I. What led to the Age of Exploration? The Crusades led to a market for Asian goods in Europe. Marco Polo was a 13 th century Italian who travelled through Asia to China. This sparked interest in Asia.
Economics and trade- Europeans wanted spices from Asia; Arab middlemen (traders) charged high prices. This led Europeans to seek cheaper sources.
God, glory, and gold European countries and explorers also wanted to achieve glory and spread the Christian faith outside Europe. (Hernán Cortés said the native Americans must be introduced into the holy Catholic faith )
Bottom line - Europeans sought a water route to Asia
Technological advances made exploration possible The caravel was a faster ship. Its triangular sails allowed explorers to sail into the wind. Squarerigged vessels had to be rowed into the wind. An English Crusader ship
Evolution of sailing ships OLD square rigged cog and carrack NEW lateen (triangular) rigged ships
The astrolabe and magnetic compass - Both were used for navigational purposes. The astrolabe was a Greek invention improved by the Arabs; the compass was a Chinese invention. What is it called when technology spreads from one culture to another through trade?
II. Explorers Leif Erikson an Icelander - was probably the first European to land in the Americas about 1,000 A.D. Named it Vinland. (Archaeologists found the remains of a Norse (Viking) settlement in Canada in 1960.)
Viking Exploration
Viking ships
Spain and Portugal In the 1400 s, Portuguese explorers began to explore further into the Atlantic. They sailed East around Africa. Educated Europeans knew the world was spherical. The Spanish sailed to the west, hoping to reach Asia.
Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator - In the 15 th century, he set up a navigation school in Portugal. He sponsored Portuguese voyages, mostly to West Africa. The Portuguese called West Africa the Gold Coast.
Bartholomeu Dias discovered the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. What is the name of the southern tip of South America? What is the city located at the Cape of Good Hope?
Vasco da Gama discovered a trade route across the Indian Ocean and landed in India in 1498. He took on spices, sold them in Portugal, and made a profit of several thousand percent!
Spain Columbus : Convinced he could reach Asia by sailing west instead of east, Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance an expedition. Columbus explored Caribbean islands in 1492.
Ferdinand Magellan: In 1519, sailed around South America into the Pacific. One of his ships (without Magellan) circumnavigated the globe.
Amerigo Vespucci (Florentine) sailed with a Portuguese voyage to New England. His letters about voyage led to use of America.
An early map of the New World
I. The Spanish Empire Conquistadors Spanish explorers/military men who conquered the Inca and Aztec civilizations.
Hernán Cortes defeated the Aztec leader Montezuma with only 550 soldiers. Spanish were aided by native allies. Spanish dismantled Aztec pyramids and temples to build government buildings and churches.
Spanish colonial architecture Mexican church built with dismantled Mayan architecture National Cathedral of Mexico built on site of Tenochtitlan
Spanish advantages (Guns, germs, steel) 1. Superior technology: cannon, muskets, steel swords 2. Indian exposure to diseases, especially smallpox
Conquest of the Inca In December 1530, Francisco Pizzaro landed on the Pacific coast of South America with only 180 men.
Within 5 years, Pizzaro executed Atahualpa, the Inca leader, and established a new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire.
Random review Using the vocab item, make an informative sentence Age of Exploration Marco Polo Spices Asia God, glory, and gold The caravel Triangular sails astrolabe magnetic compass Leif Erikson Vinland Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Spain Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Conquistadors Hernán Cortes Spanish colonial architecture Spanish advantages in war smallpox Francisco Pizzaro
Dividing up the world Spain and Portugal divided up the world in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) and Zaragoza (1529) Port. took Brazil; Spain much of S. and N. America
The Spanish Empire The encomienda system of forced labor Spain granted Spanish settlers an encomienda (land) The Indios were made Spanish subjects and forced to work Forced labor, starvation, disease killed off native populations Later, the encomienda system was replaced by the repartimento system (E.g. Mexico: 1500, 25 million; by 1630, only 1 million inhabitants)
Spanish Colonial Social Class System
Peninsulares - Spanish (Portuguese) officials who had been born in Europe and held all governmental positions.
Creoles - Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America, creoles controlled land and business.
Mestizos and Mulattoes Mestizos were offspring of Europeans and Native Americans. Mulattoes were offspring of Europeans and Africans Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom.
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange - Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas. Flora diffusion Plants Fauna diffusion animals Disease diffusion
The native population was nearly wiped out by European disease. Aztec smallpox victims from Historia De Las Casas de Nueva Espana
Europeans received potatoes, corn, tomatoes, tobacco Native Americans received diseases, horses, cattle, wheat
A New World Economy Mercantilism Economic system favorable to the European mother countries
1. The colonies exist to benefit the mother country 2. Colonies give mother country raw materials; on the other hand, the mother country exports manufactured goods
3. Favorable trading relationship was established when exports are greater than imports 4. Wealth was based on the amount of gold in a nation s treasury
Triangular Trade - between Africa, the Americans, and Europe. Slaves were imported to the Americas because there was a low number of Native Americans to work the land.
The Middle Passage the journey Africans endured from Africa to the Americas.
Vikings discover Vinland Where was Vinland? Be specific. Many historians argue the Vikings had little influence on modern Europe, offer one theory that disputes this claim. Constantinople fell What was the significance of this event from a western European perspective? Describe the goods that interested traders during the 15 th century. What did Columbus discover this year? Be specific. Why does Columbus s reputation suffer in the eyes of historians? In 1507, a German mapmaker suggested that the name of the New World should be named after? Why? Why did western Europeans receive credit for the discovery of the Americas, whereas the Vikings receive little to no credit? 1425 1000 1453 1488 1492 1498 1507 Henry the Navigator influences the Portuguese How did Henry the Navigator influence navigation? Where did the Portuguese explore? Why? What did Dias discover? Why did it achieve its name? What did Vasco da Gama discover in 1498? Why was this more profitable for Portuguese merchants?