TANNINUSEINTHEPHILIPPINES A"report"to"the"Hilti"Foundation" " Prepared"by"the Environmental"Science"for"Social"Change" " December"2013" "
TABLEOFCONTENTS 1.Background...3 2.Activitiesandprocessundertaken...3 3.Availabilityofspeciesandlogproductionvolume...4 3.12011LogProductionbyRegion...4 3.22011Top10LogKProducingProvinces...5 3.32011LogProductionbyTenureandSource...6 3.42011LogProductioninCBFM/CADCareasinRegions13,11,and10...6 3.52011LogProductioninRegions13,11and10byTenure...6 3.6SpeciesandvolumeofproductionperspeciesinthecountryandinRegions 9,10,11,12,and13...7 4.Questions...8 4.1Whatisthevolumeoftanninneededformakingtheboards?...8 4.2Whatisthetanninobtainablefromthespeciesidentified?...8 5.Identificationofspeciesfortanningproduction...10 6.Acaciamangium,possibilitiesandchallenges...10 7.Recommendations...11 ANNEX.InformationontheovenKdryingofthebarksamples...12 Cover"photo:"Some"bark"samples"of"plantation"species"that"were"ovenEdried," fumigated,"and"analysed"for"tannin"yield." 2
1.Background InApril2013,HiltiFoundationrequestedassistancefromtheEnvironmental ScienceforSocialChange(ESSC)toundertakepreliminaryresearchandprovide technicaladviseonenvironmentaltrendsandoverallsustainability considerationsforrawmaterials,namelytannin,thatwillbeusedforthejoint projecton Implementingalternativebuildingtechnologiesforhousingthe urbanpoor. Theintentionistoassistinidentifyingtreespeciesinthecountrywithhigh tannincontentasapotentialsourcefordevelopingatanninlbasedadhesivefor fiberboardofcoconutorbamboothatwouldbeacheapandreliablealternative inlowcosthousingconstruction. 2.Activitiesandprocessundertaken ESSC sprimaryresponsibilityistoidentifyandrecommendthesuitabletree speciesfortanninpotential,theuseofwhichdoesnotpresentathreattothe naturalenvironmentandcallforthedestructionofindigenousspeciesgiventhe extensivehistoryofforestdegradationinthecountry.(figuring"the"forest" Figures:"Understanding"Forest"Cover"Data"in"the"Philippines"and"where"we"might" be"proceeding,"essc,"2010"and"decline"of"the"philippine"forest,"essc,"1999). ESSCselectedsixofthetop10speciesoriginallyidentifiedwithpotentialviable tannincontent.thereweretwospeciesonthelistthatareindigenousand comingfromnaturalforests,shorea"sp,andwerenotincludedanymore.the speciesselectedareplantationspeciesandtheirusewouldinnosensethreaten thenaturalforests. Thespeciesselectedrepresentaround92%oflegalwoodproducedinthe Philippines,notincludingcoconutlumberfromcoconuttrees.Bauhinia" malabarica,"ashort,somewhatdecorativetreeandisgenerallyavailable throughoutruralareas,wasalsoincludedinthelist. Thespeciesselectedwere: Paraserianthes"falcataria"" Gmelina"arborea"" Swietenia"macrophylla" Acacia"mangium Leucaena"leucocephala Samanea"saman" Bauhinia"malabarica Samplesofthetreebarkswerecollected,dried,andweighed.Afterobtainingthe permitsfromtheresponsiblegovernmentagencies,thatincludedthefumigation ofthedriedbarksamples,thesewerethendeliveredtobernuniversityin Switzerlandand,alongwiththecoconut,wereanalysedbyMrSauroBianchiof thebernuniversityofappliedsciences. 3
2011Top10TimberSpeciesandwoodproduction 1 Timber"species" Wood" production" (cu"m)" %"to"total" Falcata(Paraserianthes"falcataria) 581,788 67% Yemane(Gmelina"arborea) 118,885 14% Mahogany(Swietenia" macrophylla) 50,113 6% Mangium(Acacia"mangium) 37,067 4% Gubas(Endospermum"peltatum) 13,934 2% IpilLipil(Leucaena"leucocephala)" 6,117 1% Bagras(Eucalyptus"deglupta) 2,826 0.3% Acacia(Samanea"saman) 2,122 0.2% RedLauan(Shorea"negrosensis) 1,435 0.2% Tanguile(Shorea"polysperma) 1,673 0.2% Others 48,631 6% TOTAL 864,591 3.Availabilityofspeciesandlogproductionvolume Inanalyzingavailabilitythroughoutthecountry,mostwoodisproducedin Mindanao.Fiveofthetop10woodLproducingregionsareinMindanao,with Regions13,11,9,10and12accountingfor85%ofnationalwoodproduction. Regions9to13andARMMmakeupMindanao. 3.1$2011$Log$Production$by$Region$ Regions" Log"Production"(cu"m)" Percent"to"Total" Region13(CARAGA) 518,750 59.5% Region11 131,502 15.1% Region6 59,971 6.9% Region9 44,940 5.2% Region10 28,967 3.3% Region2 21,520 2.5% 1 All wood production statistics come from 2011 Forestry Statistics, Forest Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 4
Region12 19,602 2.3% Region4LA 13,260 1.5% Region3 11,718 1.3% Region7 6,536 0.8% Region8 6,472 0.7% Region1 5,538 0.6% Region4B 660 0.1% CAR 1,257 0.1% Region5 433 0.0% TOTAL 871,126 Lookingmorecloselyatthedata,therewasaneedtoconfirmlocationswhere thetreesareproduced.ofthetop10loglproducingprovinces,thetopfivearein Mindanao,andwithDavaodelNorte(ranked7 th ),areproducing92%ofthelogs, withagusandelsurproviding65%ofthetotalproductionforthetop10logl producingprovinces. 3.2$2011$Top$10$Log8Producing$Provinces$ Provinces" Production"(cu"m)" Percent"to"Total" AgusanDelSur 474,731 65.3% CompostelaValley 55,634 7.6% DavaoOriental 47,164 6.5% ZamboangaDelNorte 42,566 5.8% SurigaoDelSur 29,715 4.1% NegrosOccidental 18,976 2.6% DavaoDelNorte 16,695 2.3% Aklan 14,375 2.0% Iloilo 13,661 1.9% NuevaVizcaya 13,480 1.8% TOTAL 726,997 5
Wethenlookedatproductionsourcesandover80%iscomingfromplantations withthatuseselflmonitoringforms(smf)andcertificatesofverification(cv), andthesearemostlyonprivatelands. 3.3$2011$Log$Production$by$Tenure$and$Source$$ Tenure"or" Source" Total$(cu$m)$ Natural"Forest" Planted" %"to"total" SMF/CV $721,056$$ 0 721,056 82.8% IFMA $92,975$$ 14,819 78,156 10.7% CBFM $29,696$$ 0 29,696 3.4% Others $27,176$$ 63 27,113 3.1% FLMA $222$$ 0 222 0.0% TOTAL 871,125 14,882 856,243 1.7% 98.3% WealsoreviewedproductionunderCommunityLBasedForestManagement (CBFM)agreementsandlandswithCertificatesofAncestralDomainClaims (CADCs)inthetopthreeregionsinMindanaowiththesetypesofcommunity tenure,toseeifthereispotentialforworkingwithmarginalizedcommunities whoholdthesepapers.however,volumesareverylow. 3.4$2011$Log$Production$in$CBFM/CADC$areas$in$Regions$13,$11,$and$10$ Top"three"regions"in" Mindanao"with"CBFM"and" CADC"areas" Log"Production"(cu"m)" Region13 22,732 Region11 6,792 Region10 172 TOTAL 29,696 Region13hasthehighestlogproductionvolume,sowelookedatthebiggest sourcesofthelogsinthisregion,andcomparedthesealsowithregions11and 10.ThetopsourcesoflogsarefromplantationswithselfLmonitoringforms (SMF).LogproductionfromareaswithIndustrialForestManagement Agreements(IFMAs)andCBFMsareafarsecondandthird. 3.5$2011$Log$Production$in$Regions$13,$11$and$10$by$Tenure$ Tenure"or" Total$(cu$m)$ Natural"Forest" Planted" %"to"total" 6
Source" Region13 518,789 20 518,769 SMF 469,047$ 0 469,047 90.4% IFMA 26,662$ 0 26,662 5.1% CBFM 22,732$ 0 22,732 4.4% Others 348$ 20 328 0.1% " " " " " Region11 123,144 2,233 120,911 SMF 108,610$ 108,610 88.2% IFMA 7,520$ 2,233 5,287 6.1% CBFM 6,792$ 6,792 5.5% FLMA 222$ 222 0.2% Region10 28,967 517 28,450 SMF/CV 19,772$ 19,772 68.2% IFMA 9,023$ 517 8,506 31.1% CBFM 172$ 172 0.01% Furthernarrowingdownthepossiblesourceswethenlookedattheproduction perspeciesperregionforcomparisonandfuturepossiblesupplybasisgiventhe localpossibledemands. 3.6$Species$and$volume$of$production$per$species$in$the$country$and$in$ Regions$9,$10,$11,12,$and$13$ SPECIES PHILIPPINES Region 9 Region 10 Region 11 Region 12 Region 13 Falcata (Paraserianthes" falcataria) 581,788 4,059 9,914 91,671 1,402 474,58 7 Yemane(Gmelina" 118,885 19,937 3,372 26,064 11,056 7,377 arborea) Mahogany 50,113 3,921 3,099 2,462 1,536 1,455 (Swietenia" macrophylla) Mangium(Acacia$ 37,067 14,497 5,477 38 135 13,933 7
mangium) Gubas 13,934 L L 15 L 13,674 (Endospermum" peltatum)" IpilLipil(Leucaena" 6,117 L 266 1,507 1,598 L leucocephala) Acacia(Samanea" 2,122 L L 33 646 saman) Bagras(Eucalyptus" 2,826 L 3 895 554 1,350 deglupta) RedLauan(Shorea" 1,435 L L 23 L L negrosensis) Tanguile(Shorea" 1,673 78 L 393 L L polysperma) ParaRubber(Hevea" 1,236 359 L 516 361 L brasiliensis) Bagtikan 1,125 92 L 464 L L (Parashorea" plicata) Others 48,631 1,327 6,662 6,942 2,314 6,374 Almon(Shorea" 397 104 L 293 L L almon) Antipolo 723 L 174 51 L L (Artocarpus" blancoi) Apitong 254 240 L L L (Dipterocarpus" grandiflorus)" Binuang(Octomeles" 907 240 L 12 L L sumatrana)" Mayapis(Shorea" 954 87 L 115 L L squamata) WhiteLauan 939 L L 8 L L (Shorea"contorta) 4.Questions Byfarthehighestproductionvolumeisinthespeciesselectedforanalysis,so themainquestionsthenare: 4.1$What$is$the$volume$of$tannin$needed$for$making$the$boards?$ MrBianchiinanearliercommunicationrespondedthat for2sqmpanelsand productionof200panelsperday,1,000l1,500kgofdrybarkperdayare needed. 4.2$What$is$the$tannin$obtainable$from$the$species$identified?$ Forthis,wequotefromthereportoftheanalysisoftanninyieldundertaken,as follows: 8
ForG"arborea,eveniftotalyieldofphenoliccompoundswashigh,thephenolic amountwaslow,indicatingthatduringthewaterextractionprocess,other compoundswereextracted,typicallysugars. TherewasevidenceoftanninpresenceonlyforB"malabarica,"A"mangium,"S" macrophylla,andl"leucocephala.onlyins."samanwerepolymericstructures detected,butthesedidnotmatchwithanyoftheknowntanninstructuresand thuscouldberelatedtootherkindofpolymers. Inthegraphsbelow,thetotalextractionyieldandthetotalamountofphenolic compoundsarereportedasgramsonkilogramsofdrybark. Forsomespecies(e.g.G"arborea),evenifthetotalyieldwasveryhigh,the phenolicamountwasquitelow,indicatingthatduringthewaterextraction processothercompoundswereextracted(typicallysugars). Furthermore,aMALDILTOFmassspectrometryontheextractswasperformed. Thisanalysishelpstoidentifyiftypicaltanninstructures(phenolicpolymers) arepresentintheextract. 9
TheresultsshowedevidenceoftanninpresenceonlyforB"malabarica,"A" mangium,"s"macrophylla,"andl"leucocephala.formostoftheotherspecies,no polymericstructuresweredetected,withtheexceptionofs"saman.however, thelatterdidnotmatchanywaywithanyoftheknowntanninstructures,and thuscouldberelatedtootherkindofpolymers. 5.Identificationofspeciesfortanningproduction Thespeciesidentifiedinorderofpriorityfortanninproductionare: 1. Acacia"mangium" 2. Leucaena"leucocephala" 3. Bauhinia"malabarica" 4. Swietenia"macrophylla" GiventhatofthetopfourtanninLproducingspecies,onlyoneisinthetopfour woodlproducingspecies,thisraisesdifficulties. Paraserianthes"falcataria"" Gmelina"arborea"" Swietenia"macrophylla" Acacia$mangium 6.Acaciamangium,possibilitiesandchallenges TheuseofA."mangium,"whichisaplantationspecies,"isnotathreattothe environment,butvolumesanddistributionareaproblem. Thevolumeofbarkperm 3 isapproximately19m 2 Consideringwastageatsitebeing30%,thatgives13.3m 2/ m 3 andapproximately 4kg/m 2 gives53kg/m 3.Thereisalsosignificantwastagealongtheway. With37,000m 3 ofa.$mangium$producedinayear,thisinitiallylooksbig,and therearethreemainareaswherethewoodcomesfrom,andtheseareregions9, 10,and13. Mangium (Acacia$ mangium) 37,067 14,497 5,477 38 135 13,933 Regions 9 10 11 12 13 Mostofthisspeciesisgrownonplantationsitesandrequirestalkingwiththe differentcompaniesandlocatingwheretheirbuyersare.itwouldbepreferable toworkwiththeybuyers,astheirbodegas(storagestructures)aremorelikelyin themajorcitiessuchascagayandeoroandbutuan.forthezamboangaregion, wearenotsure. 10
InquiringwiththeForestManagementBureauoftheDepartmentof EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesontheavailabilityanddistributionofA" mangiumandotherplantationspecies,theydirectedustotheirecosystems ResearchandDevelopmentBureauwhichhaslimitedinformationandmost possiblywillnotbeabletoobtaintheinformationneeded.thismeansthatwe willprobablyhavetoworkaloneinengagingthecompanies. Ifweweretocapture50%ofwhatiscutinRegions10and13,thatwouldbea majorachievement.with19,410m 3 and53k/m 3,thatgives1,028,730kg, and50%is514,365kg. If1,250kgofbarkareneededadayofA$mangium,andifthereare300 productiondaysayear,thisgivesabasicdemandof375,000kginayear. So,thisisstillwithinrange. Beforemovinganyfurther,wouldthesitesofButuanCityandCagayandeOro Citybepracticalfortanninprocessingorwillthefocusbeinonesiteonly? Fromhere,wemoveintospeculation.Muchgroundworkwouldhavetobedone specificallywiththepulpbodegasintheregions.atthemoment,barkissoldfor fuelwoodforsomeofthefactories,andwewouldhavetofindouttheprevailing costsandalsothecostsforseparatingthebarkssoweonlygetthespecieswe want. 7.Recommendations Withoutdraggingthereportanyfurtheranddefiningafurtherresearchproposal, thebasiccanbestatedandthat: 7.1Technically,fromthefigurespresented,thereisapotentialfornorthern Mindanaotogetenoughtanninmaterial. 7.2FurtherpracticalrealitiesonthesourcingandprocessingofA"mangium wouldneedgreaterinvestigation. 11
ANNEX.&Information&on&the&oven3drying&of&the&bark&samples& List of dried bark samples Name Scientific Names Common Names Grams Acacia Samanea saman Rain tree (Eng) 800 Acacia Acacia Mangium Brown salwood (Eng) 1060 Alibangbang Bauhinia malabarica Butterfly flower (Eng) 480 Falcata Albizia falcataria Falcata (Eng) 440 Gmelina Gmelina arborea Beechwood (Eng) 680 Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala Lead tree (Eng) 585 Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Mahogany (Eng) 590 Bark drying procedures Date Bark samples Grams (before) Time (inside the oven) Time (pull-out) Grams (after) Oven temperature / hour-minutes 02 April 2013 Mahogany 640 11:14 11:45 605 100-105 C - 30 minutes 605 11:47 12:17 590 100-105 C - 30 minutes Ipil-ipil 645 11:14 11:45 610 100-105 C - 30 minutes 610 11:47 12:17 585 100-105 C - 30 minutes Alibangbang 520 12:20 12:50 480 100-105 C - 30 minutes Gmelina 760 12:20 12:50 730 100-105 C - 30 minutes 730 12:55 1:30 685 100-105 C - 30 minutes 685 1:30 2:30 680 100-90 C - 30 minutes 03 April 2013 Acacia (Mangium) 1210 9:46 10:46 1175 100-105 C 1 hour 1175 10:50 11:50 1065 100-105 C 1 hour 1065 12:00 12:30 1060 100-105 C - 30 minutes Acacia (Rain tree) 1000 9:46 10:46 900 100-105 C 1 hour 900 10:50 11:50 815 100-105 C 1 hour 815 12:00 12:30 800 100-90 C - 30 minutes Falcata 540 9:46 10:46 440 100-105 C 1 hour 440 10:50 11:25 440 100-105 C - 30 minutes Procedures for Drying the Bark samples: 1. Prepare the oven, and set the heat temperature to 105 degrees Celsius, put aluminum foil inside the oven serve as a tray 2. Weigh the bark sample before you place inside the oven, and make a note. Wait an hour or 30 minutes then remove from the oven, then let it cool for 5 minutes, then weigh again and make notes, Always check the oven, if there is smoke inside to avoid fire from the bark