Million Acres 9.00 US Barley Acreage 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
14.0 Canadian Barley Acreage 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
US Barley Production & Use for Malt CO, ID, MN, MT, ND, WY 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1986 2012 Total Malting Use
Why Has Barley Acreage Declined? Substantial decline in barley and malt exports Static domestic malt use, until recently, but now growing with increased consumption of all malt beers Decline in use for feed = primary secondary use Competition from abundant supplies of corn and dried distillers grain (DDGs) Static & limited food use although has FDA Healthy Heart Claim Shown by USDA Barley Health Benefits Project AMBA lobbying brought about funding High risk crop many chances for failure in making malting grade Good return as malting, low or no return as feed Risks: - Fusarium head blight (scab), other diseases, drought & heat stress, quality requirements Competition with other crops GROWERS HAVE OTHER OPTIONS Corn, soybeans, canola with large and growing markets Substantial investment by biotech seed companies, including GM variety development, in these crops and now wheat
Why Has Barley Acreage Declined? Biotech Crops with improved traits, including GM, have pushed barley out of higher rainfall areas into more marginal, dry ones What happens to barley when it faces competition from GM drought tolerant corn, wheat and other crops that are being developed? Barley research & variety development primarily in public sector State and provincial universities; USDA-ARS and Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Limited and declining public sector investment Limited variety development by companies US = Two brewers, one maltster, one private sector company all traditional breeding - minor part of their business, driven to meet needs, not profit - depend on public sector for other research needs Little or no interest by biotech seed companies in barley Low acreage compared to other major crops Substantial cost to commercialize a GM variety trait ($136 Million)
Positive Accelerating Trend = New Growing Areas Current major growing areas will continue as primary source Idaho, Montana, North Dakota = 70% US barley production (2012-2014) Increased demand for beer & whiskey made with Local barley Serviced by existing large malting companies if logistically feasible For some states, not economical to ship barley to plant and malt back Growing craft malting industry to supply craft brewers & distillers Increase in craft brewers & distillers doing in-house malting
Positive Accelerating Trend = New Growing Areas Roadblocks Varieties adapted to new growing areas with needed quality & agronomics may be lacking Climatic Conditions High moisture, rainfall = more disease (e.g. Fusarium head blight aka Scab) = East Hot, dry conditions = West Solutions being pursued by AMBA & collaborating research programs Variety Trials Development of best management practices Breeding to develop adapted varieties
CANADIAN BARLEY GROWING AREAS ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. (Founded in 1938 as the Malt Research Institute) MISSION: The primary purpose of AMBA is to encourage and support an adequate supply of high quality malting barley for the malting, brewing, distilling and food industries and increase our understanding of malting barley. VISION: To be the leader in improvement, development, and understanding of malting barley in the US.
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. (Founded in 1938 as the Malt Research Institute) AMBA OBJECTIVES Enhance barley competitiveness with other crops. Foster and support research that helps develop higher yielding public sector malting barley varieties with characteristics that mitigate production risk factors to increase acceptance rates. Foster and support research that helps develop traits for public and private sector (member) malting barley varieties that mitigate production risk factors to increase acceptance rates. Favorable federal farm programs, including crop insurance, that mitigate production risks to growers and that do not favor other crops over barley.
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. 2003 Anheuser-Busch, Inc. Miller Brewing Company Sierra Nevada Brewing Company Briess Malting Company Froedtert Malt Great Western Malting Company Cargill Malt Rahr Malting Company
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. REGULAR MEMBERS (24) AB-InBev Bell s Brewery Boston Beer Briess Malt & Ingredients Brooklyn Brewery Brown-Forman Cargill Malt Craft Brew Alliance Deschutes Brewery Dogfish Head Craft Brewery Gambrinus Company Great Western Malting Heineken Mexico InteGrow Malt Malteurop North America MillerCoors New Belgium Brewing New Glarus Brewing Oskar Blues Brewery Rahr Malting Schell s Brewing Sierra Nevada Brewing Stone Brewing Summit Brewing
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (57) Abita Brewing Alaskan Brewing Allagash Brewing Anchor Brewing Ballast Point Brewery & Spirits Bear Republic Brewing Big Sky Malts Blacklands Malt Blue Ox Malthouse Boulevard Brewing Cigar City Brewing C N C Malting Company Cold Spring Brewing Colorado Malting Deer Creek Malthouse Double Eagle Malt Epiphany Craft Malt Farm Boy Farms Firestone Walker Brewing Flying Dog Brewery Founders Brewing Full Sail Brewing Georgetown Brewing Gold Rush Malt Harpoon Brewery Langunitas Brewing Lakefront Brewery Left Hand Brewing Leopold Bros Distillery
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (57) Long Trail Brewing Lost Coast Brewery Malterie Frontenac Matt Brewing New Holland Brewing Odell Brewing Oran Station Brewing Supplies Penns Mault Pilot Malt House Rahr & Sons Brewing Real Ale Brewing Riverbend Malt House Rogue Ales Russian River Brewing Saint Arnold Brewing Schlafly Beer Smuttynose Brewing Southern Tier Brewing Sprecher Brewing Straub Brewery Sun King Brewing Troegs Brewing Uinta Brewing Urban Chestnut Brewing Utah Brewers Cooperative Valley Malt Victory Brewing Wachusett Brewing
US Malting Barley Variety Development Programs (breeding, genetics, supporting and other research) Cornell University, NY Montana State University North Dakota State University Ohio State University Oregon State University University of California Davis University of Minnesota University of Nebraska USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC Utah State University Virginia Tech AMBA member Washington State University AB-InBev Malteurop MillerCoors Limagrain 6 new public sector malting barley breeding programs Funded by AMBA
Other US Malting Barley Research Biochemistry, Genomics, Molecular Biology, Physiology Diseases, Insects, Quality, Management, Variety Trials Programs listed for malting barley variety development plus: Colorado State University Michigan State University North Carolina State University Pennsylvania State University Texas A&M University University of Idaho University of Maryland University of Vermont University of Wyoming USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND USDA-ARS, Madison, WI USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN AMBA funding 8 New malting barley research programs
2015/2016 AMBA Research Grant Program (July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016) AMBA Funding (collective from all members) $493,860 Twenty four projects (let me know if you want a list of projects) Additional Member or Sponsor Funding $20,000 Rahr Malting Two-Row spring variety development, ND State Univ $17,250 Rahr Malting Two-Row spring variety development, Univ of MN $ 500 MI Brewers Guild Barley production in Michigan, MI State Univ $ 1,000 MBAA Mid-Atlantic Winter varieties for Southeastern US, Virginia Tech $ 2,000 MBAA Mid-Atlantic Winter varieties for Southeastern US, USDA-ARS, NC $ 2,000 MBAA Mid-Atlantic Malting & Brewing Quality Research Lab, Virginia Tech $12,000 Sierra Nevada Two-Row winter variety development, OR State Univ $ 3,000 Sierra Nevada Doubled Haploids for US breeders, OR State Univ $15,000 Sierra Nevada Spring & Winter Variety Development, USDA-ARS, ID $ 7,000 Sierra Nevada Disease Resistance, Univ CA-Davis $ 3,000 Sierra Nevada Winter varieties for Southeastern US, USDA-ARS, NC $82,750 $576,619 GRAND TOTAL ALL AMBA ADMINSTERED GRANTS
Current Members and Contributors to BMBRI Canadian and North American Brewers Canadian Craft Brewers Maltsters Associate/ Collaborative ABInBev Bearhill Canada Malting Alberta Barley Sleeman Village Cargill/Prairie SeCan Moosehead Phillips Malteurop Canterra Seeds Great Western Picaroons Rahr FP Genetics Big Rock PEI Malteria Frontenac CPS Ag Sierra Nevada Big Tide Harvest Hops/Malt Syngenta New Belgium Beaus SK Barley Comm Flying Monkeys Additional Advisory Members: AMBA, AAFC, CGC, WGRF, CMBTC, etc
Canadian Malting Barley Variety Development Programs Primary (public sector) AAFC, Brandon, MB University of Saskatchewan Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Secondary Sapporo Breweries Ltd. US Varieties are entered into Canadian testing system for potential registration and production Brewing & Malting Barley Research Institute (BMBRI) AMBA s Canadian Counterpart
Current Major Canadian Barley Breeding and Research Investment Programs: 1. New: Canadian Barley Industry Consortium which is investing over $3 million of industry/grower funds with a further $8 million of federal government. Total of $11 million in the 2013-2018 period. This is under the Canadian Agri-Innovation (AIP) Program. BMBRI and provincial grower Commissions and Foundations are the major partners in this funding consortium 2. Ongoing: Investment by Western Grains Research Foundation (WGRF) in core barley breeding programs at University of Saskatchewan and Agriculture Canada, Brandon 3. Ongoing: Provincial breeding program at Alberta Agriculture Lacombe 4. Ongoing: Some smaller programs in Eastern Canada
Current BMBRI Grants for Malting Barley Breeding/Research Projects: Agriculture Canada Brandon, MB New Variety Breeding Agriculture Canada Charlottetown, PEI Eastern Canada Malting Barley Production Agriculture Canada Lacombe, AB Barley Agronomy University of Saskatchewan New Variety Breeding Alberta Agriculture Lacombe, AB - Breeding and Agronomy Alberta Agriculture Vegreville, AB Breeding/Agronomy Research
2015 AMBA Research Strategic Goals (H High; M- Medium; L- Low) MALTING BARLEY VARIETY DEVELOPMENT H H H H H H L Technologies to accelerate variety development Increased yields Winter varieties Resistance to abiotic stress & factors Drought, Heat Low temperature tolerance Seed germination, Overwintering Preharvest sprouting Lodging resistance National and Regional screening nurseries Clearfield (imidazolinone) tolerant barley Rated low due to intellectual property issues with trait
M MANAGEMENT PRACTICES PESTS M Insects Russian wheat aphid Bird cherry oat aphid H M L H IMPROVED QUALITY Quality evaluation of lines and varieties Includes improved quality evaluation technologies and increased throughput Fermentability prediction Glucanase assays Flavor screening of barley
H Disease Resistance Fusarium head blight (scab) Ug99 and other stem Rusts Strip rust Net blotch Spot blotch Septoria speckled leaf blotch Powdery mildew (winter barley) Root diseases Bacterial leaf streak Barley & Cereal yellow dwarf viruses M OTHER Increased secondary market uses Food & feed for barley that does not meet malting specifications Straw for biofuels
BMBRI Desired Traits for Malting Barley Breeders and Researchers Characteristic In Breeding For Research Aribinoxylan Measurement + Balanced Modification + Consistent Barley Quality Across Regions + Sensory Properties + + Enzyme Activities * + Extract + + Fermentability + FHB Resistance + Hull Adherence + Long Term Germination + Pre Harvest Sprout Tolerance + Protein* + Varietal Identification +
American Malting Barley Association, Inc. Barley Factors November, 2010 MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA Two-Row Barley Six-Row Barley Plump Kernels (on 6/64) > 90% > 80% Thin Kernels (thru 5/64) < 3% < 3% Germination (4ml 72 hr. GE) > 98% > 98% Protein 13.0% 13.5% Skinned & Broken Kernels < 5% < 5% Malt Factors Total Protein 12.8% 13.3% on 7/64 screen > 70% > 60% Measures of Malt Modification Beta-Glucan (ppm) < 100 < 120 F/C Difference* < 1.2 < 1.2 Soluble/Total Protein* 40-47% 42-47% Turbidity (NTU) < 10 < 10 Viscosity (absolute cp) < 1.50 < 1.50 Congress Wort Soluble Protein 4.4-5.6% 5.2-5.7% Extract (FG db) > 81.0% > 79.0% Color ( ASBC) 1.6-2.5 1.8-2.5 FAN > 190 > 200 Malt Enzymes Diastatic Power ( ASBC)* > 120 > 140 Alpha Amylase (DU)* > 50 > 50
MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA Six-Row Adjunct Two-Row All Malt Two-Row AMBA Member Interest* 20% 55% 25% Barley Factors Plump Kernels (on 6/64) > 80% > 90% > 90% Thin Kernels (thru 5/64) < 3% < 3% < 3% Germination (4ml 72 hr. GE) > 98% > 98% > 98% Protein 13.0% 13.0% 12.0% Skinned & Broken Kernels < 5% < 5% < 5% Malt Factors Total Protein 12.8% 12.8% 11.8% on 7/64 screen > 60% > 70% > 75% * Based on a dues weighted survey of AMBA s Regular Members. JUNE, 2014
MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA Six-Row Adjunct Two-Row All Malt Two-Row Measures of Malt Modification Beta-Glucan (ppm) < 120 < 100 < 100 F/C Difference < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 Soluble/Total Protein 42-47% 40-47% 38-45% Turbidity (NTU) < 10 < 10 < 10 Viscosity (absolute cp) < 1.50 < 1.50 < 1.50 Congress Wort Soluble Protein 5.2-5.7% 4.8-5.6% < 5.3% Extract (FG db) > 79.0% > 81.0% > 81.0% Color ( ASBC) 1.8-2.5 1.6-2.5 1.6-2.8 FAN > 210 > 210 140-190 Malt Enzymes Diastatic Power ( ASBC) > 150 > 120 110-150 Alpha Amylase (DU) > 50 > 50 40-70 General Comments Barley should mature rapidly, break dormancy quickly without pregermination and germinate uniformly. The hull should be thin, bright and adhere tightly during harvesting, cleaning and malting. Malted barley should exhibit a well-balanced, modification in a conventional malting schedule with four day germination. Malted barley must provide desired beer flavor
BMBRI Guidelines to Breeders for Different Brewing Market Segments All Malt 2R (Craft) (Increasing) Adjunct 2R (Mainstream) Adjunct 6R (Declining) Extract, fg, db % >80 (High as possible) >80 (High as possible) >79 (High as possible) Protein, db% < 11.5 > 11.5 > 11.5 Sol. Protein, db% < 5.0 > 5.0 > 5.0 KI (S/T), % 38-45 42 47 42 47 Enzymes/DP, L low/med 100-120 : 120-140 med/high 120-140 : >140 med/high 125-145 : >145 Beta Glucan, mg/l Variable, 135 Max Low as possible Low as possible FAN, mg/l < 200 > 200 > 200
AMBA Quality Evaluation Program Step 1 - Micro malting evaluations @ USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit (CCRU), Madison, WI 5,000 to 6,000 lines/year AMBA provides supporting funds AMBA is working with CCRU to increase capacity Step 2 - AMBA pilot scale malting evaluations by collaborating members - Average of 35+ lines/year
AMBA Quality Evaluation Program Step 3 AMBA Plant Scale Evaluation Program (Maltster) 10 Lines in Testing VARIETY/LINE PROGRAM BREWER(S) TESTING Western Winter Two-Row Aberdeen-W1, -W2, -W3 USDA-ARS, ID AB-InBev, Boston, New Belgium, (Briess) New Glarus, Sierra Nevada OR-W1, -W2 OR State Univ AB-InBev, Boston, Deschutes, Sierra Nevada (Great Western) Western Spring Two-Row Aberdeen-S1 USDA-ARS, ID New Belgium, Sierra Nevada Aberdeen-S2 USDA-ARS, ID Boston (Briess) Midwest Spring Two-Row ND-Genesis (2ND25276) ND State Univ AB-InBev, Bell s, MillerCoors, Schell s (Rahr) 2ND28065 ND State Univ Boston, MillerCoors, New Belgium, (Rahr) Oskar Blues Midwest Spring Six-Row ND26891 ND State Univ AB-InBev, MillerCoors (Rahr)
AMBA 2015 Recommended Varieties AAC Syngery (2015) ABI Voyager (2014) AC Metcalfe (2005) CDC Copeland (2007) CDC Meredith (2013) Charles* (2009) Conlon (2000) Conrad (2007) Expedition (2013) Harrington (1989) Hockett (2010) Merit (2000) Merit 57 (2010) Moravian 37 (2010) Moravian 69 (2010) Pinnacle (2011) Scarlett (2008) Wintmalt* (2013) * Winter barley (year added) Two-Row Agriculture & Agrifood Canada AB-InBev Agriculture & Agrifood Canada University of Saskatchewan University of Saskatchewan USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID North Dakota State University AB-InBev Malteurop University of Saskatchewan Montana State University AB-InBev AB-InBev MillerCoors MillerCoors North Dakota State University Saatzucht Joseph Breun GdbH, Germany KWS Lochow, Germany
AMBA 2015 Recommended Varieties Six-Row Celebration (2011) Innovation (2014) Lacey (2000) Legacy (2001) Quest (2011) Robust (1984) Stellar-ND (2006) Thoroughbred (2015) Tradition (2004) AB-InBev AB-InBev University of Minnesota AB-InBev University of Minnesota University of Minnesota North Dakota State University Virginia Tech AB-InBev
Older and Newer Canadian 2R Varieties, in Commercial Production, Testing or in pipeline U of S: CDC Copeland, CDC Reserve, CDC Meredith, CDC Kindersley, TR11127, TR 12135 (recommended in 2015) Sapporo/U of S: PolarStar, Platinum Star BARI USA: Merit 57 Alberta Agriculture: Bentley Agriculture Canada: AC Metcalfe, Newdale, Major, Cervesa, AAC Synergy, TR12225 (recommended in 2015, proposed name AAC Connect) Above list does not include all registered varieties
Barley Biotechnology Tool Box X - No GM variety development But useful tool for research to elucidate gene function e.g. Genome editing convert 6-row to 2-row/scab resistance Targeted genetic improvements without being transgenic (GM) Induce base pair gene changes by the plant not through gene transformation technology Rapid Trait Development system (RTDS) - Cibus (considered mutagenesis technology by USDA) Doubled Haploid (DH) Barley Line Development Rapid development of genetically homozygous varieties
Barley Biotechnology Toolbox Gene tracking Technology (genotyping) Initial methodology = one gene Current technology = tens of thousands of genes at one time Current major genotyping technology Based on Single Nucletotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Illumina BeadXpress system (old) Illumina iselect system (new) Exome capture sequencing Being replaced by next generation technology for genotyping Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) Gene tracking applications Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) Track introgression of one or a few genes Genomic Selection (GS) Track thousands of genes to develop lines with desired agronomic & quality traits
Barley Biotechnology Challenge $$$ - Most all funding is from limited public sector sources vs billions being invested by biotech seed companies in other crops What do we have for barley biotech research? State universities & USDA-ARS research locations and USDA Grant Programs Includes Four USDA-ARS Small Grains Genotyping Laboratories Fargo, ND; Manhattan, KS; Raleigh, NC; Pullman, WA Created through AMBA & wheat stakeholder lobbying USDA-ARS US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative grant program Created through AMBA & wheat stakeholder lobbying USDA-NIFA Agriculture & Food Research Initiative (AFRI) Competitive Grant Program Grants to individual scientists Large grants for multi-researcher, discipline, and institution coordinated projects Barley Agricultural Coordinated Project (Barley CAP 1) 2005-2010 ($1M/year) Triticeae (barley & wheat) CAP (TCAP) 2011-2015 ($5 M/year) Barley CAP 2?? Barley research community has applied for new grant
Keeping Barley Competitive With Other Crops Barley biotechnology research in of itself is not enough to keep barley competitive with biotech seed company crops Coordinated research in many disciples is needed Breeding, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, pathology, management Need an adequate & effective national public sector barley research infrastructure Stakeholder funding, direction, and collaboration American Malting Barley Association (AMBA) Brewing & Malting Barley Research Institute (BMBRI, Canada) Brewers Association (BA) Individual malting & brewing companies State barley grower organizations
AMBA National Coordinator of US Malting Barley Research Facilities Funding AMBA, BA Federal, State, Growers, Brewers, Maltsters Adequate & Effective National Public Sector Barley Research Infrastructure Personnel Direction AMBA lobbies Congress, Federal Agencies, and State Universities to positively impact all these research infrastructure components AMBA also lobbies with barley growers for favorable federal farm program provisions (e.g. crop insurance)
Challenging, but promising! As long as we all work together to make that happen. Thank You