J. Dairying, Foods & H.S., 28 (3/4) : 170-175, 2009 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.com STUDIES ON UTILIZATION OF BHENDI (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULANTA) GUM AS STABILIZER IN PANEER MAKING S.D. Nalkar*, C.V. Bhambure, M.R. Patil and P.V. Padghan Dairy Chemistry Deptt. College of Dairy Tech., Pusad-445 204, India. ABSTRACT A study was undertaken to find the effect of bhendi gum as stabilizers on the quality and composition of the paneer. Due to the use of stabilizers, moisture retention, fat, FDM and acidity were increased. Within the particular stabilizer group, in general, positive correlation was observed between yield and stabilizer level. The differences in sensory score for these quality attributes due to different treatments were highly significant. Use of Bhendi gum at 0.45 per cent level, yields the paneer of desirable quality at comparatively lower cost. Key words : Abelmoschus esculanta, Stabilizer, Bhendi gum, Paneer. INTRODUCTION Research work done earlier has shown that the plant Paneer, an acid coagulated milk product was gums are good source of stabilizers. Bhendi or lady s first introduced in India by the Persian and Afgan finger gum appears to have better hydro colloidal invaders who came through Baluchistan and properties. Bhendi or Lady s finger (Abelmoschus Karokaram mountain pass of Himalayas. For the esculentus) is cultivated throughout India. Tender past two decades, paneer has assumed the status of pods are used as vegetable. Pods have mucilage and national culinary dish in India. It provides an pectin content and have been reported to have excellent method of conserving and preserving successful use as stabilizer (Gadhe, 1992 The precious milk solids in highly concentrated form. Use information on utility of bhendi gum as paneer of stabilizers (hydrocolloids) has been practiced by stabilizers is lacking. Hence, the present investigation food industry for long to improve the functional was undertaken to explore the possibility of using characteristics of foods. The water binding capacity, this stabilizer in paneer making. consistency, yield and total solids recovery of paneer MATERIAL AND METHODS can be improved by the addition of sodium alginate, The present investigation on bhendi gum as carrageenan, pre-gelatinized potato starch and CMC paneer stabilizers was carried out at the Department (Sachdeva and Singh, 1988 Amongst all of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College considerations, the selection of stabilizers is largely of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. governed by easy availability and relative cheapness The milk was procured immediately after morning without sacrificing the quality. Gelatin and sodium milking. The bhendi gum was prepared as per the alginate are more widely used as stabilizers to following procedure prescribed by Gadhe (1992 improve the quality of paneer. However, there is a Fifty grams of fresh bhendi fruits were cut into small growing trend to use natural hydrocolloids pieces. The cut fruits were boiled with water (fruits particularly of plant origin due to religious taboos, to water ratio at the boiling was 1: 4 The mix was easy availability, relatively cheaper, nutritional, boiled till the final extract of 50 ml was obtained. nontoxicity in gums and saves foreign exchange. Paneer was manufactured as per the procedure * Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agril Biotechnology, Loni-444 923, India.
Vol. 28, No. 3/4, 2009 171 standardized by Sachdeva et al., (1985 Bhendi gum was added to cow milk while heating but before coagulation at 90 0 C temperature in the following proportions; T 0 - Control (No stabilizer) T 2 - Bhendi gum at 0.15 per cent level T 2 - Bhendi gum at 0.30 per cent level T 2 - Bhendi gum at 0.45 per cent level These treatments were replicated eight times. The above combinations were treated as four treatments. The representative samples of milk, paneer and whey were subjected to chemical analysis. Milk was analyzed for fat, total solids, acidity and protein. Paneer was analyzed for yield, fat, total solids, acidity, moisture and protein. The fat content and total solids of milk was determined by using standard Gerber method as described IS:1479 (Part-II) 1961. The acidity of milk was determined according to IS: 1479 (Part -II) 1961. The protein content of milk was determined by the method given by Chaudhari (1959 The titratable acidity, fat, protein and moisture content of paneer were determined by the method given by Chaudhari (1959 The paneer was evaluated organoleptically for various quality attributes such as flavour, body and texture and colour and appearance by a panel consisting of 5 judges. A scorecard was prepared on the basis of a 9-point hedonic scale described by Amerine et al. (1965 Statistical Analysis : The result obtained during course of investigation was subjected to statistical analysis by using randomized block design (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967 The sensory score of various quality attributes of paneer of different treatments were compared statistically to test the significance of difference by Kramers Rank Sum Test. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Effect of utilization of bhendi (Abelmoschus esculantus) gum on chemical composition of paneer and its yield : The yield and average chemical composition of the paneer and made using different levels of bhendi gum is delineated in Table 1. It is evident from Table 1 that the moisture content of paneer ranged from 52.31 per cent (T 0 ), to 54.83 per cent (T 2 The differences in moisture content of paneer due to different treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05 Among the treatment tried, T 2 exhibited higher moisture content than all levels of T 2 treatments. When moisture content of experimental paneer was compared with that of control (T 0 ), all the treated paneer showed significantly (p< 0.05) higher moisture retention. Further, the moisture retention was found to be in increasing order with increase in the level of stabilizers. The moisture content of paneer of all treatments was observed to be well below the maximum limit of 70 per cent as per PFA and 60 per cent as per BIS standards. The higher moisture content in all paneer samples compared to that of control (T 0 ) is attributed to the complex network of stabilizer/ hydrocolloids used in the present investigation. Sachdeva and Singh (1988) reported increase in the moisture retention and yield of paneer by using hydrocolloids such as CMC (0.1 to 0.2%), sodium alginate, carrageenan and starch with different levels. Roy and Singh (1994) also reported increase moisture retention and yield of paneer where hydrocolloids were used. It would be seen from the table that the fat content in paneer varied from 24.85 per cent (T 0 ) to 26.20 per cent (T 2 Differences in fat content of paneer due to different treatments were statistically non-significant. Among the treatments tried, T 2 treatment exhibited significantly higher fat content than all other treatments under study. The fat content in paneer ranged from 25.14 per cent (T 2 ) to 26.20 per cent (T 2 The paneer of control (T 0 ) group showed significantly (p< 0.05) lower fat content than all other treatments. The fat content in paneer was increased with increasing level of bhendi gum stabilizers. The fat content of paneer in respect of all the treatments was observed to be at par with the maximum limit (on dry matter basis) as per PFA act. The moisture and fat content of the paneer is influenced by several factors such as composition of milk (Bhattacharya et al., 1971; Sachdeva et al., 1985; Vishweshwaraiah and Anantakrishna, 1986; Singh and Kanawjia, 1988;, temperature of coagulation (Bhattacharya et al., 1971; Sachdeva et al., 1985; Singh and Kanawjia, 1988; Sachdeva et al., 1988; Sachdeva and Singh (1988), Singh and Kanawjia, (1991); Roy and Singh, (1994 Due to water binding capacity of hydrocolloids/stabilizers, a complex network in the system of paneer making is
172 J. DAIRYING, FOODS & H.S. formed and thereby during the coagulation the fat gets entrapped into the complex and probably this could be the reason for higher fat content in the treated paneer than the control (T 0 The fat content on dry matter basis helps to compare the paneer of different groups more accurately as it eliminates the moisture variation. The average values of fat content in paneer on dry matter basis in different treatments are furnished in Table 1. According to PFA rule, paneer should contain not less than 50 per cent fat on dry matter basis. Fat content on dry matter basis of paneer varied from 51.98 per cent (T 0 ) to 58.29 per cent (T 2 Differences in fat content on dry matter basis were significant at P<0.05 levels. With increasing levels of stabilizers, fat content on dry matter basis in paneer also increased. In the present investigation, the cow milk contained 4.65 per cent fat resulting into paneer with fat content of more than 50 per cent (on dry matter basis Bhattacharya et al., (1971) and Vishweshwaraiah and Anantakrishnan (1986) reported that a level of more than 4.5 per cent fat in milk is essential to yield product with FDM more than 50 per cent. The protein content of paneer in respect of al1 the treatments were delineated in Table 1. Though the, differences in protein content of paneer did not vary significantly due to different treatments, it is varied from 17.18 (T 2 ) to 17.44 (T 0 The results of present study were in confirmation with those of Singh and Kanawjia (1988) who reported no specific trend in protein content of paneer in response to added calcium chloride as additive at different levels. Sachdeva and Singh (1988) found increased protein content in paneer with the decrease in milk fat content. Rajorhia et al., (1984) reported protein content in paneer as 17.99 per cent for standardized milk with 5.8 per cent fat. Buchanan et al., (1965) observed 96 per cent recovery of casein and protein in skim milk with heating at 90 0 C and addition of 0.24 per cent CaCl 2 to precipitate proteins. The total solids content of paneer of different treatments is presented in Table 1. The lowest content of total solids i.e. 44.89 per cent was observed in paneer prepared from cow milk treated with 0.45 per cent Bhendi gum (T 2 ), whereas the highest value of 47.69 per cent was recorded for control group (T 0 The variation in total solids content due to different treatments was significant (p< 0.05 The total solids content in paneer was found to be in the descending order with increase in the level of stabilizers. Decrease in the total solids content in paneer (T 2 treatments) with different levels could be attributed to more moisture retention and further, moisture retention increased with increasing levels of stabilizers. This is also evident from the whey analysis that loss of milk ingredient other than fat and protein was found to be increasing order with the rising level of addition of the stabilizers. The values of total solids content of different treatments are observed in the present study compared well with that of PFA standards. Bhattacharya et al., (1971) reported 47.08 per cent recovery of total solids in paneer prepared from skim milk having total solids content of 9.33 per cent whereas maximum recovery of 60.81 per cent was obtained with buffalo milk having total solids content of 15.33 per cent. Vishwehwaraiah and Anantakrishnan (1986) Table 1. Average composition of the paneer made using different levels of stabilizer. Replication/ Parameter Bhendi gum Treatment Control T 0 0.15% T 2 0.30% T 2 0.45% T 2 1 Moisture 52.31 a 54.15 b 54.30 b 54.83 b 2 Fat 24.85 a 25.14 ab 25.65 c 26.20 d 3 Fat (DMB) 51. 98 a 54.83 b 56.13 c 58.29 d 4 Protein 17.44 17.18 17.37 17.30 5 TS 47.69 c 45.85 d 45.70 cd 44.89 b 6 Titratable acidity 0.29 a 0.31 a 0.32 b 0.33 b 7 Yield 12.87 a 14.18 b 14.49 b 15.23 c Values are average of 8 replication Figures with common superscript indicate that the treatment differences are non-significant.
Vol. 28, No. 3/4, 2009 173 Table 2. Sensory evaluation of mean score values for different quality attributes of paneer of different treatments. Treatments Flavour Body and texture Colour and appearance Raw Fried Raw Fried Raw Fried Control - cow milk (T 0 ) 7.6 7.9 8.0 8.1 7.7 7.8 0.15% Bhendi gum (T 2 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.7 7.9 7.9 0.30% Bhendi gum (T 2 ) 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.2 0.45 % Bhendi gum (T 2 ) 7.6 7.5 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.8 (Average mean score of 8 replications) obtained the highest total solids recovery of 64.34 per cent from cow milk with 3.5 per cent fat. Further, total solids recovery increased with milk fat percentage. Sachdeva and Singh (1988) mentioned that total solids recovery in paneer increased with increase in temperature of coagulation and maximum at 90 0 C. The results given in Table 1 showed that there was significant variation in acidity of paneer due to different treatments. Acidity content varied from 0.29 percent (T 0 ) to 0.33 per cent T 2 Different levels of stabilizer had same level of acidity of paneer and it ranged from 0.31 to 0.33 percent showing increasing trend with increase in stabilizer level. The hydrocolloids have various functions in milk such as stabilization of the system, prevention of coagulation, due to these reasons, titratable acidity was found to be increasing order with increase in the level of stabilizers. Bhattacharya et al., (1971) and Rao et al., (1984) reported higher values of titratable acidity (0.47 to 0.50 per cent) for paneer prepared from cow and buffalo milk. Rajorhia et al., (1984) observed still higher acidity (0.76 per cent) in paneer samples. They further stated that the variation in acidity values reported by different workers might be due to variation in analytical method. The result pertaining to recovery of paneer is furnished in Table 1. The average value of yield of the paneer in control group without stabilizers (T 0 ) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the yield of all treated group with different levels of stabilizer. Yield of paneer varied from 12.87 per cent (T 0 ) to 15.23 per cent (T 2 Comparison of paneer yield at different levels bhendi gum, i.e. T 2 and T 2 differed nonsignificantly for each other but were significantly poor to T 2 (15.23 % Further, it was noticed that the paneer recovery was improved with the increase in the level of stabilizer. Higher yield of paneer in stabilizer-incorporated treatment was due to maximum protein coagulation in such treated milk and greater entrapment of fat in coagulum as is evident from the analysis of paneer on dry matter basis in Table 1. The yield of paneer is significantly influenced by composition of milk. Bhattacharya et al.,(1971); Sachdeva et al.,(1985); Vishwehwaraiah and Anantakrishnan, (1986); Singh and Kanwjia, (1988); temperature of coagulation (Bhattacharya et al., 1971; Rao et al., 1984; Sachdeva et al., 1985; Singh and Kanwjia, 1988; Roy and Singh, 1994) and type of coagulant and additives etc. The hydrocolloids are well known for their moisture binding ability. In the present investigation, yield of paneer showed proportionate increase with moisture retention of different types of paneer prepared with various levels of stabilizers. Similar reports were reported by Sachdeva and Singh (1988), they stated that the binding capacity and yield of paneer can be improved by the sodium alginate (0.1%), Carrageenan (0.15 per cent), pre-gelatinized potato starch (0.15 per cent) and CMC (0.1% Roy and Singh (1994) also reported increase in the moisture retention and yield of paneer where hydrocolloids were used. Sachdeva and Singh (1995) observed higher paneer yield by coagulation at 90 0 C with addition of stabilizers. Rao et al., (1984) observed paneer yield of 20.35 per cent from buffalo milk heated at 85 0 C and coagulated at 70 0 C with 0.3 per cent citric acid. Sensory evaluation of paneer : The sensory evaluation of paneer was carried out by the panel of judges and the results with respect to flavour, body and texture and colour and appearance are presented in Table 2.
174 J. DAIRYING, FOODS & H.S. Table 3. Average cost of paneer production in different groups. Treatment Quantity of Ingredients used (g) Quantity Total Total Per cent of Paneer cost cost cost Milk Bhendi Citric acid produced Rs. Per of paneer reduction (g) gum (g) (mg) (gm) treatment (Rs./kg) Control - cow milk (T 0 ) 1000-715 128.6 9.0 69.93 0.00 0.15% Bhendi gum (T 2 1000 1.5 715 141.5 9.47 66.92 4.31 0.30% Bhendi gum (T 2 ) 1000 3. 0 715 144.8 9.72 67.12 4.02 0.45 % Bhendi gum (T 2 ) 1000 45 715 152.2 9.97 65.50 6.34 * Cost of ingredients:1) Milk Rs.9.0/lit. 2) Bhendi gum Rs. 160/kg. 3) Citric acid Rs.300/kg. The data regarding mean score in respect of flavour showed that the highest ranking score 8.0 for raw paneer was obtained in case of T 2, whereas the lowest score of 7.3 was observed for T 2. The statistical analysis showed highly significant (P<0.01) difference in flavour score of different paneer. Similar were the results for fried paneer. The data regarding mean score in respect of body and texture showed that raw paneer of T 2 group received the highest score. The fried paneer of T 2 group had the lowest score of 7.6. The score of this parameter obtained by different treatments was compared statistically. It was noticed that the paneer of all the groups showed highly significant differences in body and texture quality. Similar to that of flavour, body and texture qualities, the colour and appearance of the paneer of different treatments also showed highly significant differences (P<0.05 The score for colour and appearance of raw paneer ranged from 7.7 in T 0 to 8.0 in (T 2 Similarly for fried paneer, it varies from 7.8 in T 0 and 8.2 in T 2. The raw paneer prepared with 0.45 per cent Bhendi gum excelled all other paneer in colour and appearance. The above results indicate that the paneer of different treatments was acceptable and was of good quality. However, the product prepared 0.45 per cent bhendi gum was superior in quality compared to other treatments. Sachdeva and Singh (1988) and Roy and Singh (1994) reported that coagulation at 90 0 C with stabilizers/ hydrocolloids incorporated in milk results in higher yield and imparts better body and texture and consistency in the paneer. Due to the addition of stabilizers, the hard body and less yield was completely overcome. Vishweshwaraiah and Anantakrishnan (1986), Roy and Singh (1994) observed decline in sensory score of the paneer with rise in coagulation temperature for 80 0 C to 90 0 C. Whereas, Singh and Kanawjia (1988) and Sachdeva et al., (1985) reported that addition of CaCl 2 to raw milk prior to coagulation at 85 0 C improved the sensory score of paneer. Dharam Pal and Garg (1989) noticed that the lowering of coagulation temperature from 80 0 C to 70 0 C decreased the values for hardness, gumminess and chewiness of paneer. Singh et al. (1991) stated that addition of whey solids affected the sensory quality of both raw as well as fried paneer. Whereas, Mistry et al., (1992) observed significantly higher sensory score for flavour and body and texture with addition of salts like calcium sulphate and disodium hydrates phosphate. Economics of paneer production : One of the main objectives of the present investigation was to study the possibility of reducing the cost of paneer by using stabilizer. Hence, cost economics of paneer production was worked out considering the prevailing retail costs of ingredients. The cost structure of paneer production is illustrated in Table 3. It would be seen that the highest cost of Rs. 69.93/kg paneer was recorded in case of paneer prepared without stabilizer (T 0 The treatments with stabilizers of bhendi gum at different levels showed lower cost compared to control. Different levels of bhendi gum viz., T 2 (0.15%), T 2 (0.30%), T 2 (0.45%) yielded one kg paneer at a cost of Rs.66.92, 67.12 and 65.50 respectively. Thus compared to control (T 0 ) group cost reduction was in the magnitude of 4.31, 4.02 and 6.34 per cent at 0.15 per cent, 0.30 per cent, 0.45 per cent levels of bhendi gum, respectively. From the above data, it appears that there is no much change in the cost of paneer production.
Vol. 28, No. 3/4, 2009 175 CONCLUSION corelation was observed between yield and stabilizer An experiment was undertaken to study the level. The differences in sensory score for these effect of bhendi gum as stabilizers on the quality and quality attributes due to different treatments were composition of the paneer. The differences in respect highly significant (P<0.05 It was observed that the quality of paneer was good in all the treatments as of these chemical constituents were significant the sensory score was above 7.0. The use of except for protein content. It was observed that due stabilizers in paneer making resulted reduction in to use of stabilizers, moisture retention, fat, FDM the cost of paneer production. Reduction in cost was and acidity were increased as compared to control possible due to increased yield of paneer due to use group with no stabilizers. The yield of paneer in of stabilizers. From the results of the study, it is different treatments under study varied significantly. inferred that the use of Bhendi (Abelmoschus The paneer yield from T 0 group produced esculentus) gum at 0.45 per cent level, yields the significantly lower yield than other treatments. Within paneer of desirable quality at comparatively lower the particular stabilizer group, in general, positive cost than paneer with no stabilizers. REFERENCES Amerine, M.A. et al. (1965 Principles of sensory evaluation of food. Academic Press, Inc., New York. Bhattacharya, D.C. et al. (1971 J.Fd. Sci. Technol. 8(3):117. Buchanan, R.A. et al. (1965 Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 20(3):139. Chaudhari, A.C. (1959 Practical Dairy Science and Laboratory Methods. Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta. Dharampal, S. and Garg, F.C. (1989 J. Food Sci. Technol. 26(5):259-264. Gadhe, E.N. (1992 M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. IS: 1479 Part-II (1961 Methods of Test for Dairy Industry. Chemical Analysis of Milk. Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi. Mistry, C.D. et al. (1992 Aust. J. Dairy Technol., 47(1):23-27. Pal,:M.A. et al. (1991 Indian J. Dairy Sci. 44(7):437-441. Rajorhia, G.S. et al. (1984 Indian J. Dairy Sci., 37(3):274. Rao, M.N. et al. (1984 Indian J. Dairy Sci. 37(1):50-53. Roy, S.K. and Singh, S. (1994 Indian J. Dairy Sci., 47(8):683. Sachdeva S. and Singh, S. (1988 Indian J. Dairy Sci. 41(2):189-193. Sachdeva, S. and Singh, S. (1995 Indian Dairyman. XLVII(4):11. Sachdeva, S.; Singh, S. and Kanawjia, S.K. (1985 Indian Dairyman, 37(11):501. Singh, S. and Kanawjia, S.K. (1988 Indian J. Dairy Sci., 41(3):322. Singh, S. et al. (1991 Indian J. Dairy Sci. 44(1):76-79. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.O. (1967 Statistical Methods. 6th Ed. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., Calcutta. Syed, H.M. et al. (1992 J. Food Sci. and Technol. 29(2):117-118. Vishweshwaraiah, L. and Anantakrishnan, C.P. (1986 Indian J. Dairy Sci., 39(4):484.