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Micro-sprinklers in strawberry production Role of beneficial microbes on strawberry health and yield Miticide evaluation for spider mite management Role of lygus bug in fruit deformity IPM study with an emphasis on lygus bug management Surendra Dara PhD, DAIT Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties skdara@ucdavis.edu @calstrawberries @calveggies strawberriesvegetables Santa Maria Strawberry Meeting 10 November, 2015 berriesnveggies.tumblr.com enewsletters: ucanr.edu/strawberries-vegetables and ucanr.edu/pestnews Download the free ios app IPMinfo about strawberry pests and diseases

Irrigation needs for strawberries 24-29 for a typical fall planted crop Drip irrigation throughout the production season Overhead sprinkler irrigation during the initial few weeks

Micro-sprinkler

Experimental field Micro-sprinkler Grower Standard 2 Grower Standard 1 Micro-sprinkler

Thanks to Manzanita field crew

Micro-sprinkler vs. Standard Aluminum Treatments: Micro-sprinklers and grower standard aluminum pipes (~2.5 ac each) Plots: Six 25 long plots within each treatment Micro-sprinkler Standard aluminum sprinkler

Micro-sprinkler vs. Standard Aluminum

EC ds/m Electrical Conductivity Grower Standard Micro-sprinkler 0.6 0.55 b b 0.5 a a 0.45 0.4 1/1/2015 2/1/2015

11/6/14 11/7/14 11/8/14 11/9/14 11/10/14 11/11/14 11/12/14 11/13/14 11/14/14 11/15/14 11/16/14 11/17/14 11/18/14 11/19/14 11/20/14 11/21/14 11/22/14 11/23/14 11/24/14 11/25/14 11/26/14 11/27/14 11/28/14 11/29/14 Gallons of water/acre Cumulative irrigation volume 120000 Standard aluminum Micro-sprinkler 120,000 gpa 100000 80000 60000 81,600 gpa 40000 20000 0

Canopy Size (cm2) Canopy size Grower Standard 1 Micro-sprinkler 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1/6/2015 2/6/2015 3/6/2015

Plant Health Rating Plant health rating 5.0 Grower Standard 1 Micro-sprinkler RATING 0 Dead 1 Weak 2 Moderate-Low 3 Moderate-High 4 Good 5 Very good 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 1/6/2015 2/6/2015 3/6/2015

Botrytis severity Botrytis severity Botrytis fruit rot 4.0 Grower Standard 1 Micro-sprinkler 3.0 3 Days after harvest 2.0 RATING 0 None 1 1-25% 2 26-50% 3 51-75% 4 76-100% 1.0 0.0 4.0 3.0 5 Days after harvest 2.0 1.0 0.0 3/26/2015 4/13/2015 5/22/2015

Powdery mildew severity Powdery mildew RATING 0 None 1 1-25% 2 26-50% 3 51-75% 4 76-100% 3.0 GS1-Severity GS2-Severity MS-Severity 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 4/15/2015 6/16/2015 6/24/2015 Date

Seasonal Total of Marketable Berries (gr) Yield Seasonal total of marketable berries 19,000 18,000 17,000 16,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 Grower Standard 1 Grower Standard 2 Micro-sprinkler

Seasonal Total of Marketable Berries (gr) Yield Seasonal total of marketable berries 16,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 Grower Standard 2 Micro-sprinkler

2/7/2015 2/9/2015 2/11/2015 2/13/2015 2/15/2015 2/17/2015 2/19/2015 2/21/2015 2/23/2015 2/25/2015 2/27/2015 3/1/2015 3/3/2015 3/5/2015 3/7/2015 3/9/2015 3/11/2015 3/13/2015 3/15/2015 3/17/2015 3/19/2015 3/21/2015 3/23/2015 3/25/2015 3/27/2015 3/29/2015 3/31/2015 4/2/2015 4/4/2015 4/6/2015 4/8/2015 Marketable Berries at Each Harvest (gr) Yield Marketable berries 3,000 Grower Standard 1 Grower Standard 2 Micro-sprinkler 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0

2/7/2015 2/9/2015 2/11/2015 2/13/2015 2/15/2015 2/17/2015 2/19/2015 2/21/2015 2/23/2015 2/25/2015 2/27/2015 3/1/2015 3/3/2015 3/5/2015 3/7/2015 3/9/2015 3/11/2015 3/13/2015 3/15/2015 3/17/2015 3/19/2015 3/21/2015 3/23/2015 3/25/2015 3/27/2015 3/29/2015 3/31/2015 4/2/2015 4/4/2015 4/6/2015 4/8/2015 Marketable Berries at Each Harvest (gr) Yield Marketable berries 2,500 Grower Standard 2 Micro-sprinkler 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0

Acknowledgements Grower Dave Peck, Manzanita Berry Farms Industry partners Brent Wellington, Netafim Danilu Ramirez, RDO Water Technical assistance Chris Martinez Fritz Light Manzanita Field Crew

Strawberries and microbial enhancers Canopy size Plant health condition Yield Powdery mildew severity Botrytis fruit rot severity Spider mite and predatory mite numbers

Strawberries and microbial enhancers Treatment Active Ingredient(s) Application Dates 1 Untreated 2 HealthySoil (Grower Standard) Proprietary 3 BotaniGard ES Beauveria bassiana GHA 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, and 4/9/ 15 4 Met52 EC Metarhizium brunneum F52 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, and 4/9/15 5 NoFly Isaria fumosorosea FE 9901 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, and 4/9/15 6 Actinovate AG Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, 4/9/15, 5/1/15, 5/29/15, and 6/26/15 7 TerraClean 5.0 Hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic acid 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, 4/9/15, 4/17/15, 5/1/15, 5/29/15, 6/12/15, and 7/3/15 8 TerraGrow Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. megaterium, Trichoderma harzianum, and T. reesei 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, and 4/9/ 15 9 TerraClean + TerraGrow 10 O-MEGA Bat guano, turmeric, stevia, ginger, cinnamon, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Cellulomonas cellulans 11/7/14, 12/5/14, 1/6/15, 1/15/15, 2/3/15, 3/5/15, and 4/9/15 11/7/14,11/14/14, 11/21/14, 11/28/14, 1/2/15, 1/6/15, 1/9/15, 1/16/15, 1/23/15, 1/30/15, 2/6/15, 2/13/15, 2/20/15, 2/27/15, 3/6/15, 3/13/15, 3/20/15, 3/27/15, 4/3/15, 4/10/15, 4/17/15, 4/24/15, 5/1/15, 5/8/15, 5/15/15, 5/22/15, 5/29/15, 6/5/15, 6/12/15, 6/19/15, 6/26/15, 7/3/15, and 7/10/15

I 6 I 4 I 1 I 9 I 5 I 3 I 2 I 8 I 10 I 7 III 4 III 2 III 9 III 1 I 10 III 7 III 6 III 8 III 3 III 5 330 II 6 II 4 II 1 II 9 II 5 II 3 II 2 II 8 II 10 II 7 IV 4 IV 2 IV 9 IV 1 II 10 IV 7 IV 6 IV 8 IV 3 IV 5 Strawberries and microbial enhancers 6 4 1 9 5 3 2 8 1 0 7 4 2 9 1 1 0 7 6 8 3 5 Bed Sampling plot

Strawberries and microbial enhancers Cultivar: BG 6.3024 Planted on 6 November, 2014

Plant Canopy Size (cm2) Plant Canopy Size (cm2) Plant Canopy Size (cm2) Impact on plant canopy 550 500 450 26 January, 2015 a ab a ab ab a a ab a Tukey s HSD P = 0.002 400 350 700 680 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA b 20 February, 2015 660 640 620 600 950 930 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA 17 March, 2015 910 890 870 850 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Tukey s HSD P > 0.05

Plant Health Rating Plant Health Rating Plant Health Rating Impact on plant health 5.0 4.8 26 January, 2015 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 5.0 4.8 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA 20 February, 2015 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 5.0 4.8 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA 17 March, 2015 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Tukey s HSD P > 0.05

Seasonal Total of Unmarketable Berries (g) Seasonal Total of Marketable Berries (g) Seasonal Total of All Berries (g) Impact on berry yield 51,000 50,000 Total yield 49,000 48,000 47,000 46,000 45,000 41,000 40,000 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Marketable yield 39,000 38,000 37,000 36,000 35,000 11,000 10,000 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Unmarketable yield 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Tukey s HSD P > 0.05

Disease seveirty Disease seveirty Impact on powdery mildew 3.5 4/16/215 6/16/2015 6/26/2015 3.0 2.5 ab ab b a ab ab a ab ab ab 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Severity rating 1: 1-24%, 2: 25-50%, 3: 51-75% and 4: 76-100% Tukey s HSD P = 0.008 2.5 Average 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Tukey s HSD P > 0.05

Botrytis severity Impact on botrytis fruit rot Severity rating 1: 1-24%, 2: 25-50%, 3: 51-75% 4: 76-100% 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 3 DAH 5 DAH Harvested on 26 March, 2015 0.00 4.00 Harvested on 13 April, 2015 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 4.00 Harvested on 22 May, 2015 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 4.00 Harvested on 16 June, 2015 3.00 2.00 1.00 Tukey s HSD P > 0.05 0.00 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA

Botrytis Severity (Average)) Impact on botrytis fruit rot 4.50 4.00 3 DAH 5 DAH 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Untreated HealthySoil BotaniGard Met52 NoFly Actinovate TerraClean TerraGrow TC+TG O-MEGA Severity rating 1: 1-24%, 2: 25-50%, 3: 51-75% and 4: 76-100% Tukey s HSD P > 0.05

Conclusions Entomopathogenic fungi could be useful in crop production and crop protection Additional studies are needed to enhance our understanding of their interaction with plants, arthropods, and pathogens

Acknowledgements Grower Dave Peck, Manzanita Berry Farms Industry partners BioSafe Systems, Bioworks, Healthy Soil, Monsanto BioAg, O-MEGA Technical assistance Chris Martinez Fritz Light Manzanita Field Crew

Miticide evaluation study Treat I Spray Rate/ac II Spray Rate/ac III Spray Rate/ac IV Spray Rate/ac 1 Untreated Untreated Untreated Untreated 2 Acramite 50WS 1 lb Kanemite 15 SC 24 fl oz Nealta 13.7 fl oz Oberon 2SC 16 fl oz 3 Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz Acramite 50WS 1 lb Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz Acramite 50WS 1 lb 4 Nealta 13.7 fl oz XPulse 1 qt Nealta 13.7 fl oz Met52 EC + AzaGuard 16 fl oz + 12 fl oz 5 XPulse 1 qt Acramite 50WS 1 lb 6 Epi-Mek 0.15 EC + Grandevo Met52 EC + AzaGuard 16 fl oz + 12 fl oz Kanemite 15 SC 24 fl oz 16 fl oz + 3 lb Grandevo 3 lb Grandevo 3 lb Grandevo 3 lb 7 MBI-206EP 1 qt MBI-206EP 1 qt MBI-206EP 1 qt MBI-206EP 1 qt 8 MBI-206EP 2 qt MBI-206EP 2 qt MBI-206EP 2 qt MBI-206EP 2 qt 9 MBI-206EP 4 qt MBI-206EP 4 qt MBI-206EP 4 qt MBI-206EP 4 qt 10 Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz Grandevo 2 lb Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz Grandevo 2 lb 11 Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz MBI-206EP 2 qt Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz MBI-206EP 2 qt Epi-Mek 12 Epi-Mek 0.15EC 16 fl oz Grandevo 3 lb MBI-206EP 4 qt 0.15EC 16 fl oz

Miticide evaluation study Percent change in mobile stages Spider mites Predatory mites 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0-50.0-100.0-150.0

Acknowledgements Grower Ramiro Chavez, La Fuente Farms PCA Daniel Ibarra Industry partners BASF, BioSafe Systems, Marrone BioInnovations, Laverlam Technical assistance Fritz Light Tamas Zold

Strawberry fruit deformation

Strawberry fruit deformation Lygus bug damage Deformity due to poor pollination, genetic, environmental, and other factors

Role of lygus bug on fruit deformation Conventional (18) and organic (10) fields 9 Sampling dates 4 replications (different parts of the field) At least 100 deformed berries/replication

Role of lygus bug on fruit deformation Percent deformity from lygus bug and other causes 100% Lygus Other 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% a B Conventional b A Organic Tukey s HSD at P = 0.0008

Conclusions In both conventional (59%) and organic (67%) fields majority of the deformity was related to lygus bug feeding Lygus-related damage was significantly higher in organic fields and damage due to other factors was significantly higher in conventional fields Sampling for lygus is the most reliable way to make treatment decision

Acknowledgements Grower Dave Peck, Manzanita Berry Farms Daren and Kevin Gee, DB Specialty Farms Technical assistance Fritz Light Tamas Zold

2015 Strawberry IPM trial Sundance Berry Farms, Santa Maria

Chemicals-Mode of action groups 3A Pyrethrins-Sodium channel modulators 4A 4C 4D 9C Neonicotinoids } Nicotinic acetylcholine Sulfoximines receptor competitive Butenolides modulators Flonicamid Modulators of chordotonal organs 15 Benzoylureas - Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis

Non-chemical alternatives Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium brunneum Botanical insect growth regulator, azadirachtin Mechanical removal - vacuuming

Azadirachtin mode of action http://files.meistermedia.net/cpd/images/structures/largeview/azadirachtin.gif Interferes with protein synthesis Affects molting and metamorphosis Disturbs mating and sexual communication Sterilizes adults Reduces reproductive ability Acts as antifeedant and repellent

Lygus bug management study 1 st application (Rate/acre) 2 nd application (Rate/acre) 3 rd application (Rate/acre) 1 Untreated Untreated Untreated 2 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A* Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A 3 Vacuum Vacuum Vacuum 4 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Met52 EC(16 fl oz) + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) 5 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Vacuum 6 Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) 7 Vacuum Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) Met52 EC (16 fl oz) + AzaGuard (16 fl oz) Vacuum 8 Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Vacuum Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A 9 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C 10 B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A+neem (1qrt) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) 11 B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C 12 B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) Vacuum *MoA group 3A Pyrethrins-Sodium channel modulators 9C Flonicamid Modulators of chordotonal organs Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A 4A Neonicotinoids } Nicotinic acetylcholine 4C Sulfoximines receptor competitive 4D Butenolides modulators 15 Benzoylureas - Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis

Treatments and sampling Treatments applied on 26 August, 2 and 9 September, 2015 Vacuuming was done twice a week only in vacuum treatments Spray volume was 100 gpa for all treatments Sampled 6 days after each application

Number/20 plants Lygus life stages after three applications 40 30 Young Nymphs Pre-treatment Post-treatment 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0 Old Nymphs a ab ab b b ab ab ab ab ab ab P = 0.012 ab 8 Adults 6 4 2 0

Percent change post-treatment Change in lygus and natural enemy populations 100 80 Lygus bug 60 40 20 0-20 -40 1000 800 Natural enemies 600 400 200 0

Treatment efficacy Rank % Change I Spray II Spray III Spray I -28.9 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C* Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C II -12.1 Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D Vacuum III 0.0 IV 7.8 B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Vacuum Met52 EC(16 fl oz) + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Met52 EC (16 fl oz) + AzaGuard (16 fl oz) V 8.0 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A* Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A Assail 70 WP (3 oz) 4A VI 11.5 Vacuum Vacuum Vacuum VII 27.3 Vacuum VIII 32.7 IX 46.8 Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt) Sivanto (14 fl oz) 4D + Debug Turbo (104 fl oz) Pfr-97 (2 lb) + Neemix (9 fl oz) Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz) 15 + Brigade (16 oz) 3A Vacuum B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) 9C X 70.8 Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Sequoia (4.5 oz) 4C Vacuum XI 78.3 Untreated Untreated Untreated XII 85.7 B. bassiana+neem (1qrt) *Mode of action group B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A +neem (1qrt) B. bassiana+pyrethrum 3A (1qrt)

Conclusions Lygus infestations were very high and only two treatments reduced their populations and one treatment prevented their buildup Consider IPM strategy by using chemical, botanical, microbial, and mechanical tools

Acknowledgements Grower and Team Dave Murray, Sundance Berry Farms Ted Ponce Industry Partners Agro Logistics Systems, Arysta LifeScience, Bayer CropScience, BioSafe Systems, Certis USA, Dow AgroSciences, Helena Chemicals, Laverlam International Corp., and Monsanto BioAg Technical assistance Sundance Berry Farms field crew Chris Martinez Fritz Light Kristin Nicole Stegeman Tamas Zold

Thank you! Presentations from this meeting canbe downloaded from: http://ucanr.edu/meetingpresentations

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