bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt / hghftlo lrgf/lsf gof c*fgx

bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt / hghftlo lrgf/lsf gof c*fgx s'df/ k wfg

;f];n ;fog; axfmåf/f 18 cu:6 2004 df sdnkf]v/ll:yt ;L ;f+:s[lts s]gb, sf7df8f} Fdf cfof]lht ;efdf 8f= s'df/ k wfgåf/f lbopsf] JofVofgsf] k"0f{ kf7. ;f];n ;fog; axfm k yd ;+:s/0f M ;g\ 2005 k sfzs ;f];n ;fog; axfm lxdfn P;f]l;P;g kf]=a=g+= 166, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/, g]kfn kmf]g M 5542544 / 5548142 ˆofS; M 5541196 Od]n M baha@himalassociation.org j]a;fo6 M www.himalassociation.org/baha ISBN 99933 43 68 4

dx]zrgb /]UdL JofVofgdfnf bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt / hghftlo lrgf/lsf goff c8fgx? ;j{k yd d s[t1tf k s6 u5{ ' o; JofVofgsf cfof]hs ;f];n ;fog; axfm, lxdfn P;f]l;P;gnfO{, o;/l bf]; f] dx]zrgb /]UdL JofVofg lbg] ;Ddfg lbp/ lbjª\ut /]UdLHo"k lt >4f~hnL ck{0f ug] { cj;/ lbg'epsf]df. cy{g}lts Oltxf; n]vgsf] ;"qkft ub} { :jul{o /]UdLHo" cfˆg} ljlzi6tf;fu Pp6f j}1flgs b[li6 lnp/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; n]vgdf Ps klys[t g} agg'eof]. Oltxf;sf] ljbfyl{sf] gftfn] d}n] zf]wsfo{ ;'? ubf{ Ps cg';gwfg]t;'ssf kdf d}n] u/]sf] g]kfnsf] tly{ofqfx df Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{, kl08t gog/fh kgt, wgjh jh frfo{, dx]zrgb /]UdLHo"sf] bz{g / pxffx ;Fu s'/fsfgl ug] { lgwf] u/]sf] lypf. g]kfnsf] k/dk/fut Oltxf; n]vgaf6 5' } ep/ Oltxf; s]jn v' F8f / v's'/lsf] tdf;fú xf]og, of] s]jn dxfk'?ifx sf] hljgl xf]og / Oltxf;sf] k lqmofdf cy{gllt s;/l sf/stœj agb5 egg] dxt\ sfo{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; n]vg k4ltdf dx]zrgb /]UdLHo"n] u/]/ b]vfolbg'epsf] Pp6f sllt{dfg 5. sf7df8f} Fsf] nflhdkf6df pxffnfo{ e]6\g upsf] / pxffn] lbg'epsf] ;do clg pxff klxnf]kn6 bfhl{lnª cfpg'x'fbf d]/f] jf;:yfgdf kfpsi6 ul/lbg'epsf] ;D gf c cfn} 5. ;dfhzf:qú ljifos} 5fq geo{ cfk"m Oltxf;sf] 5fq epsf]n] clg cfˆgf] ljz]if cwoogsf] ljifo u/l o'/f]ksf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;Ú ep klg cfˆg} ynf] bfhl{lnªsf] Oltxf;, ljz]if ToxfF xfdl g]kfnlx sf] a;f]af;, ToxfF p7\g] dfux df xfd f] cfzf / cfsfª\iffsf k ltladax tyf ltgsf sf/0f d]/f] zf]wsf] ljifo ag]sf] :gftssf] ljbfyl{ x'fbfb]lv g} xf]. ef/tdf g]kfnlx sf] a;f]af; w]/} 7fpFdf ep klg bfhl{lnª kxf8nfo{ d"n u9 egl ;a}n] :jlsf/]sf] tyo xf]. 1

bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnlx sf b'o{ d'vo dfux epsf] d}n] v'6\ofpsf] lypf. Pp6f 5' } hflt epsf] cfwf/df :jfoq zf;g jf :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ clg csf]{ ljlegg :t/df g]kfnl efiffsf] dfgotfsf] dfu. clg of] lgsof} {n bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflttj ljsf;sf] k[i7e"ldsf kdf d]/f] lh1f;fsf] ljifo agof]. Toltn] epg. d}n] d"nd} hfg] lgzro u/]f clg g]kfnl hflt a' g g]kfnsf] Oltxf; ga' L gx'g] 7fg]F. ToltGh]n g]kfnsf] Oltxf; g]kfnl epsf] gftfn] d]/f nflu Pp6f ;txl?lrsf] ljifo dfq lyof]. t/ k/dk/fut Oltxf; n]vgegbf 5' } dx]zrgb /]UdLHo"sf s[ltx af6 d k efljt gepsf] xf]og. d]/f] zf]wsfo{df pxffsf s]xl ljrf/;fu dtleggtf epsf] pnn]v ul/p klg pxffsf s[ltx af6 p4/0f /flvpsf 5g\ / pxffsf] k efj d]/f] zf]wsfo{df :ki6 kl/nlift 5. g]kfnl hftlotfsf] hgd / ljsf;df g]kfnsf] slyt /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] e"ldsf d}n] ljbfjfl/lwsf] lgldt zf]wsfo{sf] ljifo 5fg] F. snsqf ljzjljbfnoåf/f ;g\ 1984 df :jls[t d]/f] zf]wsfo{sf] ;ª\lIfKt k Gorkha Conquests: The Process and Consequences of the Unification of Nepal with Particular Reference to Eastern Nepal sf] k sfzg ;g\ 1991 df epsf] lyof]. Tof] k':tssf] clgtdegbf Ps cl3nnf] k[i7df 5flkPsf] 5 M... it will not be amiss to mention that in India the Nepali language has helped to bring about a closer integration of the Kirats, Magars, Gurungs, Tamangs, Newars, Brahmans, Chhetris and others. The Nepali language is spoken there as the first language or the mother tongue. There are other socio-economic factors behind the use of a feeling of identity among the Indian Nepalis But that is different story which receives a detailed treatment in a separate study. Footnote: Author s work on Darjeeling in the context of the birth and growth of the nationality feeling among the Nepalese of the place, unpublished. of] sfd ck"0f{ / ck sflzt g} 5. kl08tx sf] efiffdf g]kfndf 2

;ldl; t cg]stfsf] (pluralist) ;xcl:ttj w]/} kfog5 eg] ef/tdf ;fdgjlos (syncretic) PsLejg kfog5. g]kfndf sldnf k lqmof 5 eg] xfd f] bfhl{lnªdf df}/l k lqmof 5 g]kfnl hfltsf] ;+/rgfdf. t/ cfˆgf] k':ts kxf8 / vf]nf x df OGb axfb'/ /fo{n] Ps 7fpFdf n]vg'epsf] 5 M p;n] cfˆgf bfho" efox nfo{ x] of] M ætof]egbf d uf]/f] 5', d legb} x'f. Tof]eGbf d ;ffjnf] 5', d legb} x'f. d]/f] gfs To;sf] egbf ;dtn t/ To;sf] egbf 8fF8], d legb} x'f. ====Æ p;nfo{ d'v afpfbf] Pp6f zª\sfn] ;nss lgn5 M xfdl xf}f s] Ps} hftlo ;Gtfg < xf}f s] xfdl Pp6} hflt < lat]sf s]xl jif{x b]lv bfhl{lnªlt/ klg g]kfnl hfltleq} cfˆgf] 5' } lrgf/lsf] k Zg p7fpg yflnpsfn] d]/f] vf]hldf Pp6f goff cfofd hf]l8psf] h:tf] nfu5. k Zg ug' {kg] {, ;f]rg'kg] { / o; ljifoaf/] ljzb / uxg rrf{ ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ nfu]sf] 5. log} ljifod} d]/f] of] JofVofg 5 M Pp6f dxt\ lh1f;fsf kdf. oxff cªu ]hl efiffdf k o'st kfl/eflifs zabfjnln] hgdfpg] u/]sf sl7gfox k lt ;r]t /xg'kg]{ klg cg'ej ub{5'. o'/f]ksf w]/}h;f] /fi6«x PsefifL (mono-lingual) epsfn] xf]nf Pp6f efiff / cgo ;f f tœjx sf] cfwf/df ljsl;t hguf]i7l a' fpg pglx nation, nationality h:tf zabx k of]u u5{g\. g]kfnsf s'g} gful/sn] ltgsf] nationality af/] ul/psf] k Zgsf] pq/df g]kfnl egg jf n]vg'k5{. ef/tdf xfdln] To;/L n]vof}f eg] xfdl ljb]zl dflgg5f}f, xfd f] nationality xf] ef/tlo cyjf Indian. ef/tsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnlefiflsf] s'/f p7\bf sub-nationality k of]u ug'{kg]{ epsf] kfpf5f}, clg efiffaf/]sf] k Zgdf g]kfnl n]v]/ ;Gt'i6 x'g5f}f. cgtlg{lxt /fhg}lts ;ª\s]tnfO{ Tofu]/ hflttjsf] cy{df nationality zabn] /fi6«jf /fhg}lts ;Ldfx gf g] u/]sf] cr]n /fhgllts l;4fgtx n] dfgg yfn]sf 5g\. km]l/ epg u Ls efiffdf pagan, heathen cy{ nfug] ethnikos af6 Jo'TkGg / ;g\ 1953 df cd]l/sl ;dfhj}1flgs David Reisman åf/f klxnf]kn6 pkof]u ul/psf] ethnicity, ethnic zab nation- 3

ality s} kof{ojfrl } F k of]u ul/psf] klg kfog5. pbfx/0ffy{, ef/tsf w]/} /fli6«o kqklqsfn] bfhl{lnªsf g]kfnlx sf ljlegg dfux nfo{ ethnic demands egl n]vg] u5{g\ clg g]kfnl hfltleq ls/fft, tfdfª, du/, g]jf/, ;'g'jf/ cflb hguf]i7lsf k ;ª\u p7fpfbf klg ethnic zab g} rnfpsf] b]lvg5. cfk}m ck7øf/fdf k/]/ xf]nf ol hguf]i7lx sf lgldt sub-ethnic zab k of]u u/]sf] klg b]lvg5. g]kfnlú zabn] Pp6f efiff, /fhg}lts cy{df g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf clg ;f+:s[lts cy{df /fhg}lts jf /fli6«o ;Ldf gf3]/ w]/} sf/0fn] Psa4 epsf] hguf]i7l a' fpf5. To;}n] o; rrf{df d}n] g]kfnlú zab g]kfn clw/fholeq o;sf ;a} gful/sx sf lgldt k o'qm x'g] cy{df k of]u gu/l cyjf /fli6«o / /fhg}lts cy{df geo{ ;f+:s[lts cy{df k of]u u/]sf] 5'. clg ls/fft, tfdfª, u'?ª, g]jf/, ;'g'jf/ cflbsf] lgldt hghflt zab pkof]u u/]sf] 5'. v Li6fAb pggfo;f} F ztfablsf k yd b'o{ bzsleq jt{dfg g]kfn clw/fhosf] lgdf{0f jf /fhgllts PsLs/0fsf] k lqmof jf g]kfnn] jt{dfg /fhg}lts cfsf/ k fkt ug]{ k qmd k"0f{ epsf] lyof]. of] k lqmof / o;sf kl/0ffdx sf] ljzn]if0f k sflzt zf]wsfo{df ul/;s]sf] 5' h;sf] clgtd b'o{ jfso ;f/f+zsf] kdf k :t't 5 M Scholars of Nepal invariably praise the cohesive role of the Hindu religion, but what is overlooked is the fact the culture and religion often assume the role of political ideology. If the theoretical rationale of the politically unified kingdom of Nepal was expressed by the Brahmanical Hindu religion, its pragmatic basis was represented in the class of tagadhari high castes who enjoyed a monopoly of power. -g]kfnsf ljåfg\x lxgb" wd{sf] ;+zlstzln e"ldsfsf] k z+;f ub{5g\, t/ ;+:s[lt / wd{n] /fhg}lts l;4fgtsf] e"ldsf u x0f u5{g\ egg] tyosf] eg] pk]iff u5{g\. /fhg}lts PsLs/0f epsf] g]kfn clw/fhosf] j}rfl/s d"nwf/ a fxd0fjfbl lxgb" wd{n] clejoqm uyof]{ eg] To;sf] oyfly{s cfwf/sf] k ltlglwtj ;Qfsf] Psflwsf/ pkef]u ug]{ tfufwf/l prr hftx df x'gyof]._ 4

uf]vf{sf] ljho cleofgsf] kmn:j k g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts PsLs/0f eps} xf/fxf/ldf ef/tdf lkfmlho/x]sf] la l6; ;Qfsf] cffvf l;lssdsf] To; e"efudf kg{ yfn]sf] lyof] h'g e"efu / kl5 ef]6fªaf6 uflepsf Onfsf ldnfp/ ;g\ 1866 df jt{dfg bfhl{lnª lhnnf agof]. la l6; ef/tsf] Pp6f lhnnfdf bfhl{lnªsf] kl/0flt / To;kl5 3gf b]lvg] u/l g]kfnlx ;ª\Voful/i7 lsg / s;/l x'g k'u] ;f]sf] cg';gwfg cfjzos 7fg]/} d]/f] zf]wsfo{ a9]sf] lyof]. ol ljifodf s] tyox k :t't ug{ ;lsg5 < jt{dfg bfhl{lnª lhnnfsf] If]qkmn 1256.6 ju{dfon 5. ;g\ 1835 df cª\u ]hnfo{ slyt kdf e]6 r9fopsf] 138 ju{dfon If]qdf ;g\ 1839 ;Dddf s]jn Ps ;o hg;ª\vof lyof]. ToxL jif{ sf7df8f} Faf6 ;?jf eo{ bfhl{lnªsf k yd k zf;s lgo'st x'g] 8f= P= SofDka]n -g]kfnsf b:tfj]hdf lsldn ;fxa_ n] b; jif{kl5 ;g\ 1849 df Tof] ;ª\Vof b; xhf/ k'uof] elg n]v]sf 5g\. w]/}n] SofDka]nnfO{ p4[t u/]sf 5g\. bf]h] {lnª jf bfhl{lnªsf] h] g} cy{ nufop klg o; gfpfn] ;'?df jt{dfg dxfsfn 8fF8f / jl/kl/sf] ;Lldt e"v08 dfq hgfpfyof]. of] s'/f xfdl ;dsflns b:tfj]hx af6 hfgg ;S5f} F. plnnlvt Onfsfaflx/ /x]sf dfgj a:tlx af/] ;dsflns pnn]v kfog5g\. To;afx]s ;g\ 1835 df l;lssdn] lbpsf] e"efudf g]kfn ;Ldfglur kg] { k'nahf/, ;'s]kf]v/l, ldl/s If]qx clg ;dtndf l;nlu'8l / ltgtfs ef]6fªsf] Onfsf sfn]a'ª k/]sf] lypg. ol hdd} efu lgh{g lyp egl dfgg ;lsfb}g. ;g\ 1848 df bfhl{lnª, l;lssd / k"jl{ g]kfn e d0f u/l lxdfnog hg{n; n]vg] k l;4 pb\lebzf:ql hf];]km 8fN6g x"s/n] ToxfF pnn]v u/]sf 5g\, æclxn] c?0fsf] klzrdlt/ ;Lldt ep klg du/x l;lssdsf cflbjf;l lyp, hxffaf6 ltglx nfo{ klzrdlt/ clxn]sf] lnda"x sf] b]zdf nfkr]x n] nv]6] clg lnda"x n] ltglx nfo{ c klzrdlt/ nv]6].æ ltaat e d0fdf hffbf z/trgb bf;n] s~rghª\ufsf] klzrdkl sf+ukfr]g pktosfdf du/x sf lsnnf / eugfjz]if b]v]sf] pnn]v cfˆgf] e d0f j[qfgt Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet, 1902 df u/]sf 5g\. ltgn] ToxfF ;'g]sf] df}lvs k/dk/fcg';f/ du/x nfo{ ef]6]x cfp/ ToxfFaf6 nv]6]sf lyp. gf]b] { / dl/;sf] egfodf bf;sf] To; s'/fdf s]xl ;Totf 5. sf/0f, g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ k"j{ -jf bfhl{lnª;fu l;dfgf uffl;psf] If]q_ df 5

klg du/ a:tlx / du/ af]nlsf] k rng kfog5. l;lssdsf /fhf y'6f]a gfduofn / /fgl of]z] 8f]Ndfn] ;g\ 1908 df ltaatldf k frlg b:tfj]hx sf] cfwf/dfú n]v]sf 1 l;lssdsf] Oltxf;df klg ;qf} F ztfabldf -;g\ 1641_ ltaatlx n] l;lssd k;l cfˆgf] zf;g sfod ubf{ ToxfF nfkr] / du/ ufpfx lhtg'k/]sf] pnn]v 5. bfhl{lnªdf du/h'ª -du/hf]ªödu/sf] lsnnf <_ gfpf epsf] 7fpF 5. l;lssdsf] of] Oltxf;cg';f/ kxfl8of -lnda" / du/_ d'lvofx nfo{ aflx/ lxf8\bf cfˆgf] bhf{ / ;Ddfg k bz{gsf lgldt /fhoaf6 /]zdsf] j:q nufpg] / guf/f lk6fpg] clwsf/ k fkt epsf ;gbx tl k'/fgf kl/jf/x ;Fu c b]vg kfog5. cª\u ]hn] ;g\ 1850 ;Dd jt{dfg bfhl{lnª lhnnfsf bfhl{lnª ;b/, v/;fª / l;nlu'8l ol tlg dxs'df ufegcl3 o; e"efudf g]kfnl hfltleq kg] { hghflt uf]i7lx sf] a;f]af; lypg egg ;lsfb}g. ;g\ 1789 b]lv 1815 ;Dd uf]vf{x n] sfn]a'ª dxs'dfafx]s bfhl{lnª lhnnfsf kxf8 / ;dtndf l6:6f gbl;dd l;lssdnfo{ lht]/ ufe]sf lyp. To;kl5 g]kfn / l;lssddf l;dfgf u8f ldnfpg O:6 OlG8of sdkglsf b'o{ clwsf/l SofK6]g nf]o8\ / u fg6 ;g\ 1829 df bfhl{lnª ep/ l;lssd k'u]sf lyp. nf]o8\n] To; a]nf To; 7fpFnfO{ the old Goorkha Station of Dorjeling egb} ToxfF 5 lbg latfpsf] ljj/0f lbpsf lyp. bfhl{lnªsf] xfjfkfgl / o; 7fpFsf] pkof]lutf a' g cªu ]h ujg{/ hg/nn] pxl SofK6]g nf]o8\ / csf{ Ps hgf RofkDofgnfO{ ;g\ 1836-37 df v6fpsf lyp. Tof] zltsfn pglx n] bfhl{lnªd} latfp. ltgtfs bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnaf6 dflg;x sf] cfphfp x'gyof] egg] ;ª\s]t kfog5. cª\u ]hx sf] lqmofsnfksf] lrof] ug{ g]kfnn] la/fpsf] lypg. a;tjf/l;+x e08f/ln] lbpsf] l/kf]6{sf] Pp6f c+z b i6jo 5 M æ=== ;'lifdsf] bf]ho]{ln+df c+u/]hn] 5fpgL xfnl al;/x]5 egof s'/f ;'lgg nflu/x]5 O{ s'/f ;ffrf] "6f] Sof /x]5 cel+t/ u/l kfsf hfgof dflg; k7fo{ h:tfsf] t:tf] ifj/ a'l xh"/df lagtl u/l 1 of] k':ts nfdf bfjf ;f08'kåf/f cª\u ]hldf History of Sikkim egl cg"lbt 5 -ck sflzt_. 6

k7f === egl d]x/ e} als; k7fofsf] nfndf]x/ cfok'uofyof] === ;'lifd wdf{ t/kmsf] aft laxf]/f hfgof a' Gof 4 hgf dflg; k7fof+yof+ ;'lifdsf] af6f] u/l g+u]n'rf bf]ho]{ln+ k'ul l;+kflnb]lif lt:6f k'ul dw]; lg:sl wdf{ bflndsf]6;d]tsf] xfn;'/t a' L kmsof{5 === ;'lifdfsf] bf]h{ln+ egofsf] hufdf ;'lifdofn] c+u/]hnfo{ sf]l7 /f;g elg huf lbofsf] /x]5 t]xl bf]h{ln+df c+u/]hsf] 1 ;fx]k 1 Hdfbf/ 24 gfn l;kfxl;d]t 5fpgL xfnl a:ofsf] 14 d}gxf eo]5 === l;+kflnb]lif bf]h]{ln+ ;+yl/ a;l uofsf] 8f8f] 20/25 sf]; /x]5 t];} l;+kflnb]lif bf]h] {ln+;dd ;6s agfpg egl dª\l;/b]lv dw];af6 a]nbf/ l sfo{ /fif]5 60/50 a]nbf/ xfdln] klg b]io'+ c c klg cfpf5 e+5+ egl o]xl lj:tf/sf] ifj/ Nofof+5 === ;+jt\ 1894 ;fn ldlt kf]if ;'lb 12 /f]h 1 d'sfd wgs'6f z'ed\ ===Æ nifjl/ zfxl / x]dbn yfkf n]v5g\ M æ=== xfdlx sf] ift\ / c+u ]hl ift\lb kfxf8sf] af6f], bf]h]{lnª l;kfxl k7f`f} === sf]xl /o]tx ;'lifd t/km hfg nfuof egof hfg x'fb}g egl ha/h:t u/l yfd\gof sfd\ gug'{ ;'lifd t/kmsf /o]t\ o];\t/km cfof egbf klg jfxffaf6 ha/h:t u/l yfd\gof 5}gg\ of] s'/f `fxf xfh;g ;fx]a;fu e} pg\af6 5f]6f ;fx]anfo{ kgl n]vl hfgof5 egl xs'd cfofsf cy{ l;jfgfl;jfgfsf] hufdf of] agbf]a:t rflxgo} s'/f xf] of] s'/fsf] agbf]a:t eo]5 al9of eof] xf]nf lsldn\ -SofDka]n_ ;fx]a af6 hffxff rflxgof xf] jfxf l;jfgfsf] lg;fgf /fifl tqmfl/ hldg\ xfdlx] nfo{ ;k't{ u of kl5 === cfpgof sfd u/f}fnf.æ ltgtfs slt g]kfnlx bfhl{lnª If]qdf lyp 7Ls cffs8f kfpg g;lsp klg g]kfnlx sf] cfphfpaf/] cgo s]xl ;dsfnlg pnn]v kfog5g\. ;g\ 1839 df SofDka]n bfhl{lnªsf zf;s ep/ cfpkl5 o; If]qsf] ljsf; x'g yfnof]. gf]e]da/ 1840 df lszgughaf6 Ps hgf cª\u ]h clwsf/ln] SofDka]nnfO{ n]v]sf] lr7ldf 25 xhf/ sdkgl?lkoff lhddf nufo{ lzj/fh yfkf ;'a]bf/nfo{ bfhl{lnª k7fpsf] ;"rgf kfog5. bfhl{lnª 7

srx/ldf ;g\ 1841 ;Dd rn]sf] clwlgoddf cª\u ]hl zab s'nnlú sf] ;f6f] g]kfnl zab el/ofú (bharriahs) sf] k of]u ljrf/0flo 5. bfhl{lnªsf] ;'/Iff / af6f]3f6f] d/ddtsf] lgldt ;g\ 1839 df Sebundy Sappers gfds sfo{an u7g epsf] lyof]. ;g\ 1862 df k sflzt bfhl{lnªsf] Pp6f e d0f j[qfgtdf To; sfo{anaf/] It is composed almost entirely of Nepalese n]lvpsf] 5. ;g\ 1848 df x"s/sf] e d0fdf ltgl;fu lxf8\g] bndf yf]/}df Ps hgf uf]vf{ epsf] / cª\u ]hx n] ;g\ 1864 df ef]6fªdfly wfjf af]nbf la l6; ;]gfdf uf]vf{x klg epsf] pnn]v kfog5g\. ;dsfnlg 36gfjnLx af6 cª\u ]hx n] bfhl{lnª lnpsf] ;do o; Onfsfdf w]/yf]/ g]kfnl af]ng]x ;dflxt eo;s]sf] k df0f nfu5. cª\u ]hl zf;g;fu} O;fO{ wd{k rf/sx klg bfhl{lnª cfpg yfn]. hd{glsf] df]/fljofaf6 cfpsf] df]/fljog ld;gn] ;g\ 1840 b]lv 1860 ;Ddsf] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf nfkr] / g]kfnl efiffdf sf]zx tof/ kfl//x]sf] / wd{k rf/sf s]xl krf{x ol b'o{ efiffdf aff8\g] u/]sf] pnn]vn] otf g]kfnl af]ng] / a' g]x sf] ;ª\Vof al9/x]sf] ;ª\s]t lbg5. ;'?df g]kfnl hg;ª\vof cjzo w]/} lypg. g]kfndf ;fdgtl k yfcgtu{tsf] zf]if0f k an ljsif{0f zlqmsf] kdf al9/x]s} ;do bfhl{lnªdf cª\u ]hl zf;g ;'? epkl5 v'ng yfn]sf sfdwgwf / ljz]if u/l lrof pbf]usf] b 't ljsf; cfsif{0f zlqm agof]. lrofsf] af]6df k};f kmn5ú egg] ;'g]/ g]kfnaf6 lgu{dgsf] kl/df0f w]/} a9\g upsf] bfhl{lnªsf hgu0fgfx sf] ljzn]if0fn] k dfl0ft u5{. x"s/n] ;g\ 1848 df Ps 7fpF n]v]sf 5g\ M bfhl{lnªdf la l6;sf] k hf eo{ w]/} g]kfnlx a:5g\, ltglx df w]/}h;f] cfˆg} b]zaf6 efug]x 5g\ hxff kms]{/ up hldgbf/x n] k]ml/ kqmg]5g\ egl ltglx q:t 5g\. (The Nepalese, of whom there were many residing as British subjects in Dorjiling, were mostly runaways from their own country, and afraid of being claimed, should they return to it, by the lords of the soil) hª\uaxfb'/n] 3/nf}/L u/l 6 xhf/ lnda"nfo{ sf7df8f}f nffbf ToxfF x}hf rnl slt ;o dbf{ 3/nf}/Lb]lv affr]sfx hxfg};fu efu]/ bfhl{lnª upsf] klg ltgn] n]v]sf 5g\. (Jung 8

Bahadur levied a force of 6000 of them, who were contoned at Kathmandoo, where the cholera breaking out, carried off some hundreds, causing many families who dreaded conscription to flock to Darjeeling). ;g\ 1835 df cª\u ]hx n] l;lssdaf6 slyt kdf e]6:j k kfpsf] 138 ju{dfonsf] bfhl{lnª e"efudf ;g\ 1869 df ul/psf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ hg;ª\vof 22,607 k'u]sf] lyof]. To;df lxgb" egl b]vfopsf] 9,889 hgfdf clwsf+z g]kfnlx epsf cg'dfg To;sf] tlg jif{kl5 epsf] bfhl{lnª lhnnfsf] klxnf] hgu0fgfsf] cfwf/df ;xh} nufpg ;lsg5. ef/tdf klxnf] cflwsfl/s hgu0fgf ;g\ 1871 df epsf] lyof]. bfhl{lnªsf] lgldt 5' } ;ª\sng ;L=Pkm= dufy{n] u/]sf lyp. ltgn] u/]sf] ;ª\sngcg';f/ ;g\ 1872 df bfhl{lnª lhnnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\vof 94,712 lyof]. ltgdf g]kfnl slt lyp pq/ vf]hg] k of; u/f}f. dufy{sf] hgu0fgf l/kf]6{df hg;ª\vofnfo{ hfltx df jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5, t/ Tof] j}1flgs 5}g. ltgsf] tkl;ndf g]kfnlú zlif{sdf PsrfnL; hft / hfltx 5g\, t/ k]mxl/:tdf a fxd0f / Iflqo -afx'g 5]qL_ x 5}gg\. o; ljifodf ljzb ljzn]if0f d}n] Pp6f n]vdf ul/;s]sf] 5'. oxff To;nfO{ gbf]xf] ofo{ olt g} eg5' dufy{n] df]7 hg;ª\vofsf] 34 k ltzt g]kfnl b]vfpsf lyp eg] ltgsf] e"nnfo{ ;Rofpg] hdsf] { ubf{ Tof] k ltzt 38.4 lgsfng ;lsg5. cyjf 94,712 df]7 ;ª\Vofdf 35,380 g]kfnl lyp. dufy{sf] cffs8fdf g]kfnl zlif{saflx/ b]vfopsf a fxd0f / /fhk'tnfo{ kxf8sf afl;gbf g]kfnl afx'g 5]qL dfgof} F eg] clg tyfslyt ;fgf] hftx sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8\bf k fom rf/ xhf/ lg:sg5. cyjf g]kfnl g} cfˆgf] d"n efiff epsfx rf/ xhf/ lyp eg] /xn 31 xhf/ ef]6ad]{nl efiffuf]i7lsf cyjf dtjfnlx lyp. æps lbg g]kfnlx n] ;Dk"0f{ lhnnf g} 9fSg]5g\,Æ bfhl{lnªsf ttsfnlg cª\u ]h lhnnfkfnn] Pp6f l6kk0fl n]v]sf lyp. Tof] l/kf]6{d} n]lvpsf] 5, æbfhl{lnªdf cfp/ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf clwsf+z g]kfnl lhnnfdf :yfol eo{ a:5g\.æ g]kfnlafx]s bfhl{lnªdf cfp/ a:g] ;dtnjf;lx af/] n]lvpsf] 5, æltglx :yfol a:b}gg\.æ clg 8An'=8An'= x06/cg';f/ lhnnfdf a;'gh]n pglx oxffsf hg;fwf/0faf6 legg} 5'6]/ a:5g\. 9

k To]s bzssf] hgu0fgf ljzn]if0flt/ guo{ ;f/f+zdf b'o{cf]6f s'/f /fvf} F Pp6f xf] lrofaf/lsf] ;ª\Vof j[l4;fu} bfhl{lnª kxf8df hg;ª\vof j[l4 clg bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnlx :yfol afl;gbf epkl5 ToxfF g]kfndf hgdg]x sf] ;ª\Vofdf sdl. ;g\ 1856 b]lv bfhl{lnªdf lrofsdfgx vf]lnfb} up. ;g\ 1872 df 74 cf]6f lrofsdfg lyp eg] ;g\ 1890 df lrofsdfgx sf] ;ª\Vof 177 k'uof]. ;g\ 1905 b]lv 1935 ;Ddsf] cjlwdf 148 cf]6f lrofsdfgx lyp. ;g\ 1872 sf] df]7 hg;ª\vof 94,712 lyof]. ;g\ 1891 df of] ;ª\Vof a9]/ 223,314 k'u]sf] lyof] h;df 88,000 n] cfk"m g]kfndf hgd]sf] egl btf{ u/fpsf lyp. ;g\ 1901 df df]7 hg;ª\vof 249,117 lyof] eg] ltgdf g]kfnlsf] hg;ª\vof 134,000 k'u]sf] lyof]. ;g\ 1931 df lhnnfsf] hg;ª\vof 319,635 lyof] h;df 161,308 g]kfnlx lyp clg pglx df s]jn 59 xhf/ g]kfndf hgd]sf lyp. ;g\ 1951 df df]7 hg;ª\vof 445,260 df 223,088 hgf g]kfnl lyp, h;df s]jn 749 hgf g]kfndf hgd]sf lyp. clg g]kfnl hg;ª\vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f lrofsdfgdf lyof]. pbfx/0ffy{, ;g\ 1941 df lhnnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\vof 376,369 lyof] h;sf] 67.6 k ltzt jf 254,608 hgf g]kfnl lyp clg To; ;ª\Vofdf 114,738-45.6 k ltzt_ g]kfnl lrofsdfgdf lyp. o; g]kfnl hg;ª\vofdf w]/}h;f] ;'?df ef]6ad] {nl kl/jf/sf cfˆg} af]nlx af]ng] uf]i7l jf dtjfnlx lyp. ;g\ 1941 s} cffs8f x]/f} F, 254,608 g]kfnldf 57,619 /fo{, To;kl5 43,114 tfdfª, 17,803 lnda", 17,262 du/, 15,455 u'?ª lyp. ;ª\If]kdf tfufwf/l -afx'g 5]qL_ sf] ;ª\Vof 34,940 clg slyt ;fgf] hftsf] ;ª\Vof 31,480 lyp cyjf g]kfnl g} d"n efiffsf] kdf af]ng]x 66,420 lyof] eg] k f/dedf ef]6ad] {nl af]ng] dtjfnlx sf] ;ª\Vof nueu 190,000 xhf/ lyof]. ;g\ 1872 sf] hgu0fgf -klxnf] cflwsfl/s hgu0fgf_ x]/f} F. lhnnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\vof 94,712 df 33,258 g]kfnl b]lvg5g\. o; g]kfnl hg;ª\vofdf 5]qL Ps} hgf btf{ 5}g, 7s'/L 56, uf]vf{ 51, kxfl8of 92, kj{ltof 21 nfo{ 5]qL dfgof} F eg] of]ukmn 220 k'u5. a fxd0f btf{ ug]{ 904 ;a} g]kfnl afx'g gx'g klg ;S5g\. slyt ;fgf] hftdf hddf 2,466 -bdfo{+ 252, sfdl 1,886, ;fsl{ 328_ 5g\. ef]6ad]{nl kl/jf/sf efiff af]ng]x sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;aegbf w]/} /fo{ -6,754_, To;kl5 tfdfª -6,567_, lnda" 10

-4,663_, u'?ª -3,687_, du/ -3,020_, 3tL{ -1,419_, g]jf/ -1,120_ ub}{ df]7 hg;ª\vof 27,982 k'u5. cfk"mleq eflifs, ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts j}ljwo af]s]sf] o; hguf]i7ldf PsTj / hftlotfsf] efjgf knfp/ la:tf/} k v/ / ;zst x'g'df s'g sf/stœjx pq/bfol lyp To; s'/fn] ljzn]if0f vf]h5. bfhl{lnªdf a:g] g]kfnlx k fom ;a} ;j{xf/fju{sf lyp. k fom ;a} g} >dhljl lyp. g]kfnl hguf]i7lleq Pp6f ju{sf] csf]{ ju{dfly ctofrf/ / zf]if0f lypg. pggfo;f}f ztfablsf] z]if efu;dd lgdg dwoljq >]0fL knfpg nfu]sf] ;dfhdf kf'hlklt / hldgbf/ sf]xl lypgg\. To; hguf]i7lleq zf;s / zfl;t lypgg\, ;a} c åf/f zfl;t lyp. cª\u ]hx ;j] {;jf{ dflns lyp, lrofpbf]u pglx s} lyof]. 7"n7"nf kbdf pglx lyp eg] ;/sf/l tyf u}/;/sf/l bˆt/x lt/ lgdg kbdf ;dtnjf;l cg]kfnl lyp. dwod / ;;fgf Jofkf/ ug]{ tyf sf7ld:ql, gflkt, h'qf agfpg] / l;nfpg]x l5d]sl laxf/ Pj+ /fh:yfgsf lyp. >d a]r]/ hlljsf]kfh{g ug] { g]kfnlx cy{g}lts zf]if0fsf l;sf/ lyp. g]kfndf /x]sf] ;fdgtl k yfsf] ctofrf/af6 pds]/ d'unfg k:g]x s'g} /fd/fhodf k'u]gg\. ;fdgtl Joj:yfsf] zf]if0faf6 pglx la l6; ef/tsf] cf}klgj]lzs zf;gsf] 3fgdf k/]. 5fpgL / ;x/lt/ l;kfxl tyf >lds x'g], a:tllt/ ;;fgf ls;fg agg], s'n}gaf/l / ljz]if u/l lrofaf/ldf xhf/f} Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf >dhljl agg] bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl ;dfhdf hftlo efjgf kl/of]lht u/l hufpg' s'g} dwoljqlo jf k'fhljfbl jul{o :jfy{ lypg. t/ o;k sf/n] zf]lift, kll8t ag]sf g]kfnlx df c sf] cjoj:yfsf] t'ngfn] xfdlú egbf pglx Ú legb} egg] efjgf a9\g' c:jfefljs lypg. cy{g}lts -cfly{s_ dfq xf]og ;fdflhs b[li6n] klg xfdlú x]o epsf] nfug] sf/0f lyp. cª\u ]hx sf] s'/} 5fl8lbpFm, ;dtnaf6 cfpg] lzlift ls/fgf / kljqtfjfbl lxgb"x klg klxnf hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt, af]nlsf] cg'k :y lje]bdf dfq affl8psf], t/ kl5 tfufwf/l jr{:jsf] :yfkgfsf] kmn:j k hft k yfsf] cg'nda ljefhgdf k/]sf clwsf+z dtjfnl hghfltn] ag]sf] g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ Dn]R5Ú epsf]n] x]o 7fGg] u/]sf] tyo 5. lzlift afa'ú / dxfhg vfnx >dhljl g]kfnlnfo{ s'nnlú afx]s c s] 7fGy] xf]nfg\. ltglx Ú agfd xfdlú sf] tlj r]tgfsf] pt; To; cj:yfdf kfog5. 11

F bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnldf PsTjsf] r]tgf a9\g] sf/0f g]kfndf h:tf] /fli6«o Pstf lypg, of] r]tgf g]kfnlleqs} jul{o :jfy{n] psf;]g. a? of] r]tgf zf]lift / zfl;t ju{sf] ;d"x r]tgfsf] cf8df a9]sf] lyof]. g]kfnl efiffdf otf kqklqsf lg:sg yfn]kl5 ltgdf k sflzt ;of} n]vx sf] ljifoj:t' ljzn]if0f (content analysis) ubf{ lg:s]sf] lgisif{n] o; ljrf/nfo{ yk k'li6 lbpsf] xf]. hftlo PsTjsf] efjgf a9\g] o; k lqmofdf bf]; f] k an sf/stœj ag]sf] lyof] g]kfnl efiff. g]kfndf cfˆgf d"nynf] lsk6lt/ ef]6ad] {nl kl/jf/sf af]nlx af]lnp klg ;a}n] gep klg w]/}n] g]kfnl a' y] jf af]ng klg ;Sy] xf]nfg\. g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkl5 /fhsfhsf] efiff ag]sfn] g]kfnlsf] k ;f/ a9]sf] lyof]. ljlegg ef]6ad]{nl af]nlx cfˆgf] k fylds jf df[tefiff epsf dflg;x xhf/f} Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf d'unfg k;]kl5 legglegg efiffuf]i7lsf ;d"xx k[ys\k[ys\ a:g ;Sg] ;Defjgf w]/} lypg. xf6ahf/, ;x/, lrofaf/lsf w'/f, 5fpgL / uf/blt/ 5Øf;ld; ep/ sfd ubf{ / a:g kbf{ tl cfugt'sx n] cfk"mn] bf]; f] efiffsf] kdf hfg]sf] g]kfnl efiffsf dxœj a9\g yfnof]. To;/L cfpg] sltko tfdfª / g]jf/x n] bfhl{lnªd} g]kfnl efiff l;s]sf klg a"9fkfsfx atfpfy]. a;fof ;/]/ otf :yfol kdf a:g yfng]x sf] bf]; f] t]; f] k':tfn] cfˆgf afa'afh]sf af]nlx e'n]/ g]kfnlnfo{ g} klxnf] efiff dfgg] k lqmof ;'? eo;s]sf] lyof]. cª\u ]hsf] zf;g ;'? epkl5 bfhl{lnª e]sdf vf]lng yfn]sf lziffnox df st} g]kfnl k9fofb}g lyof]. lziffsf] dfwod lyof] lxgbl, n]krf, cª\u ]hl, pb"{ / kmf/;l. g]kfnaf6 lg:s]/ d'unfg k:g]x ;lhn} lxgblefifl x'g ;Sy], t/ To;f] epg. w]/} k lts"n cj:yfdf klg g]kfnl efiff bfhl{lnªdf ;'/lift af]nl dfq ep/ affr]g, o; efiffn] w]/} k ult klg u of]. lziffdf k5f}6] / w]/}h;f] dhb'/l ug] { hg;d'bfon] o;nfo{ ljrf/ ljlgdo ug] { tyf cfˆgf efj / efjgf clejoqm ug]{ ;fwg agfp/ hf]xf] gu/]sf] ep bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt x'g] lypg. hgu0fgfcg';f/ bfhl{lnªdf af]lng] o:tf ef]6ad] {nl kl/jf/sf efiffx sf] ;ª\Vof 19 lyof]. ;g\ 1907 df k sflzt bfhl{lnª u]h]l6o/ eg5, æbfhl{lnªsf] afl;gbf epsf ltaatl jf ef]l6ofx cfˆg} hfltcg';f/sf] l;lssd], ef]6fgl jf ltaatl efiff rnfpf5g\, cflbjf;l nfkr]x c } s]xl 12

dfqfdf cfˆg} nfkr] efiff af]n5g\ === kxf8df lnda" k fom ;fdfgo csf]{ efiff xf] clg t/fo{df lwdfn cflbjf;lsf ;Gtfg c } cfˆg} lwdfn efiff k of]u u5{g\. bfhl{lnªsf g]kfnlx df vda' -lhdbf/_, d'dl{ / dª\u/ hftlo efiffx df v'a} k rlnt 5g\. t/ g]jf/, u'?ª, ;'g'jf/ / ofvf klg af]lng5g\. hg;ª\vofsf] kffr efudf Ps efu v; jf g]kfnl lxgbl af]n5g\ h;nfo{ ;fw/0ftm kxfl8of jf kj{ltof klg elgg5. === ljlegg hghfltsf efiffnfo{ o;n] qmdzm df:b}5 clg of] bfhl{lnªsf] ax'efifl lhnnfdf Pp6f ;f ] efiff (lingua franca) eo{ k rlnt 5.Æ cfˆgf] ljlzi6 lrgf/lsf] d"n 6]jf g]kfnl efiff eps}n] xf]nf lxgbldf lzlift x'g yfn]kl5 bfhl{lnªsf lzlift g]kfnlx n] k fylds lziffsf] dfwod g]kfnl x'g'k5{ egg] dfu ug{ yfn]. g]kfnl efiffsf dfgotfsf lgldt epsf qmlds dfux xfdl csf/0f p7]sf kfpfb}gf}f. klxnf g]kfnlnfo{ k fylds lziffsf] dfwod agfpg] dfu, g]kfnlnfo{ dfwolds :t/df Pp6f ljifo agfpg'kg]{ dfu, lziffsf] dfwod g]kfnl agfpg'kg]{ dfu, :gfts :t/;dd g]kfnlnfo{ lziffsf] dfwod agfpg'kg]{ dfu, g]kfnl ljifodf cg;{ / Pd=P=sf] k9fo ;'? ug'{kg]{ dfu, clg ;g\ 1961 df klzrd aª\ufn ;/sf/n] afx'g 5]qL, sfdl, bdfo+ {, ;fsl{nfo{ dfq g]kfnlefifl dfgl bfhl{lnª lhnnfdf pglx sf] ;ª\Vof 19 k ltzt dfq /x]sf] s}lkmot lbfb} aª\ufnl efiffnfo{ Ps dfq ;/sf/l efiff agfpg] P]g kfl/t ul/fbf bfhl{lnª lhnnfdf clwsf+z hgtf g]kfnl epsf] / pglx sf] dft[efiff g]kfnl epsfn] g]kfnl efiff klg Pp6f ;/sf/l efiff x'g'k5{ egb} rs] {sf] ;kmn hgcfgbf]ng. /fho k'gu{7g cfof]un] cfˆgf] l/kf]6{df s'g} c~rndf Pp6f efiff ljz]if af]ng]x sf] ;ª\Vof 70 k ltzt jf clws 5 eg] ;f] efiffnfo{ To; c~rnsf] Pp6f /fhslo efiffsf] dfgotf lbg ;lsg5 egl u/]sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ bfhl{lnª kfj{to c~rndf g]kfnl Pp6f ;/sf/l efiff agof]. bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnln] ;/sf/l efiffsf] dfgotf kfpkl5 efiff xfd f] k f0f xf]ú egb} ;g\ 1972 b]lv bfhl{lnªaf6 ;'? ul/psf] / ef/tjofkl ag]sf] g]kfnl efiffn] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}f cg';"rldf 7fpF kfpg'k5{ egg] dfu ;g\ 1992 df ;kmn eof]. o;k sf/ bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflttj jf g]kfnlsf] ljlzi6 hftlo lrgf/lsf] k Zg;Fu g]kfnl efiffsf] ;DaGw 13

gª df;'sf] /x]sf] b]v5f}f. ;g\ 1924 df bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl ;flxto ;Dd]ngÚ :yflkt ug]{ p2]zon] 8flsPsf] klxnf] ;efsf ;efklt xl/k ;fb k wfgsf] efif0fsf] Ps c+z x]/f}f M æo; ;Dd]ngsf] gfpf g]kfnl ;flxto ;Dd]ngÚ /fvg'knf{ egg] xfd f] ljrf/ 5 lsgeg] g]kfnlú zabsf] lj:t[t cy{ x'g5. o; zabn] g]kfn b]zsf ;a} hflt h:t} du/, u'?ª, ls/fftl, g]jf/, lnda" OToflb ;asf] af]w x'g5 cf} o;åf/f dfly elgpsf tyf c c ofjt\ hfltx Pp6} dxfg\ g]kfnl /fi6«sf cª\u /x]5g\ egg] klg hfx]/ x'g5. s;}s;}sf dgdf of] ;Dd]ngn] t uf]vf{nlx sf] efiffsf] kf] pgglt ug{ cff6]sf] /x]5 egg] zª\sf ptkgg xf]nf t/ To:tf] t zª\sf ug'{ plrt 5}g lsgeg] g]kfnl efiff cfhsn lxdfnrn k b]zsf] ligua franca -;a}n] a' g] efiff_ h:tf] eo{ /x]5. o; k b]zdf a:g] dflg;n] k[ys\k[ys\ af]nl af]n] klg g]kfnl efiffnfo{ g a' g] sf]xl 5}gg\. === cf} s'g} Pp6f hfltn] o; efiffnfo{ of] d]/} efiff dfq xf] egg ;'xfpfb}g.æ bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hfltsf] ljsf; k lqmof ljzn]if0f ubf{ o; hfltdf ;dflxt x'g] cnu tœjx sf] ljno dxœjk"0f{ b]lvg5. g]kfnl ;flxto ;Dd]ngsf cf7 p2]zodf Pp6f lyof] M æg]kfnsf legglegg efiff tyf ;flxto cwoog ug]{ tyf tt;dagwl pqdpqd ;flxto k sflzt ug]{.æ ;efkltsf] efif0fdf xl/k ;fb k wfgn] eg]sf lyp, æ;dd]ngsf] Pp6f csf]{ p2]zo g]kfnsf k frlg efiffx tyf ;flxtosf] vf]hl ug]{ klg 5. tkfo{+x ;a}nfo{ g]jf/l efiffsf] 7"nf] k frlg ;flxto 5 egg] s'/f tf yfxf g} 5. o; efiffnfo{ cr]n g]jf/x n] t la;l{;s] eg] c sf] t s] s'/f < === o;} u/l n]krf efiff klg cr]n n'kt x'g nflu/x]5. O{ efiffx cwoog u/l Ogsf k frlg u Gyx k sflzt u/l OgnfO{ n'kt x'g glbg' egl ;Dd]ngn] 7"nf] pbf]u ug]{5.æ 14

g]kfnl ;flxto ;Dd]ngÚ gfds Pp6f ;+:yf :yflkt xj;\ egb} k :tfj /fvbf oxff ljj]ro ljifodfly kf/;dl0f k wfgsf] syg lyof] M æxfdl g]kfnl xf}f. g]kfnl eggfn] xfdl w]/} hftsfx oxff ;dfj]z 5f}F. g]jf/, u'?ª, /fo{, lnda", tfdfª, ef]6], nfkr], yf, ;'g'jf/ ;d:t hfltx g]kfnl x'g\. k To]s hfltsf] :jtgq efiff 5, t/ ;a}n] af]ng ;Sg] / a' g ;Sg] efiff g]kfnl x'gfn] xfdln] klxn] g]kfnl efiffsf] pgglt ug'{k/]sf] xf]. === ;Hhgu0f Û g]kfnl efiff dfq pgglt ug'{k5{ egg] d]/f] clek fo xf]og. cfˆgf cfˆgf efiffnfo{ klg ca o;/l e'n]/ x'fb}g. g]jf/l af]nlsf], u'?ª af]nlsf], /fo{ af]nlsf], lnda" af]nlsf], tfdfª af]nlsf], ef]6], nfkr] ;d:t af]nlx sf] klg vf]hl u/f}f, lstfax n]vl hxff;dd x'g ;s]sf] gjlg hfu[lt u/fo{ pgglt ug'{k5{.æ t/ To;f] slxn] epg, ;don] To:tf] dfu u/]g. bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hftlotfsf] efjgf a9\g'df g]kfnsf] kxf8 v08af6 ;dfg ;fdflhs Joj:yfaf6 lg:s]/ cfpsf] cg'ej, ;f f j]ze"iff -bf}/f;'?jfn_ / xltof/ -v's'/l_ sf] e"ldsf klg dflglnpfm. ljåfg\x n] cgo sf/stœjx klg atfpsf 5g\, h;df hft k yfú nfo{ k d'vtf lbopsf] kfog5. æbfhl{lnªsf] ;dfh d'votm lxgb" ;dfh epsf]n] g} o;åf/f JofKt x'fb}5. t/ tl ju{ :t/ls/0f epsf klg x'g5g\. w]/}h;f]nfo{ pglx sf] ;dfh ;'b[9 agfpgdf g]kfnlnfo{ dft[efiffsf] k lbg] sfo{egbf hft k yfsf] k efj w]/} sfo{s/ lyof]. hft k yfnfo{ x6folbg' xf];\ clg ;ª\36sx k[ys\k[ys\ ep/ 9Ng]5g\.Æ (The Nepali society of Darjeeling, being a predominantly Hindu society, the caste system automatically forms the basis of their social organization and almost every aspect of the society is pervaded by the same. But they are also class stratified. The influence of the caste system, rather than the adoption of Nepali as their mother tongue for many, was instrumental in making their society an organic whole. Remove the caste system and the constituent parts will fall apart.) g]kfnl efiffegbf hft k yfsf] e"ldsf bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hftlotfsf] 15

ljsf;df w]/ dxœjsf] 5 egg] ljrf/;fu k"0f{ ;xdlt hgfpg g;lsg] s]xl sf/0f k :t't ub{5'. bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hg;ª\vofdf ;'?b]lv ef]6ad] {nl kl/jf/sf efiff af]ng] dtjfnlx sf] k e'tj epsf] rrf{ cl3 g} eo;sof]. ltgdf g]jf/x afx]s cgo hfltleq cfˆg} hft k yfsf] k/dk/f lypg. 7"nf hftx sf] ;fdflhs jr{:j gepsf] / clwsf+z dtjfnlx åf/f ul7t bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl ;dfhdf hft k yfsf lgodx s7f]/tf;fu kfng epsf] gb]lvpsf] Psfw ljb]zl ko{j]ifsx n] pnn]v klg u/]sf 5g\. cgt/hft / cgt/hghftlo lax]jf/lx n] ;'?b]lv ;fdflhs :jls[lt k fkt u/]sf pbfx/0f kfog5g\. bfhl{lnª d'unfg k:g]x hftkftsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf rng] d'n'sl P]gÚ b]lv d'qm lyp. csf] { s'/f, bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnlx sf] a:tl a:g yfn]b]lv hft k yflj/f]wl wfld{s cfgbf]ngx sf] k efj JofKt lyof]. ;g\ 1883 df bfhl{lnª ;x/b]lv s]xl 6f9f /+ua'ndf cfk"måf/f :yflkt wfddf hf];dlg ;Dk bfosf ljb f]xl ;Gt slj 1fglbnn] pbonx/lú /rgf k"0f{ u/]. ljlegg hft / hghfltsf w]/} hgf dflg; ltgsf lzio epsf / bfhl{lnª e]sdf Tof] ;Dk bfo Jofks epsf] nf]sk/dk/f 5. To;eGbf s]xlcl3 g} ;g\ 1875 df ef/tsf] Pp6f ;'wf/jfbl cfgbf]ng cfo{;dfhú sf] zfvf bfhl{lnªdf vf]lnpsf] lyof]. klxnf hf];dlg ;Dk bfodf k lji6 ep/ kl5 cfo{;dfhdf k d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { cfo{;dfhsf ;+:yfks bofggb ;/:jtlsf] ;Tofy{ k sfz sf] g]kfnl pnyf ug] { k+= lbn'l;+x /fo{n] ;g\ 1899 sf] bfhl{lnªsf] klx/f]ú sf] ;jfo{ /r]sf lyp. la l6; zf;g;fu;fu} ;'? epsf] O;fO{ wd{ k rf/af6 cfslif{t ep/ s]xl g]kfnlx O;fO{ epsf lyp. hft k yf gdfgg] hf];dlg, cfo{;dfhl tyf O;fO{x sf sf/0f g]kfnl hflttjnfo{ rf]6 k'u]sf] b]lvfb}g. a? pglx n] klg To; hflttjsf] cfwf/ g} alg;s]sf] g]kfnl efiff Tofu]gg\. o; e]sdf g]kfnl kf7øk':ts n]vg], afn;flxto pnyf u/l 5kfpg], uf]vf{kqsf] xf/fxf/l uf]v]{ va/ sfut lgsfn]/ g]kfnldf kqsfl/tf ;'? ug] { Ps hgf O;fO{ kfb/l uª\ufk ;fb k wfg lyp. o;/l hft, hflt, wd{nfo{ pl5g]/ g]kfnl efiff bfhl{lnªdf hftlo tfbftdotfsf] alnof] ;"q ag]sf] Oltxf; s]nfpg ;lsg5. g]kfnl hftlo efjgfsf] ljsf; k lqmofs} kmn:j k bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl efiff;dagwl dfux ;Fu} la:tf/} hftlo cfwf/df /fhg}lts dfux p7\g 16

yfn]. ut lv i6lo ztfablsf] ;'?b]lv uf]vf{ gfpf u/]sf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx cfp. /fhg}lts egg ;lsg] :yfglo ;ª\u7g lxnd]g; P;f]l;P;gÚ -1917_ / g]kfnl, e'l6of, nfkr]nfo{ k ltlglwtj ug]{ g]a'nfú -1936_ ep klg uf]vf{ jf g]kfnl hflttjsf] cfwf/df ;g\ 1943 df 8Da/l;+x u'?ªsf] g]t[tjdf uf]vf{ lnu :yflkt eof]. clg o;n] k fom cfwf ztfabl g} bfhl{lnªsf] /fhglltdf cflwkto hdfof]. k fom ;Fu;Fu} ef/tsf] sdo'lg:6 kf6l{sf] bfhl{lnª zfvf vf]lnof]. efiffsf] cfwf/df k fgt u7g ug]{ sª\u ];sf] k'/fgf] k :tfj lyof]. ;DejtM To;s} cfwf/df sdo'lg:6 kf6l{sf] bfhl{lnª zfvfsf] kifdf /tgnfn a fxd0f -dfonf afh]_ / u0f]znfn ;'Aafn] x:tfif/ u/l cgo eflifs k fgt;/x uf]vf{:yfgú sf] dfu ub} { ef/t :jfwlg x'g] a]nf ul7t cgtl/d ;/sf/sf b'o{ s0f{wf/ hjfx/nfn g]x / lnofst cnl vfgnfo{ 1fkgkq r9fpsf lyp. kl5 To; kf6l{n] k fgtsf] dfu 5f8]/ g]kfnlefifl ax';ª\vof epsf] bfhl{lnªsf lgldt cf~rlns :jfoq zf;gsf] dfu ug{ yfnof]. To;kl5sf] d'vo 36gf ;'jf; l3l;ªsf] g]t[tjdf ;g\ 1980 df uf]vf{ /fli6«o d'lst df]rf{sf] u7g, 5' } k fgt -/fho_ uf]vf{nof08sf] dfu / lx+;ftds cfgbf]ngkl5 ;g\ 1988 df bfhl{lnª uf]vf{ :jfoq kfj{to kl/ifb\sf] u7g xf]. g]kfnl efiff ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}f cg';"rldf cgte'{st x'g'k5{ egg] dfu 22 cu:t 1992 df ;kmn eof]. ef/tsf] cflwsfl/s ;jf] {Rr ;flxltos ;+:yfg ;flxto csfbdl, lbnnln] g]kfnl efiffnfo{ ;g\ 1975 d} dfgotf lbo;s]sf] lyof]. bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hflt To; uf]i7lleqsf] s'g} zlqmzfnl ju{ jf hft jf hghfltsf] :jfy{ of bafadf geo{ ;dfgtfsf] clg To;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg] ;"q g]kfnl efiff epsf] cfwf/df ul7t epsf] nfu5. ptf bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnsf ;a} /fhg}lts kf6l{x sf] g]t[tj tfufwf/l ljz]if u/l afx'gx s} xftdf epsf] rrf{ ul/g5. To;sf] t'ngfdf ;'?b]lv g} bfhl{lnªn] legg} lrq k :t't u/]sf] 5. egf}f eg] ToxfFsf] /fhg}lts g]t[tj dtjfnlju{df kg]{ JolQmx s} xftdf b]lvg5. uf]vf{ lnusf ;+:yfks / cgo g]tfx df 8Da/l;+x u'?ª, cl/axfb'/ u'?ª, cf/=8l.= ;'Aaf, 6L= dg]g, lzjs'df/ /fo{, b]jk sfz /fo{ clg ut b'o{ bzsb]lv To; e]sdf /fhg}lts k e'tj sfod ug]{ ;'jf; l3l;ª s]xl To:tf gfpf x'g\. 17

{ /fhglltafx]s ;fdflhs ;flxltos If]qdf klg To:t} cj:yf 5. cf}krfl/s ;flxto n]vg ;'? x'g'cl3 ;jfo{ / nx/l n]vg], g]kfnldf gf6s n]vg] / v]ng], afnsyf, kf7øk':ts / va/ sfut lgsfng] clg kl5 g]kfnl ;flxtodf cg]sf}f c;n s[lt /Rg] clwsf+z gfpf dtjfnlju{df kg]{ JolQmx s} 5g\. g]kfnlx sf b'o{cf]6f dxœjk"0f{ dfu -Pp6f /fhg}lts / csf]{ eflifs_ ;g\ 1988 / ;g\ 1992 df k"/f eps} ;dolt/ x7ft\ bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hfltleq hghftlo lrgf/lsf c8fgx k s6 x'g yfn]. w]/}n] JofVofltt 7fg]sf], 36gfsf] ;"qkfq eof] / hfthft, hflthfltsf ;ª\3;+:yfx ;lqmo x'g ;'? ep. bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hfltdf lrlgpsf] ;dgjoftds (syncretic) PsLejg s] Pp6f e d dfq xf] < macro Identity -ef/tsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnl hfltsf] ljlzi6 lrgf/l_ sf] ;f6f] g]kfnl hfltcgtu{t k[ys\ hghfltx sf] micro identity sf lgldt prrl/t x'g yfn]sf :j/x n] w]/} ;r]t JolQmx nfo{ lrlgtt agfpsf] b]lvg5. s]xl ef/tlo g]kfnl ;ª\u7gx n] ef/tsf] Ps c/aegbf w]/} hg;ª\vofdf g]kfnlx sf] ;ª\Vof Ps s/f]8 epsf] bfal ub} cfp klg cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/l lx;fadf g]kfnlx sf] ;ª\Vof k fom al; nfvhlt dfq 5. Ps c/adf Ps s/f]8 Ps k ltzt xf]nf t/ hgu0fgf l/kf]6{cg';f/ al; nfvsf] lx;fadf 0.04 k ltzt ag5 clg To;df klg g]kfnl hfltsf ;ª\u7s tœjx n] cfˆgf] hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df cfˆg} 5' } lrgf/lsf] cfjfh p7fpg yfn]kl5 / g]kfnlsf] ;f6f] cfˆgf] k[ys\ hfltsf] gfpfdf cfk"mnfo{ btf{ ug{ yfn] eg] ef/tsf] kl/k ]Iodf c0f'ljif0f ogqn] dfq b]vg ;lsg] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnl k'ug] dfq xf]og To;sf ;ª\36s dfgo hghflt jf hguf]i7lx ljn'kt x'g] cfzª\sfn] u :t 5g\ ;r]tx. ef/tlo g]kfnl Pp6f ;ª\s6sf] 38Ldf k/]sf] ljrf/ kf]v5g\ w]/}. k Zg p7\5 M oyfy{df s] hftlo cl:ttjdf hghftlo lrgf/lsf c8fgx kl5 g]kfnl hflt ljgfzsf/l xffs x'g g;snf < g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnl hfltleq} ;a} If]qdf tfufwf/l jr{:j / tfufwf/lsf] ljk/ltfy{s zab klg gx'g] dtjfnl jf ef]6ad] {nl / cgo hfltx df lje]b alienation sf] Pp6f d'2f 5. ;g\ 1990 df epsf] k hftflgqs qmflgt g} g]kfndf hghftlo lrgf/l klxnofpg] /fhglltsf] 18

lgldt Pp6f goff uf]/]6f] dflgg5. ;dfhj}1flgsx n] ;g\ 1990 sf] hgcfgbf]ng qmflgtkl5sf] g]kfnn] hghftlo lrgf/l Jojl:yt kfg] { ;d:ofx ef]ug'kg] { eljiojf0fl ul/;s]sf] 8]lj8 u]ng/n] 6«fG;kmf]d] {;g\ ckm b g]knlh :6]6 df n]v]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] lgldt of] ;d:of hljgt epsf] / x'g] sf/0fx xfdl a' 5f}F. oxff hftlo hghftlo ;Gt'ng / ;fdgh:o gepsf] b]v5f} F. clg kf]xf]/sf] b dx]zrgb /]UdL n]sr/ú lbg] 8f= xs{ u'?ªn] lqz"n / bf]h] {Ú df g]kfnl /fhglltsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf/] Pp6f k ;ª\u p7fpfb} egg'epsf] lyof] M æof] ljutsf] lxgb" g]kfnsf] cjz]if xf] eg] d]rl gbl k"j{ x]/]df eljiodf g]kfnl ;dfhsf] k f k b]vg ;lsg5. g]kfndf d'n'sl P]gsf kl08tx k/dk/fut sd{sf08 / rfs8ldf Jo:t /x] eg] l;lssd / bfhl{lnªsf g]kfnlefiflx n] g]kfnl Oltxf;, ;flxto, snf / /fhglltnfo{ kl/eflift ug]{ sfddf dfu{bz{g lbp. g]kfnl /fhglltdf tfufwf/lx sf] Psflwsf/ oyfjt\ 5 eg] d'n'sl P]gaf6 :jtgq l;lssd / bfhl{lnªdf ;a} hft hfltx ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df v'nf k lt:kwf{ ub{5g\.æ -k[= 4_ cj:yf To:tf] x'fbfx'fb} klg / hftlo Pstfs} cfwf/df s]xl dxœjk"0f{ pknlawx ;Dej x'g ;s] klg jt{dfgdf prrl/t x'g yfn]sf 5' } :jhftlo lrgf/lsf k Zgx ljrf/0flo 5g\. 8f= u'?ª egg'x'g5, æg]kfndf hftlo efjgf gf}nf] cg'e"lt xf]og, ;'if'kt /x]sf] efjgfsf] clejolqm xf].æ clg k]ml/, æclxn]sf] g]kfndf b]vfk/]sf ;fdflhs ;hljtfcl3sf zf;gsfndf epsf bdgx sf] kl/0flt xf].æ jt{dfg bfhl{lnªsf] ;Gbe{df o:t} ljrf/ JoQm ug{ ;lsfb}g. bfhl{lnª e]sdf dfly plnnlvt g]kfnl hflttj ;'b[9 x'g] k lqmof rln/x]sf] ;do o;df ;ª\36s x'g] ljlegg hghfltsf lghl ljlzi6tf nf]k ep/ uoxfn]sf] klg lypg. /fo{, lnda', u'?ª, g]jf/, tfdfª cflbn] g]kfnl efiffnfo{ k fom dft[efiffsf] kdf cª\ulsf/ u/] klg ;fogf] zabx eg] c } klg k fozm cfˆgf] hghftlo af]nls} k of]u u5{g\. g]jf/x lbblnfo{ ttf, efph"nfo{ ttfh", dfdfnfo{ kfh', dfoh"nfo{ dn]h", k'mk"nfo{ glgl, afh] af]h"nfo{ chf chl eg5g\ eg] tfdfªx lbblnfo{ gfgf, 19

afh]nfo{ Dx]Dx], af]h"nfo{ dfd, sfsfnfo{ cfu', k'mkfnfo{ k';fo{ eg5g\. ;fogf] zabx sf] k of]uafx]s w]/}h;f]n] hgd, ljjfx / d[to'df cfˆgf] sd{sf08 e'n]sf lypgg\. o:tf sd{sf08 Psfkl afx'g k'/f]lxtn] u/] klg ;Fu;Fu} cfˆgf] k'vof} {nl b:t'/cg';f/ ;DkGg ul/gyof], c } ul/g5. cl3 eg] }F d}n] ethnicity nfo{ hghflt cy{df lnpsf] 5'. clg o;/l ljifonfo{ a' g vf]hbf PlYgl;6LÚ af/] ljlegg wf/0ffx pkof]ul agb5g\. g]kfnl efiffnfo{ cª\ulsf/ ub} { cfk"m g]kfnl hfltsf] egg] cg'ej ug]{x n] cfˆgf afa' afh]sf] s'/f ;D ]/ cflbd cfb:j klo -primordial_ efjgf ;ffrg' c:jfefljs xf]og. /utsf] ;fogf]n] cleefjl efjgftds cfzlst / lgi7f hgdfpg] u5{ clg of] s'g} Pp6f ;d"xdf hgdg]x sf] ;f f ;DklQ x'g5. cfw'lgs ljzjdf o:tf] hftlo hghftlo cfzlst / Tof];Fu 6fFl;Psf efjgfx To;} sf/0f b]lvg5g\, dflg;x n] cfk"mnfo{ cfˆg} cflbdtf jf cfbtfsf] sffr'nlaf6 d'st kfg{ ;Sb}gg\, ;dfhj}1flgsx df Psy/Lsf] /fo 5. cfw'lgstflt/ cu ;/ eo/x]sf] ax'hftlo ax'efifl b]zx df ljlzi6 hftlotfsf d'2fx af}/l p7\g] 36gfkl5 b'o{ ;zst t/ k/:k/f>ol tyflk :jtgq / ljk/lt p2]zo epsf tœj pq/bfol x'g5g\ egb} klxnf] tœj lrgf/lsf] vf]hl / bf]; f] ljsf; / k ultsf] dfu xf] dfg5g\. 2 bfhl{lnªdf w]/} sf/0fx n] Pp6f l;ª\uf] g]kfnl hflttjsf] ljsf;df ljlegg cflbd cfzlstx Uff}0f ep/ up klg lgld6øfgg} ep/ n'kt eoxfn]sf] b]lvfb}g. g]kfnl hflttj ljsf;sf] k lqmof sfo{/t eo/x]sf] ;do ;g\ 1924 df g]kfnl ;flxto ;Dd]ngsf] :yfkgf x'fbf lbpsf efif0fx xfdln] x]l/;sof} F. lziffsf] ljsf;n] ;fdflhs r]tgfx NofPkl5 ut lv i6lo ztfablsf] k f/ldes bzslt/ g]kfnl hfltleqsf hghfltx df s'g}s'g}n] cfˆg} ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g vf]ng] sfd gu/]sf klg xf]ogg\. ;g\ 1922 df g]kfnl tfdfª a'l4i6 P;f]l;P;gÚ :yflkt epsf] b]lvg5. tyflk of] lyof] af}4 wd{sf] k rf/ / k ;f/ clg ;dfhdf g}lts ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]zo lnp/ :yflkt ;+:yf. w]/}kl5 o; ;+:yfsf] gfpfaf6 2 Cliifford Geertz, The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in New States, in John Hutchison & others (ed), Nationalism : Critical Concepts in Political Science, vol.i, Routedge, London, 2000, p. 111. 20

g]kfnlú x6]/ clvn ef/tloú eof]. p2]zo legg} ep. of] ;+:yf :yflkt eps} ;dolt/ g]jf/ ;dfhú, ls/fft ;dfhú h:tf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx klg :yflkt ep. tyflk pglx w]/} k efjsf/l epsf] kfofb}g. t/ lv i6fab gaa]sf] bzs ;'? x'g] a]nfb]lv bfhl{lnªdf ljlegg hfthfltsf cg]sf} F ;ª\u7gx :yflkt x'g yfn]. lgliqmo eo;s]sf k'/fgf ;+:yfx k]ml/ ;lqmo x'g yfn]. tfdfªx sf] clvn ef/tlo tfdfª af}4 ;ª\u7g clg tfdfª 3]b'ª, ls/fft ofsy'ª r'dn'ª / ofof]svfsf] 5q5fofdf v'n]sf /fo{ / lnda"x sf ;ª\u7g, ls/fft /fo{ vf]da' ;ª\u7g, ofsvf -b]jfg_ ;ª\u7g, u'?ªx sf] td' 5f]h+ wl+, du/x sf] du/ nfkmf ;ª\3, g]jf/ ;dfh, cg';"lrt hftsf ;ª\u7gx, ;'g'jf/x sf] ls/fftj+zl ;'g'jf/ -d'lvof_ sf]ofr\a' OToflb. clg cr]n afx'g 5]qLx sf] >L lxtsf/l tfufwf/l ;Dd]ngsf zfvfx vf]lnpsf va/x 5fkfdf lgs} b]lvfb}5g\. o:tf ;+:yfx /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkdf ;+nug 5}gg\. pglx sf] d"n p2]zo cfˆgf] ;dfh / ;+:s[lt arfpg' epsf] atfpf5g\. o:tf ;ª\u7gx nfo{ cfˆgf] cfˆgf] uf]i7lsf ;a} ;b:ox sf] ;dy{g k fkt gepsfn] k fom ljjfbx klg pl7/xg5g\. ;a hguf]i7lx sf nf]sw'g, afhfufhf ;f f ;DklQ agfp/ Pp6f cs]:6«n P]So (orchestral unity) sf] /rgf g} g]kfnl ;ª\uLt xf] egb} g]kfnl ;flxtosf Ps Vofltk fkt slj dgk ;fb ;'Aaf n]v5g\, æg]kfn /fi6«leqsf ljlegg hft / hfltnfo{ g]kfnl /fli6«otfú n] Ps ;"qdf affw]sf] 5 eg] ef/tdf g]kfnl hflt uf]i7lleq kg] { ljlegg hftnfo{ g]kfnl hflttjú n] Psd'i7 kf/l ;an t'nofpsf] 5, h'g ;antf lnp/ xfdln] Psb'O{ /fli6«o clwsf/x xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5f} F, c s]xl d"n clwsf/x xfl;n ug{ affsl g} 5. t/ g]kfnl jf uf]vf{ hfltsf] of] d'7\7l 5' f5' } cf} Fnf / cffvnfx df ljeflht ep/ up s]xl xfl;n ug' { t k/} hfcf];\, xfd f] klxrfg g} nf]k ep/ hfg] l:ylt dfq xft nfug]5. xfd f] hfltleqsf hftkftsf PsfOx ljlr5gg epkl5 g]kfnl hfltú / g]kfnl ;+:s[ltú gfdsf] cl:ttj g} sxff /xg5.æ 3 o:tf] csf]{ Pp6f n]vsf] clgtd cg'r5]b oxff /fvb5' M 3 dgk ;fb ;'Aaf, g]kfnl hflt / ;+:s[lt ;d;fdlos kl/k ]Iodf.Ú 21

æs;}sf] ts{ cs}{ ;'G5'. s]/fh:tf] ufflhpsf] uf]vf{ PstfnfO{ tf]8\g g} d}bfg]x n] of] hft hftsf] rfn rn]sf] eg5g\. aff8 clg zf;g u/ú egg] gllt. o:t} xf] eg] klg l;sfpg] / d"ndgq;d]t lbg] t xfd }x x'g'k5{. k]ml/ sf]xl eg5g\, xfd f] hftn] hghfltsf] bhf{ kfp w]/} ;x'lnot / cf/if0fx kfpg]5f}f. eljiodf xfd f hftsfx cfopp;, cfoklp; ep/ lg:sg]5g\.ú s'/f 7Ls} xf] / /fd f] klg. t/ hghfltsf] bhf{ xfl;n ug]{ xf]8df cb"/bzl{ tl/sfn] x:ofª km:ofª ubf{ clxn]sf] uf]vf{ hflt g} 6'qmf 6'qmf eof] eg] xfdldfly lyrf]ldrf] ug{ vlkk; d}bfg]x n] oxff ;lhn} cltqmd0f unf{g\. To; ;do xfd f cfopp;, cfoklp; ug]{x g]kfnsf] z/0ffyl{ lzlj/df k'ug gknf{ < clxn] ef]6fªsf] ;jf]{rr cf]xbfdf k'ug] >L 6]sgfy l/hfn g]kfndf z/0ffyl{ hljg latfo/xg'epsf] 5. z/0ffyl{ lzlj/lt/ x] of}f eg] w]/} ef]6fª ;/sf/sf k yd bhf{sf kbflwsf/l /lx;s]sfx e]l6g5g\. casf] 50-60 jif{df To:tf] l:ylt t xfdldf gcfpnf < vf; s'/f] s] xf] < of] s] eo/x]5 < 7Ls} x'fb}5 ls a]7ls x'fb}5 < ol k Zgx sf] 7Ls pq/ xfdln] cfh} vf]hgk5{ h:tf] nfu5. 4 efiff / hftlotfsf] cfwf/df ul/psf dfudf bfhl{lnªsf clwsf+z g]kfnlx Psa4 x'g] u/]sf] b]v]/ g]kfnl hfltnfo{ k'm6fpg hft hftsf] ;+:yf vf]ng] if8ogq ul/psf] egg] ljrf/ af]sg]x yf]/} 5}gg\. csf] {y/lsf] ljrf/cg';f/ bfhl{lnªdf ljlegg hfthfltn] cfˆgf ljlzi6 lrgf/lx sf k Zg p7fpg yfng' g]kfndf ;g\ 1990 sf] hgcfgbf]ngkl5 ;'if'kt hftlo efjgfx clejoqm x'g yfn]sf 36gfx s} k ltwjlg xf]. t/ bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflttjsf] ljsf; h;/l epsf] lyof] To;sf] ljzn]if0f ubf{ pst JofVof lrqa' bf] nfub}g. dnfo{ hxff;dd nfu5 bfhl{lnªsf g]kfnlx df k[ys\ hfthfltsf] lrgf/l w]/} d'v/ epsf] Pp6f d'vo sf/0f 8 cu:t 1990 sf] lbg ttsfnlg k wfgdgql ljzjgfy k tfk l;+xåf/f w]/} ;dob]lv yfgsf]df /flvpsf] d08n cfof]usf] l/kf]6{nfo{ x7ft\ lqmoflgjt ug] { ljjfbf:kb 3f]if0ff xf]. g]kfndf 4 ;Gt /fo{, 5/kl:6Psf ;+:d/0fleq hfthftsf lqmofsnfkú, ;'gr/l ;dfrf/, 29 h'nfo{, 2004. 22

{ ;g\ 1990 sf] hgcfgbf]ngs} ;dsfndf epsf] of] 3f]if0ff jl=kl= l;+xn] cgo sf/0fn] pq]lht eo{ u/]sf] c:jlsf/ u/] klg lziffno / gf]s/lrfs/ldf cgo k5f}6] ju{ú (Other Backward Classes) sf] lgldt 27 k ltzt :yfg cf/if0f s'g} c sf/0fn] g;f]rl, ga' L, s'g} /fli6«o ;xdlt gagfo{ u/]sf] sfd eg]/ w]/}n] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\. cg';"lrt hft / hghfltsf] lgldt jiff}{+b]lv 22.5 k ltzt :yfg cf/lift lyof] eg] o; goff ju{nfo{ lbopsf] 27 k ltzt hf]8\bf cf/if0fsf] k ltzt 49.5 k'ug] eof]. kmn:j k o;n] k lts"n k ltlqmofx hgdfof]. k Voft ;dfhj}1flgsx ;a}n] d08n l/kf]6{ú sf] s6' cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\. o;df k5f}6] ju{ jf hftx lrlgxt ug]{ dfkb08x e dftds, k'/fgf yf]qf / b'a{n cffs8fx df cfwfl/t lyp. of] l/kf]6{n] :jfwlgtfkl5 ef/tlo ;dfh ;+/rgfdf cfpsf kl/jt{gx nfo{ cfˆgf] Wofgdf g/fv]sf] / d08nls/0fn] ef/tlo ;dfhdf hft / hfltsf] cfwf/df cgfjzos lje]b / ljefhgx NofPsf] ;dfhj}1flgsx atfpf5g\. 5 h]xf];\, x'g] x'gfdl eoxfnof] / To;sf] k efj bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hfltdf kg{ u of]. cfˆgf] 5' } lrgf/lsf] xf]8afhlkl5 gf]s/lrfs/ldf cf/if0fsf] cfsif{0f sfo{/t 5. d]/f k Zgx sf] pq/df ;a} o:tf hfthfltsf] k ltlglwtj ug]{x n] cf]al;lú sf] ;'ljwfs} s'/f lgsfn5g\. tfufwf/l ;ª\u7gsf ;lqmo ;b:ox sf] klg pq/ Pp6} kfopsf] 5. cgo k5f}6] ju{nfo{ gf]s/lrfs/l cflbdf cf/if0f lbg] /fhglltsf] ;/f]sf/ cf]xf]bf, kb jf Ifdtf aff8r'f8 kf/]/ pkef]u ug]{ ljlw;fu a9l ul/g] x'g5, ;fdflhs Gofosf] lgldt ;ª\3if{;Fu xf]og. ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgdf cg';"lrt hftsf lgldt cf/if0fsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] rfnl;aofnl; jif{kl5 ;fdflhs Gofosf] lgldt Tof] /0fgLltsf] cf}lrtoaf/] uxg ts{ljts{ / cg'ejfl>t (empirical) hffr x'g'kyof]{ clg dfq Tof] ;'ljwf cgoq lj:tf/ ul/g' plrt x'g] lyof]. cf/if0f gllt jf:tjdf jl~rtx sf] :jfy{df geo{ cf/if0fsf] nfe kfpg] hftsf >]i7hg (elites) sf] :jfy{df x'g] u/]sf] k fom ;j{ljlbt 5. hflthft lrgf/lsf] /fhglltn] o; k yfsf] s'k efjdf kg] {x jf To;sf l;sf/ x'g]x nfo{ nfe k' ofpsf] x' Fb}g, g]tfx n] nfe pkef]u ul//x]sf] kfog5. clg ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug] 5 M.N. Srinivas, ed, Caste : Its Twentieth Century Avatar, Viking, New Delhi, 1996. 23

/0fgLlt s]jn cf/if0f xf] < ls o;n] c c;n gep klg ;dfg cgo /0fgLlt jf pkfox dfly /f]s dfq nufo/x]5 < ol ljifox df uxg ts{ljts{ cfjzos lyof] t/ ;Lldt /fhgllts :jfy{n] o:tf] s'/fdf ljrf/ gubf]{ /x]5. hgljrf/ glno{ jf To;nfO{ Wofg glbo{ k wfgdgql kb cf]u6\g] Ps hgf JolQmn] lnpsf] ck {6 lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd ;j{q b]lvof] eg] bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hfltdf klg To;sf] :jfutof]uo egg} g;lsg] k efj k/]sf] 5. o;/l 5' } lrgf/laf6 ltglx nfo{ k fkt x'g ;Sg] nfesf] k nf]egdf ;DalGwt hghftlo uf]i7lsf >]i7hgx (elites) jf c egf}f pglx sf] u'kt if8ogqsf/l bn (elite cabal) cflbd efjgfx psf;]/ To;s} cfwf/df /fhgllt ug]{ To:tf] cfb efjgfnfo{ /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkdf kl/0ft u/l cfˆgf] g]t[tj :yflkt ug{ nfluk/]sf x'g5g\. o; s'/fdf bfhl{lnª klg ckjfb b]lvfb}g. clg w]/} o:tf cu'jfo;fu 6fFl;Psf ;ª\u7gx df nfe / ;'ljwfx sf lgldt ljjfbx kl/:k'm6 gepsf klg xf]ogg\. elgg5, Pp6f hftlo l:ylt (ethnic situation) ljsl;t x'g ToxfF Pp6f :ki6 zq' x'g'k5{, clg /fd f] zq'sf] cefjdf w]/} cfgbf]ngx ;"qkftlag} ;]nfp/ upsf 5g\. 6 zq'sf] kdf ;Qf, Joj:yf, lje]b / alxisf/, ptkl8g, zf]if0f cflb x'g ;S5 eg] bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl ;dfhleq s'g} ;ª\36s hguf]i7ln] hfltleq To:tf] cfgtl/s l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug' {k/]sf] cj:yf lypg / 5}g. s'g} jfxols tœj zq'sf] kdf lrlgg5 eg] Tof] ljz]if s'g} hghftlo uf]i7lsf] dfq geo{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnl hfltsf] a}/l x'g] u5{. o:tf] l:yltsf] kl/0ffd hftlo cgts{nx xf]og t/ hftlo Psa4tf g} x'g5. s'g} hghfltsf] ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ s]jn To; ;d"xsf] k of; gep/ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnl hfltsf] x'g] u/]sf] ;fdflhs k j[lq pbfx/0f:j k 5g\. cr]n g]kfnl hfltdf ;dflji6 ljlegg hft / hghflt ;ª\36s ;d"xsf nf]sult, nf]sg[to, nf]sk/dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ug] { p2]zon] :yflkt g]kfnl uf]vf{ ;f+:s[lts d~rx lgs} ;lqmo b]lvg5g\. ;a}sf] ;dfgtf, ;dfg efulbf/lsf] 38]/Ldf bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hftlotf km:6fo/xg] cfzf u/f} F. s]xl hft 6 Dipankar Gupta, The Content of Ethnicity: Sikh Identity in a Comparative Prespective, OUP, Delhi, 1996, p. 1. 24

-hflt_ nfo{ cgo k5øf}6] ju{df btf{, l;lssd / klzrd aª\ufndf tfdfª / lnda"nfo{ cg';"lrt hghfltsf] dfgotf clg o;af6 k ]l/t ep/ ca cgox n] xfdl 5' } hflt xfd f] wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt 5' } egg] c8fgx sf] hflt layf]ng] sfd t gunf{ egg] k Zg cgfjzos xf]og. tyflk bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hflt 6'lqmP/ ljn'kt gxf]nf egg] d]/f] cfˆgf] wf/0ff s]jn efjgf dfq gep/ s]xl tyox df cfwfl/t 5 h'g tyox 7f]; / ;an 5g\. Ps, clxn];dd bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hftlotfsf] ljsf;af/] h'g rrf{ u of} F To;df o; hfltleqs} Pp6f ju{n] csf] { ju{dfly lyrf]ldrf] u/]sf] jf Pp6f ljz]if hft jf hfltsf] jr{:j / k e'tjdf c jl~rt x'g'k/]sf] cj:yf kfpgf}f. b'o{, sltko sf/0fjz g]kfnl hfltsf ;ª\36s hflt / efiff uf]i7lx n] ;do;dodf cfˆgf] 5' } lrgf/lsf] k Zg p7fp klg Tof] s]jn cfgtl/s ljifo eph:tf] nfu5. cfˆg} 3/ jf ef}uf]lns Onfsfaflx/ ;a}n] cfˆgf] kl/ro uf]vf{ jf g]kfnl -ef/tlo g]kfnl_ g} lbg5g\. k/dk/f To:t} xf] Sof/. >L % a8fdxf/fh k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxsf] hljgdf k9]sf] lypf. jf/f0fzl uo/x]sf k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxn] rf}al;l kj{tsf /fhfsf sd{rf/lx nfo{ ;Fu} ofqf u/f} F egbf pglx n] eg]sf lyp /], ækxf8df /xfbf kf] uf]vf{ kj{t kfnkf lkp7fgf o]:tf] lyof] dw]zdf cfofkl5 t xfdl kxfl8of Ps} x' F5f} F. xh'nf{o{ 5fl8 dlw:oflt/ lsg nfu' Fnf.Æ tlg, ljlegg hghftlo uf]i7ln] 5' } lrgf/lsf s'/f p7fpfb} lxgb" rf8 eg]/ b;}f ltxf/ gdfgg] lgwf] u/l cfˆgf] ;ª\u7gaf6 kmtjf hf/l ug]{ sfd u/] klg w]/}h;f]n] To;nfO{ 6]/]gg\. tfdfªx df kf]xf]/ b;} Fsf] 6Lsf nfpg] gnfpg] ljjfb lgs} rls{psf] lyof]. clvn ef/tlo tfdfª af}4 ;ª\u7gsf] km/dfgsf] tfdfª 3]b'ªåf/f lj/f]wn] kl/j]z s]xl pqkt epsf] lyof]. k fkt l/kf]6{x cg';f/ clwsf+z tfdfª, /fo{, lnda", u'?ª, du/ cflbn] b;}f dgfp. dgfpg]x sf] ts{ lyof] xfd f] wd{ cs}{ ep klg k/dk/fb]lv dgfp/ cfpsf] b;}f ltxf/ wfld{segbf w]/} g]kfnl uf]vf{sf] ;f+:s[lts rf8kj{ xf]. cg';"lrt jf cf]al;l sf] bhf{ kfpfbf ;DalGwt hguf]i7lsf ;a} jf clwsf+znfo{ s'g} nfe jf ;'ljwf k fkt x'g] xf]og, o:tf nfe / ;'ljwf klg Tof] ljz]if hguf]i7ldf >]i7hgsf] cr]n k rlnt creamy layer jf 25

b"wsf] dfly t/ nfug] :t/n] g} pkef]u ug]{ x'g\. cg'ejsf] cfwf/df o:tf] cj:yfk lt w]/}h;f] g} ;r]t epsf 5g\. cfˆgf] 5' } lrgf/lsf] s'/f ug]{x n] c ;Dd cfk"m g]kfnl jf uf]vf{ epsf] v'nf v08g u/]sf 5}gg\, a? To;sf] ljk/lt legg} ep klg ;a} g]kfnl jf uf]vf{ sxnfog] Pp6} ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf] 5q5fofdf epsf] :jlsf/ u/]sf] ol ljlegg hghftlo ;ª\u7gåf/f k sflzt ;flxtodf :ki6 pnn]v ul/psf] x'g5. tyflk slxn]sfxlf o:tf ;ª\u7gsf sfo{stf{n] cfk"m 5' } epsf] c8fg lnfbf ToxL ;d'bfosfx n] ljk/lt ts{ k :t't u/]sf] klg w]/} pbfx/0f kfog5g\. ;ª\36s hft, hflt, hghfltn] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] lrgf/lsf c8fgx lnfb}df bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hflt ljgi6 gxf]nf. bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflttjnfo{ Ifo x'g glbg] d"n 6]jf g]kfnl efiffsf] Jofks pkof]u g} x'g] k fom lglzrt b]lvg5. clxn] ljlegg hfltuf]i7lsf ;+:yfx n] cfˆgf] c8fgx ljifodf h]hlt k rf/ ;flxto k sflzt ub}{5g\ tl Psb'O{ kftfafx]s ;a} g]kfnld} ub}{5g\. sf/0f cfˆgf k'vof}{nl af]nl pglx g} a' b}gg\. PsefifL g} eo;s]sf] bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl hflt 5. clg o;/l PsefifL epsf] sf/0f s'g} :jfy{uf]i7ln] cfˆgf] efiff c dfly yf]k/]sf]n] xf]og t/ ;do / kl/l:yltn] :jtm To:tf] cj:yf ;[li6 u/]sfn] xf]. hghftlo goff c8fg lng]x n] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] af]nl efiffsf] k'g?4f/ ug'{kg]{ / k rngdf Nofpg'kg]{ s'/f u/] klg of] sfd ;fx } ;Dej xf]nfh:tf] 5}g clg o;sf sf/0f w]/} 5g\. efiff hgdfb} s;}n] lnp/ cfpfb}g. efiff Pp6f ;fdflhs ;+j[lq xf]. bfhl{lnªdf x/]s hft, hflt, efiffuf]i7lsf] cfˆgf] 5' } If]qLotf (territoriality) 5}g / knkndf cgox ;Fu ;Dks{df cfpg'kg]{ x'fbf ;f f efiffsf] kdf g]kfnl efiff clgjfo{ agb5. bfhl{lnªsf] g]kfnl ;dfhdf ;ª\36s hghfltsf efiff pkefiffx d[tk fom eo;s]sf] jf:tljstf 5. clg ck rlnt s'g} efiff jf af]nlnfo{ af}/l p7fp/ hlljt agfpg ;s]sf] 36gfsf] pbfx/0f dfgj Oltxf;df b'n{e epsf] ljåfg\x dfg5g\. o;afx]s s]jn efjgfdf cfp/ s'/f p7fpg]x nfo{ cfˆgf] eflifsf -af]nl_ sf slt pkeflifsf 5g\ clg s'gnfo{ :t/lo dfg]/ :jlsf/ ug]{ 26

egg] k Zg ubf{ o;af/] pglx sf] cgle1tf :ki6 NsG5. bfhl{lnª] g]kfnl ;flxtosf d"n :tdex w]/}h;f] JolQmx dtjfnlju{sf 5g\. Jofks ;ª\Vofdf kf7s, /fli6«ob]lv /fho / :yfglo :t/;dd ;du g]kfnlx sf] ;Ddfg k flktsf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf] k'vof}{nl af]nl l;s]/ ;flxto /rgf u/l ;Lldt kf7s / dfgotfsf] ljsnk cfsif{s x'g ;Qm}g. g]kfnaf6 k sflzt g]kfnl ;flxtoaf/]sf u Gyx df g]kfnl cfˆgf] dft[efiff gep/ klg g]kfnl efiff / ;flxtonfo{ 7"nf] of]ubfg k' ofpg]x egl lzjs'df/ /fo{, OGb axfb'/ /fo{ / cgo /fo{, kfb/l uª\ufk ;fb k wfg, kf/;dl0f k wfg, eforgb k wfg / cgo g]jf/ tyf To;/L c uf]i7lsf g]kfnl efiff;]jl / ;flxtosf/x sf] jul{s/0f ug] { k yfn] bfhl{lnªsf g]kfnlx slt /fflsg] u5{g\ To;af/] g]kfnsf oxffx w]/} cjut x'g' x'gg. bfhl{lnªaf6 g]kfnl efiff x6\of] eg] ToxfF g]kfnl g]kfnl hflt /xg]5}g. bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hftlotfaf/] rrf{ ubf{ o; JofVofgsf] ;'?df ToxfF Pp6f ljlzi6 g]kfnl hflt lgdf{0fdf g]kfnlsf] ;f f efuo -cj:yf_ / g]kfnl efiffn] lgjf{x u/]sf] ljifonfo{ dxœj lbpsf] lypf. cfh slyt kn] of] hfltcgtu{t ljlr5ggtfsf cfjfhx p7] klg ;'b"/ eljio;dd bfhl{lnªdf of] hflttj hftlotfsf] d"n cfwf/ jf 38]/L ;f f efuo / ;f f g]kfnl efiff g} x'g] nfub5. 27