ja esimesed viljad ei ole korrapärase kujuga. Sort Valve on ruugehallituskindel ning viljade nakatumine hahkhallitusse on väiksem standardsortidest (tabel 2). Sordi Valve biokeemilised näitajad on madalamad kui hübriidsordil Visa F 1, kuid praktiliselt võrdsed sordiga Erk (tabel 3). Tomatisort Valve on pooldeterminantne, lõpetab kasvu 6. või 7. viljakobara järel. Taim on keskmise kasvutugevusega, generatiivse kasvuga. Lehestik kasvu algul poolpüstine. Leht küllalt lai, keskmise pikkusega, rohelise värvuse intensiivsus keskmine. Õisik võib olla nii ühe- kui mitmeharuline. Vili keskmise suurusega, vilja keskmine mass 90 95 g. Vilja kuju on varieeruv, ümarast kuni veidi piklikuni, vili peaaegu sile, ribideta. Domineeriv seemnekambrite arv on 2 või 3. Valmiv vili on heleroheline ja puudub roheline krae. Valminud vili ja viljaliha punane. 1000 seemne mass 3,19 g. Sort on varavalmiv, suure saagiga, vastupidav ruugehallitusele ja viljad on lõhenemiskindlad. Uus sort on sobiv nii väikeaiapidajale kui ka turule tootmiseks kevadkasvuhoonetes kasvatades. Uus sort Mai ületab standardsorte Koit ja Mato nii taimel valminud kui kogu kaubandusliku saagi poolest (tabel 1). Varajaselt saagilt jääb alla sordile Koit, ruugehallitusele vastupidavus on aga parem (tabel 2). Biokeemilistest näitajatest jääb kuivaine, suhkrute ja askorbiinhappe sisalduse poolest alla sordile Koit, kuid sordiga Mato on võrdne.

366 Tabel 1. Uute sortide saagikus (kg/m²) Jõgeva Sordiaretuse Instituudi kevadkasvuhoonetes 1997. 2001. a Table 1. The yield (kg/m²) of the new varieties in unheated greenhouses at the Jõgeva PBI in 1997 2001 Näitaja Sort Aasta / Year Keskmine % standardist Item Variety 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Average % of standard Varajane saak uus/new Valve 0,89 1,12 3,20 1,60 1,86 1,73 105,5 / 104,4 kuni 01.08. standard I Visa F1 0,59 0,57 3,75 1,19 2,10 1,64 Yield up to standard II Erk 1,52 0,89 3,20 0,90 1,63 01.08. LSD 95 0,43 0,26 0,76 0,29 0,63 uus/new Mai 0,80 0,44 3,30 2,08 2,40 1,80 73,2 / 104,7 standard I Koit 1,13 0,44 4,43 3,04 2,26 standard II Mato 0,16 0,36 3,60 2,50 1,98 1,72 LSD 95 0,33 0,31 0,72 0,75 0,63 Taimel valminud uus/new Valve 9,45 7,23 9,73 8,17 6,20 8,16 123,1 / 104,5 kaubanduslik saak standard I Visa F1 7,89 5,68 8,03 6,94 4,59 6,63 Marketable yield standard II Erk 9,91 7,55 8,43 7,20 8,27 matured on plant LSD 95 1,03 1,10 1,41 0,61 1,18 uus/new Mai 8,18 9,28 8,50 7,66 6,60 8,04 134,7 / 105,4 standard I Koit 5,71 6,85 6,40 5,98 6,24 standard II Mato 7,02 8,75 7,60 8,92 5,81 7,63 LSD 95 2,13 1,68 1,54 1,30 1,18 Kaubanduslik uus/new Valve 10,89 7,85 11,08 8,56 6,80 9,04 120,4 / 100,0 kogusaak standard I Visa F1 9,70 6,28 9,38 7,19 5,01 7,51 Marketable standard II Erk 11,94 8,60 9,73 8,11 9,59 total yield LSD 95 1,32 1,08 1,74 0,60 1,20 uus/new Mai 11,21 9,75 10,28 8,31 7,09 9,33 124,2 / 108,7 standard I Koit 7,94 7,43 8,15 6,51 7,51 standard II Mato 8,48 9,58 9,53 9,21 6,11 8,58 LSD 95 3,40 1,81 1,78 1,26 1,20 % standard I-st / standard II-st / % of standard I / of standard II 4 aasta keskmine / four years average Tabel 2. Uute sortide haigustele vastupidavus aastatel 1997 2001 Table 2. Disease resistance of the new varieties during 1997 2001 Näitaja Sort Aasta / Year Keskmine Item Variety 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Average Ruugehallitus uus/new Valve 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 palli süsteemis standard I Visa F1 7 5 5 5 7 5,8 Leaf mold standard II Erk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-9 p (max) uus/new Mai 1 3 1 1 3 1,8 standard I Koit 7 7 6 6 6,5 standard II Mato 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ruugehallitus uus/new Valve 1 1 1 infektsiooni foonil standard I Visa F1 7 7 7 9 palli süsteemis standard II Erk 1 1 1 Leaf mold in uus/new Mai 3 3 3 the background of standard I Koit infection 1-9 p (max) standard II Mato 1 1 1 Hahkhallituses viljade uus/new Valve 1,1 2,1 0 0,5 0,7 0,9 massi % kogusaagist standard I Visa F1 0,4 3,0 0 0,4 1,3 1,0 Infected by gray mold standard II Erk 0,6 3,1 0,5 0,4 2,3 1,4 fruits weight from uus/new Mai 1,1 2,4 0,1 0,1 1,4 1,0 total yield (%) standard I Koit 1,6 2,6 0,2 1,8 1,6 standard II Mato 1,1 4,8 0,9 0,8 1,1 1,7

Uued tomatisordid Valve ja Mai 367 Tomatisort Mai on determinantne. Lehestik asub taimel rõhtsalt. Lehed on lüheldased, keskmise laiusega, keskmiselt rohelised. Moodustab vähe külgvõrseid. Õisik on valdavalt mitmeharuline. Vili on väike, vilja keskmine mass 60 65 g. Vili on sile, ümar, ilma ribideta. Viljad on ühtlase suurusega. Domineeriv seemnekambrite arv on 2. Valmimata vili heleroheline, ilma rohelise kraeta. Valminud vili ja viljaliha punane, 1000 seemne mass 3,32 g. Sort on varavalmiv, suure saagiga, haigustele suhteliselt vastupidav ja viljad on lõhenemiskindlad. Sobib väikeaiapidajatele kevadkasvuhoonetesse või ka kiletunnelitesse. Et sort on generatiivse kasvuga, siis võrsete eemaldamist on vähe. Tabel 3. Uute sortide biokeemilised näitajad aastatel 1998 2001 Table 3. Biochemical data of the new varieties during 1998 2001 Näitaja Sort / Variety Aasta / Year Keskmine % standardist Item 1998 1999 2000 2001 Average % of standard Kuivaine % uus/new Valve 5,21 5,57 6,11 6,04 5,75 84,2 / 98,3 Dry matter % standard I Visa F1 5,94 6,38 7,59 7,32 6,80 standard II Erk 5,86 5,88 5,75 5,83 uus/new Mai 5,43 6,07 5,54 5,49 5,63 89,3 / 105,2 standard I Koit 6,44 6,16 6,3 standard II Mato 5,41 5,54 5,25 5,20 5,35 Suhkrud % uus/new Valve 2,6 2,6 3,3 3,5 3,0 83,3 / 100,0 Sugars % standard I Visa F1 2,9 3,2 4,6 3,8 3,6 standard II Erk 3,0 2,9 3,2 3,0 uus/new Mai 2,3 2,7 2,7 2,8 2,6 72,2 / 100,0 standard I Koit 3,2 4,0 3,6 standard II Mato 2,5 2,8 2,6 2,6 2,6 Askorbiinhape uus/new Valve 17,73 24,43 18,90 26,48 21,89 90,9 / 109,5 mg % standard I Visa F1 18,11 32,39 20,12 25,77 24,09 Ascorbinic acid standard II Erk 16,59 26,94 16,48 20,00 mg % uus/new Mai 14,00 15,06 12,83 24,08 16,49 66,0 / 86,6 standard I Koit 33,30 16,67 24,99 standard II Mato 16,30 20,76 14,71 24,59 19,04 Happed % uus/new Valve 0,60 0,51 0,47 0,51 0,52 85,2 / 92,9 Acids % standard I Visa F1 0,64 0,45 0,72 0,63 0,61 standard II Erk 0,60 0,53 0,54 0,56 uus/new Mai 0,63 0,52 0,58 0,61 0,59 98,3 / 103,5 standard I Koit 0,57 0,63 0,60 standard II Mato 0,64 0,52 0,60 0,51 0,57 % standard I-st / standard II-st / % of standard I / of standard II Kokkuvõte Viie aasta katsete (1997 2001) tulemustest näeme, et uued aretised N 1621 ja N 1653 on saagikuselt võrdväärsed või paremad standardsortidest. Haigustele vastupidavus on uutel aretistel hea. Nad on varavalmivad, generatiivse kasvuga ja sobivad kasvatamiseks kevadkasvuhoonetes nii klaas- kui ka kilemajades. Uued aretised anti 2001. aastal üle riiklikusse katsetusse nimede all Valve ja Mai. Tomatisort Valve on sobiv nii väikeaiapidajale kui ka turule tootmiseks. Sort Valve on pooldeterminantne, lõpetab kasvu 6. või 7. viljakobara järel. Vili keskmise suurusega, vilja keskmine mass 90 95 g. Vilja kuju on varieeruv, ümarast kuni veidi piklikuni, vili peaaegu sile, ribideta. Valmiv vili on heleroheline. Valminud vili ja viljaliha punane. Sort on suure saagiga, vastupidav ruugehallitusele ja viljad lõhenemiskindlad. Tomatisort Mai on determinantne, moodustab vähe külgvõrseid. Õisik on valdavalt mitmeharuline. Vili on väike, vilja keskmine mass 60 65 g, sile, ümar, ilma ribideta. Viljad on ühtlase suurusega. Valmiv vili heleroheline. Valminud vili ja viljaliha punane. Sort on suure saagiga, haigustele suhteliselt vastupidav ja viljad lõhenemiskindlad.

368 Kirjandus Jaagus, V. Tomati sordiaretus Jõgeva Sordiaretuse Instituudis. Agraarteadus, nr 1, lk 11 35, 1994. Jaagus, V. Tomatisort Koit. EMMTUI teaduslike tööde kogumik I, Sordiaretus ja seemnekasvatus, lk 306 310, 1970. The New Tomato Varieties Valve and Mai Summary Breeding of tomatoes was started in 1945 at the Jõgeva PBI. The varieties suitable for growing in outdoor conditions was the objective of the first period. The next period started in 1968 with breeding of the varieties suitable for growing mainly for unheated and plastic greenhouses. The aim of the paper is to compare the characteristics of production and quality of the new breeding numbers N 1621 ( Valve ) and N 1653 ( Mai ) with standard varieties and to clear up the perspective of the new varieties. A lot of varieties from many countries have been studied in various collection trials during the years. The best varieties, perspective breeds and hybrids have been used in breeding of new varieties. The breeding method has been crossing and continual selection of breeding material. Early-ripeness, productiveness, disease resistance and other characteristics of the breeding material have been tested. Yield was harvested twice a week. Fruits were counted, marketable yield and yield of infected and cracked fruits was calculated. Yield data were analysed by analysis of variance and data of disease resistance and results of laboratory analyses by aritmethical mean. The variety Valve (N 1621) was selected from cross between the hybrid variety Verlioka F 1 (Russia) and local breed N 941 (Figure 1). Crossing was made in 1990. The variety Valve is semideterminate, with generative growth that ends after 6. or 7. fruit cluster. Plant is medium sized. Foliation is semierect. Leaf is medium green, rather broad with medium length. Inflorescence is uniparous or multiparous. Fruit is medium sized, average weight of 90 95 g. Shape of fruit is variable, from rounded up to oblong. Ripening fruit is light green. Ripe fruit is red. Number of locules is 2 or 3. The variety Valve is early-ripening, with high productivity, resistant to leaf mold and resistant to cracking of fruits. Early-matured yield of Valve is equal to standards (Table 1). Marketable yield matured on plant and marketable total yield are higher than the most widespread variety in Estonia Visa F 1. Biochemical data of Valve are lower than the same data of Visa F 1, but equal to Erk (Table 3). Valve is resistant to leaf mold and has rather good resistance to gray mold (Table 2). Advantages of Valve are uniform and resistant to cracking of fruits and high production. The variety Mai (N 1653) was selected from the cross between the local breed (N 1581) and local hybrid (N 1638) F 1 (Figure 2). Crossing was made in 1993. Mai is determinate and has generative growth. Pose of leaf is horizontal. Leaf is short with medium width. Plant has slow regeneration of side shoots. Inflorescence is multiparous. Fruit is round and small, average weight of 60 65 g. Dominate number of locules is 2. Ripening fruit is light green. Ripe fruit is red. The variety Mai is early-ripening, resistant to cracking of fruits, with high productivity and disease resistant. The variety Mai has lower early-matured yield than the standard Koit (I), but exceeds credibly marketable yield on plant and marketable total yield (Table 1). The yield of the variety Mai is equal to that standard Mato (II). Content of sugars and ascorbinic acid of Mai are lower than the standard Koit has (Table 3). Content of dry matter and acidity of the variety Mai is a little lower than the I standard has and on the same level with the II standard. The variety Mai is a little susceptible to leaf mold, but susceptibility to gray mold is lower than the standard varieties have (Table 2). Advantages of the variety Mai are nice uniform fruits, low regeneration of side shoots, high productivity and resistance to cracking of fruits.