Australia and Beyond: Research & Grower Experiences Dr. Mercy Olmstead Stone Fruit Extension Specialist
Australia Low-Chill Peach Industry Mainly coastal regions NSW and QLD Late August November Nectarines, peaches, some plums 10% of national sales (vol.) $40 million AUD industry
Philip Wilk, NSW Extension Specialist
Ballina, NSW Robyn & Robert Hood High Valley Orchard Peaches & nectarines 5 ha (12.3 acres) Palmette 1000 trees/ha (2,470 trees/acre)
High Valley Orchard Practices Remove leaves around fruit to prevent wind damage Remove fast growing shoots Fruit spacing 6-8 inches 160 to 180 fruit/tree About 4 trays (11 lbs/each)
Mechanization Use for shoot thinning, fruit thinning Harvesting Movable platform use in Washington State mainly in apples here in U.S.
Challenges Queensland Fruit Fly
Challenges Diseases Botryosphaeria Phytopthora trunk canker Peach rust Brown rot
Challenges Water Irrigation comes from catchment ponds
Cooper s Shoot Orchards Greg Foster Netting one layer for hail protection UFSun, TropicBeauty Palmette, similar density as High Valley
Production Methods UFSun = thins aggressively, but poor flavor in some years Previous Cultar use = smaller trees (*can t use in U.S.) Nitrophosphate = main fertilizer (13-15% N) 13-12-11 1 kg/tree/year
Ideal Fruit Spacing
Training Palmette Trees
Challenges Tree cost: Replaces ~ 500 trees/year ($15.00/tree) Extended bloom period = higher labor costs Similar disease issues with dieback
Uniform Leafing
Challenges Marketing CA peaches = $8.00/lb ($17.60/kg) Some infringement on Australia market Extension Philip Wilk moved to blueberries
RESEARCH UPDATES
Identifying Elements of an Ideal Peach Experience: A Consumer- Centered Approach Mercy Olmstead, T. Colquhoun, C. Sims, R. Kluson, P. Dewar, T. Hopkins, H. Moskowitz
Breed/produce peaches that consumers want! What are the consumer perceptions of peaches? How much are they willing to pay for important traits?
Firmness Bite into peach...and hear a loud crunch Melts in the mouth when you bite into the peach Thin skin that melts away Tough chewy skin Peach clings to the pit Pit easily comes free from the peach flesh Color All-over blush, almost solid red in skin color Mainly yellow skin color, with a slight blush White flesh color Bright yellow flesh color Yellow flesh color with red flesh near the pit Red skin color that bleeds into the flesh Texture Smooth skin with very little fuzz Typical fuzzy peach skin Full of juice Meaty... not juicy Mealy... pasty and dry Crisp and firm Flavor Mild Flavor... but compliments well Bold and intense peach flavor So sweet...no sugar needed Tart peach that wakes the taste buds Soft peach flavor, but are much more floral tasting Sweet rich flavor with mildly tart overtones Size Plump and Round Elongated shape (beaked) with characteristic suture As big as a small softball Small... bite-sized peaches Medium size, like a baseball Flat, shaped like a donut Health & Wellness Full of antioxidants No fat... No cholesterol High in vitamin C A rich source of dietary fiber Organic peaches A low-carb source of nutrients
15 Texture, Color, Health Benefits Male Female 10 5 Interest Value 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 Smooth skin with very little fuzz Typical fuzzy peach skin Full of juice Meaty... not juicy Mealy... pasty and dry Crisp and firm All-over blush, almost solid red in skin color Mainly yellow skin color, with a slight blush White flesh color Bright yellow flesh color Yellow flesh color with red flesh near the pit Red skin color that bleeds into the flesh Full of antioxidants No fat... No cholesterol High in vitamin C A rich source of dietary fiber Organic peaches A low-carb source of nutrients
Effect of Age on Texture, Color, and Health Attributes 25 18-24 25-34 35-50 51-65 20 15 10 Interest Value 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 Smooth skin with very little fuzz Typical fuzzy peach skin Full of juice Meaty... not juicy Mealy... pasty and dry Crisp and firm All-over blush, almost solid red in skin color Mainly yellow skin color, with a slight blush White flesh color Bright yellow flesh color Yellow flesh color with red flesh near the pit Red skin color that bleeds into the flesh Full of antioxidants No fat... No cholesterol High in vitamin C A rich source of dietary fiber Organic peaches A low-carb source of nutrients
1.10 18-24 25-34 35-50 51-65 0.90 0.70 Willingness to Pay 0.50 0.30 0.10-0.10-0.30-0.50 Smooth skin with very little fuzz Typical fuzzy peach skin Full of juice Meaty... not juicy Mealy... pasty and dry Crisp and firm All-over blush, almost solid red in skin color Mainly yellow skin color, with a slight blush White flesh color Bright yellow flesh color ellow flesh color with red flesh near the pit Red skin color that bleeds into the flesh Full of antioxidants No fat... No cholesterol High in vitamin C A rich source of dietary fiber Organic peaches A low-carb source of nutrients
20 White Black Latino Asian 15 10 Interest Value 5 0-5 -10-15 Bite into peach...and hear a Melts in the mouth when you Thin skin that melts away Tough chewy skin Peach clings to the pit Pit easily comes free from the All-over blush, almost solid red Mainly yellow skin color, with a White flesh color Bright yellow flesh color Yellow flesh color with red Red skin color that bleeds into Full of antioxidants No fat... No cholesterol High in vitamin C A rich source of dietary fiber Organic peaches A low-carb source of nutrients
An Ideal Peach for the U.S. Market? Top Elements Melts in the mouth when you bite into the peach High in vitamin C So sweet...no sugar needed Full of juice Organic peaches Negative Elements Small... bite-sized peaches Flat, shaped like a donut Meaty... not juicy Tough chewy skin Mealy... pasty and dry
Research Update: NITROGEN RATES FOR FLORIDA PEACHES
Fruit Yield 2013 2014 60 60 50 50 FRUIT YIELD (KG/TREE) 40 30 20 FRUIT YIELD (KG/TREE) 40 30 20 10 10 0 0 0 44.8 89.6 179.2 268.8 0 44.8 89.6 179.2 268.8 N APPLIED ANNUALLY (KG HA ¹) N APPLIED ANNUALLY (KG HA ¹)
Marketable Fruit Size 2013 2014 72 72 FRUIT DIAMETER (MM) 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 BC C AB A BC FRUIT DIAMETER (MM) 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 AB B A AB AB 56 56 0 44.8 89.6 179.2 268.8 0 44.8 89.6 179.2 268.8 N APPLIED ANNUALLY (KG HA ¹) N APPLIED ANNUALLY (KG HA ¹) Minimum marketable fruit size = 63.5 mm (2.5 )
N Rate Effects on Defoliation Some delay in bloom date this year. N0 N3 N4 N2
Questions? Thanks to: USDA-Specialty Crop Block Grant Program Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Staff: Matt Ross, Daniel Mancero- Castillo, Lorenzo Collante, Josh Lubben, Ashley Kreynin