= = 1 Sara Jane Strecker, FACS Educator
Introduction Most cooks use recipes. A recipe is a list of ingredients that gives you directions for preparing a specific food. If you know how to follow recipes, then you will be successful in the kitchen. Who knows! You may become a famous chef! 2
Introduction Successful cooks know: How to read a recipe Abbreviations Measuring Techniques Equivalents How to Change a Recipe 3
What s in a recipe? A formula! Read the recipe before you cook. The parts of the recipe tell you: Name Ingredients Equipment Directions Yield (number of servings) Sometimes - Nutritional Analysis 4
Parts of a Recipe A recipe usually includes: Yield Number of servings the recipe makes. Equipment Directions Steps you follow to make the recipe. Quesadillas (Serves 4-2 per person) 8 flour tortillas 1 cup grated cheese 1. Heat a frying pan over medium heat. 2. Place a tortilla in the pan. Name What the recipe is called. 3. Sprinkle 1/4 cup cheese on the tortilla. 4. Cover the cheese with another tortilla. 5. Cook about 1 minute, until brown and crisp. Then turn the quesadilla over. Cook until the cheese melts. 6. Place on a serving plate. Cut into pie shaped wedges. 7. Repeat process with remaining ingredients. Ingredients Food products you need to make the recipe. 5
What s an Abbreviation? Understanding the language of recipes takes the guesswork out of cooking. Abbreviation - The shortened form of a word. Abbreviations in measuring units: Save space on the cookbook page. Make recipes easier to read. 6
Name the Abbreviations The U.S. uses the English system: Teaspoon tsp. or t. Tablespoon Tbsp. or T. Cup c. Pint pt. Quart qt. Gallon gal. Ounce/fluid ounce oz./ fl. oz. Pound lb. 7
Name the Abbreviations Most other countries use the Metric system: Milliliter Liter Grams Kilogram ml L g kg 8
Name the Abbreviations More abbreviations: Few grains, dash, pinch f.g. Dozen doz. Pound lb. Inch in. Second sec. Minute min. Hour hr. Degree Fahrenheit/Celsius F. / C 9
Abbreviations Pop Quiz What do these stand for? lb. L tsp. or t. F. qt. fl. oz. 10
Name That Utensil Serving spoons & cups vary in size. Only use these standard measuring utensils Can you name them? 11
The Right Measuring Utensil What are two ingredients that you d measure with when using: measuring spoons? dry/solid measuring cups? a liquid measuring cup? Which measuring utensil would you use to measure each of these ingredients? 1 1/3 cups flour 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder 1/2 cup milk 2 tablespoons cooking oil 12
Measuring Liquid Ingredients Liquid ingredients can include: Milk, water, oil, juice, vanilla extract, etc. To measure 1/4 cup or more of a liquid ingredient, use a clear, liquid measuring cup. Place the cup on level surface and read measurements at eye level. For smaller amounts use measuring spoons. Fill the spoon until a slight dome is visible. 13
Measuring Dry Ingredients A standard set of dry/solid measuring cups is made of four cup sizes. What amount does each cup measure? 14
Measuring Dry Ingredients Dry ingredients can include: Flour, sugar, brown sugar, salt, and baking powder. To measure 1/4 cup or more of a dry ingredient use a measuring cup. Measuring cups generally come in 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and 1 cup sizes. 15 To measure less than a 1/4 cup use a measuring spoon. Measuring spoons generally come in 1/4, 1/2, & 1 teaspoon & 1 tablespoon sizes. To measure 1/8 tsp. measure 1/4 tsp. & then remove half.
Measuring Dry Ingredients Measuring flour: Do not pack the flour into the measuring cup or spoon because you will end up with more flour. Instead, scoop flour into the cup and level with a spatula or knife. Measuring brown sugar: Pack the brown sugar tightly into the measuring cup or spoon. Once it is packed down, level it with a straight edge or knife. Measuring granulated sugar: Fill the cup with sugar. Level with the back of a spatula or knife so that sugar is even with top of measuring cup or spoon. 16
Pass the Cup Dry/solid measure check-up: Which of these amounts is greater? Write the amount. 1/2 cup or 3/4 cup 1/4 cup or 1/3 cup 1/4 cup or 2 Tbsp. 1/2 cup or 1/4 cup 1/4 cup or 3 tsp. 1 1/3 cup or 1 1/4 cup 17
Measuring Solid Ingredients Sticks of butter and margarine have measurements marked on the wrapper. One stick = 1/2 cup or 8 tablespoons Measure solid fats, such as shortening or peanut butter, in a dry measuring cup. Pack it into the cup and level it with a spatula. Then use a plastic scraper to remove it from the cup. 18
Measuring Techniques Checklist Can you do these things? 3/4 cup sugar 1 cup flour 1 Tbsp. water 1 tsp. salt 1 Tbsp. flour 1 1/3 cups water 1/4 cup brown sugar Ingredients & tools properly cleaned and stored. Demonstrate proper measuring techniques by completing the checklist. Name: Checked by: 19
Measuring Just With Spoons This chart shows some amounts that you ll often see in recipes. And it shows how to measure those amounts with measuring spoons. 1 Tbsp. 1 tsp. + 1 tsp. + 1 tsp. 3/4 tsp. 1/4 tsp. + 1/4 tsp. + 1/4 tsp. or 1/2 tsp. + 1/4 tsp. 1/8 tsp. half of 1/4 tsp. 1/8 cup 1 Tbsp. + 1 Tbsp. 20
Basic Equivalents 21 Equivalents are amounts that are equal to each other. They are useful when you must alter or change a recipe to serve more or less people than the recipe yields. Dry/Liquid equivalents: Pinch or Dash = less than 1/8 teaspoon 1 Tablespoon = 3 teaspoons 1/4 cup = 4 Tablespoons 1/3 cup = 5 Tablespoons & 1 teaspoon 1/2 cup = 8 Tablespoons 3/4 cup = 12 Tablespoons 1 cup = 16 Tablespoons
Basic Equivalents To help you remember: 1 Tablespoon = 3 t e a spoons There are 3 letters in the word tea and 3 teaspoons in a tablespoon. 1/4 c. = 4 Tbsp. 22
Basic Equivalents 1 fluid ounce = 2 Tablespoons 8 ounces = 1 cup 16 ounces = 1 pound 23 1 pint = 2 cups 1 quart = 2 pints = 4 cups 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 16 cups
Basic Equivalents To help you remember: A formula 2 c. = 1 pt. 2 pt. = 1 qt. 4 qt. = 1 gal. 24
Equivalents at the Store At the store, many foods are sold by the pint or by the quart. Many recipes will ask you to measure those foods by the cup. Here is a helpful guide: 1 cup = 1/2 pint 2 cups = 1 pint 4 cups = 2 pints 4 cups = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 25
Equivalents at the Store Answer the following questions with one of these amounts: 1/2 pint 1 pint 1 quart What size container will you buy if... 1. A recipe for salad calls for 2 cups of cottage cheese.? 2. A recipe for a fruit dessert calls for 1 cup of whipping cream? 3. You need 4 cups of milk for a pudding? 4. You need 2 cups of sour cream to make a dip? 5. A recipe for fruit salad says to mix 8 ounces of yogurt with fruit? 26
Equivalents at the Store Now that you know how many cups make up 1/2 pint, 1 pint, and 1 quart, try to figure out how many ounces are in these amounts: 1 cup = oz. 1/2 pint = oz. 1 pint = oz. 1 quart = oz. 1 gallon = oz. 27
Basic Equivalents Pop Quiz 1. 1. 1 pint = cups 2. 2. 1 gallon = quarts 3. 3. 1 quart = cups 4. 4. 1 cup = tablespoons 5. 5. 1 tablespoon = teaspoons 28
Putting Cups Together Useful amounts to know: 2/3 cup = 1/3 cup + 1/3 cup 3/4 cup = 1/2 cup + 1/4 cup 1/8 cup = half of 1/4 cup 1 cup = 1/2 cup + 1/2 cup 1 cup = 1/3 cup + 1/3 cup + 1/3 cup 1 cup = 1/4 cup + 1/4 cup + 1/4 cup + 1/4 cup How would you measure these amounts? 1 1/4 cups 2/3 cup 3/4 cup 29
How Do You Measure Up? This recipe for Chocolate Chip Cookies yields 3 dozen. You need to make 6 dozen. Write down the measurements you would use to double this recipe. Use correct abbreviations. Chocolate Chip Cookies Yields 3 dozen. 2 1/4 cup flour 3/4 cup brown sugar 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1/4 teaspoon salt 2 eggs 1 cup margarine 2 cup chocolate chips 3/4 cup sugar 30
How Do You Measure Up? Your Grandma s recipe for Chocolate Cake makes a large cake so you want to make only half of a cake. Write down the new measurements you would need to make half this recipe. Use correct abbreviations. Chocolate Cake 2 cups sugar 2 teaspoons baking soda 1/2 cup butter 2 chocolate squares 2 eggs 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 cup buttermilk 2/3 cup warm water 2 1/2 cups cake flour 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 31
How Do You Measure Up? BONUS What is half of 2/3 cup? If a recipe calls for one egg and you want to cut the recipe in half, how might you half an egg? Answer: 1 large egg = 1/4 cup. Crack egg into bowl and mix with fork. Pour out approximately 1/2 or 2 tablespoons of egg. 32
You re the Expert Jenny is throwing a surprise birthday party for her best friend Katie. She has decided to make Katie s favorite dish, meat loaf. There will be a total of 40 people at the party. Answer the following questions: The recipe says it serves 8 people. By what number should Jenny multiply each ingredient to make enough meat loaf for everyone? The recipe calls for 1 1/2 lbs. of ground beef. How much ground beef will Jenny need to make enough meat loaf for everyone? Jenny will be serving milk with the meal. She plans on using 8 oz. glasses. How many gallons of milk does she need to make sure everyone gets one glass of milk? 33
Kitchen Math Quiz Write down the answers to the following questions. 1. 1 tablespoon is equivalent to teaspoons and 1 fluid ounce is equivalent to tablespoons. a. a. 3, 4 b. b. 4, 1 c. c. 3, 2 d. d. 2, 3 2. How would you measure the following amounts? a. a. 2/3 cup b. b. 1/8 cup c. c. 1 2/3 cup d. d. 2 3/4 cups 34
Kitchen Math Quiz 35 3. The number of servings a recipe makes is called its. a. a. serving size b. b. yield c. c. equivalent d. d. supply 4. Match the term on the left with the appropriate abbreviation on the right. 1. 1. pounds a. c. 2. 2. cups b. Tbsp. 3. 3. tablespoons c. lb. 4. 4. teaspoons d. tsp. 5. 5. ounces e. oz.
Kitchen Math Quiz 5. True of False? a. a. Liquids should always be measured at eye level. b. b. When measuring flour you should scoop it into a dry measuring cup, pack it, and level it with a straight edge. c. c. One stick of butter is equal to 1 cup. 6. Look at each of the following measurements and determine which amount is larger: a. a. 1/3 cup or 1/4 cup b. b. 1 pound or 18 ounces c. c. 1 tablespoon or 4 teaspoons d. d. 1 pint or 3 cups 36
Applying What You Know Choose one of the following assignments to complete outside of class. Create a worksheet of math word problems based on kitchen measurements. Be sure to create an answer sheet. Trade worksheets with a classmate and grade each other s work. Create an easy-to-read poster of common abbreviations and basic equivalents. Be sure to include visuals and display accurate information. 37
Exploring the Web Here are some suggested sites you and your class may want to investigate for more information on measuring: http://www.applejournal.com/ref01.htm Basic kitchen measurements and abbreviations. http://www.nursehealer.com/recipes6.htm Measurements and substitutions. Teachers: Please note that web sites are constantly changing and being updated. You may need to revise this list. 38