M. Butac, V. Bozhkova, A. Zhivondov, N. Milosevic, E. Bellini, V. Nancetti, J. Blazek, E. Balsemin, B. Lafargue, E. Kaufmane, I. Gravite, M. Vasiljeva, M. Pintea, A. Juraveli, T. Webster, I. Hjalmarsson, V. Trajkovski, S.H. Hjelthes and T. Lakatos
Surface (ha) Crop (to) (to/ha) World Europa 2 534 873 602 820 10 776 232 2 922 950 4.3 5.0 23.8 % 27.2 %
The most important countries from Europe regarding plum surface and production (FAO( Stat Database abase,, 2011) Country Serbia Romania France Spain Italy Bosnia Herzegovina Poland Belarus Germany Austria Hungary Republic of Moldova United Kingdom Bulgaria Surface (ha) 201,236 74,688 18.666 19,500 14,000 75,000 21,044 7,995 4,534 242 6,399 22,000 872 17,000 Production (thousand tones) 663 534 235 228 194 156 121 81 73 72 51 31 25 17
THE CONTENT OF NUTRIENTS IN PLUMS Protein substances 0.7% Vitamin C 10 % Carbohydrates 19.7% Fats 0.28% Calorie 75 kj / 100 g fruit
Protein substances 2.1% Fat substances 0.6% Calorie 255 kj / 100 g fruit Carbohydrates 67.4% Vitamin C 3% Prunes score highest in antioxidants Apples Grapes Plums Strawberries Blueberries Prunes 134 218 670 739 750 949 1220 1540 2036 2400 2830 5770 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Fruit quality Ripening time Resistance to diseases and pest, specially to Sharka Climatic robustness 80% of all activities by Prunus domestica 20% by Prunus salicina
I. FRUIT QUALITY atractivity blue skin color, with bloom crisp and juicy flesh taste, flavour, sweetness small and free stone II. CULTURE TECHNOLOGIES earliness tolerance / resistance to Sharka tree vigour rootstock
caliber: 40-50 mm Ø; fruit weight: : 45-50g; skin color: blue, dark blue; fruit shape: round, elliptic; soluble solids: : 18-20 Brix; fruit flesh firmness: 2.5 3 kgf/cm2.
MAIN PLUM BREEDING CENTRES AND OBJECTIVES IN EUROPE COUNTRY BREEDING CENTRE BREEDER OBJECTIVE SERBIA Fruit Research Institute Cacak D. Ogasanovic, N. Milosevic Improvement of old cv. Pozegaca (size, ripening time, resistance to PPV) GERMANY University Hohenheim, Stuttgart Research Station Geisenheim W. Hartmann M. Neumuller H. Jacob Fruit quality PPV resistance by hypersensitivity FRANCE INRA, Bordeaux R. Bernhard R. Renaud Fruit quality PPV resistance by transgenic plants ITALY University Bologna University Firenze University Forli Private program S. Sansavini E. Bellini A. Liverani Japanese and European plum breeding program: quality, fresh consumption, resistance to PPV UNITED KINGDOM Research Station East Malling R. Jones T. Laxton Late blooming, frost resistance, PPV resistance
COUNTRY BREEDING CENTRE BREEDER OBJECTIVE BULGARIA Fruit Growing Institute Dryanovo Fruit Growing Institute Troyan Fruit Growing Institute Plovdiv V. Bozhkova, A. Zhivondov Late blooming, extended ripening period, fruit quality, resistance to PPV LATVIA Latvia State Institute of Fruit Growing Edite Kaufmane Ilze Gravite Winter hardiness, vigour, precocity, fruit quality, self fertility, early ripening BELARUS Institute for Fruit Growing, Minsk Marina Vasiljeva Zoya Kozlouskaya Fruit quality, frost resistance MOLDOVA Research Institute for Horticulture and Alimentary Technologies Chisinau Maria Pintea, A. Juraveli Resistance to frost, fruit quality CZECH REPUBLIC Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy J. Blazek Fruit quality, Sharka tolerance SWEDEN University of Agricultural Sciences Balsgard I. Hjalmarsson, V. Trajkovski Short period of vegetation, fruit quality NORWAY Ullensvang Research Centre Division Njos, Lofthus S.H. Hjeltnes Fruit quality, storage HUNGARY Research and Extension Centre for Fruit Growing, Ujfeherto T. Lakatos Fruit quality, for processing
NORWAY CZECH REPUBLIC UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE LATVIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BULGARIA SWEDEN SERBIA BELARUS ESTONIA ITALY GERMANY ROMANIA 1 3 3 6 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 28 38 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 Controlled hybridization Open pollination Selection in wild population on Prunus sp Mutagenesis about 500 thousands evaluated seedlings about 2 thousands evaluated selections 184 cultivars released
Stanley Anna Spath Early Rivers Renclod Althan Victoria Cacanska Ranna Cacanska Rodna Valor Bluefree Tuleu gras, etc.
Serbia, Fruit Research Institute Cacak Controlled hybridization 31 parents 14 cultivars released about 32 thousands evaluated seedlings 90 promising selections d Agen, Anna Spath, Zimmers Fruhzwetsche, Hall, Italian Prune, Mirabelle de Nancy, Ruth Gerstetter, Pozegaca, Stanley, Grand Duke, Mount Royal, Pacific, President, Crvena ranka, Jojo, Cacanska lepotica, etc.
POZNA PLAVA (CACAK SPATHE) Serbia ZLATKA TIMOCANKA
Bulgaria 1960 Experimental Station Dryanovo Kyustendilska sinya sliva x Montfort 1987 Fruit Growing Institute Plovdiv Parents: Stanley, Pacific, President, Green Gage, Scoldus, Cacanska najbolja, Cacanska lepotica, Ortenauer 5256 Hybrids seedlings 62 elites 11 cultivars
Bulgaria ULPIA PLOVDIVSKA RENKLODA SINEVA Cultivar Ripening time Fruit weight (g) Yield (kg/tree) Yield (t/ha) Ulpia Beginning of August 42.0 62.6 26.1 Sineva Beginning of August 51.0 63.3 26.3 Plovdivska Renkloda Middle of August 45.0 64.3 26.8 Stanley (control) End of August 39.0 66.0 27.5
BOLOGNA EUROPEAN PLUM Italy 10 cvs. 30 selections FIRENZE ANCONA JAPANESE PLUM 2 cvs. 45 selections BREEDERS PRIVATE 6 cvs. Genitors European plum: Excalibur, Stanley, Grossa di Felicia, Sugar, Jubileum Genitors Japanese plum: Golden Plum, Sorriso, Shiro, Angeleno, etc.
LIABLU Italy European plum SUGAR TOP MARIA NOVELLA PRUGNA 29
Italy Japanese plum DOFI SANDRA SERENA APHRODITE
HANKA Germany PRESENTA JOJO HAGANTA
ROMANIA S.C.D.P. Bistriţa I. Ivan N. Minoiu, I. Zagrai I. Botu, M. Botu, E. Turcu S.C.D.P. Vâlcea 1950 N. Constantinescu, V. Cociu, R. Roman, M. Butac I.C.D.P. Piteşti
1960 1980 -Improvement of old cvs. Tuleu Gras Vinete Romanesti Grase Romanesti -Selection inside of wild population 1980 2000 -Fruit quality for fresh market -Ripening season extension -Tolerance to PPV 2000 present - Tolerance to PPV -Fruit size -Self fertility
Controlled hybridization Open pollination Selection Mutagenesis RIFG PITESTI 22 CULTIVARS 1,750 hybrid combinations 2,000,000 pollinated flowers 300,000 hybrid stones 125,000 hybrids seedlings 350 promising selections 38 CULTIVARS RSFG VÂLCEA 5 CULTIVARS RSFG BISTRITA 11 CULTIVARS
GENITORS USED IN PLUM cvs. BREEDING BASIC GENITORS CHARACTER GENITORS Tuleu gras Centenar, Carpatin, Tita Alina, Record Silvia, Stanely Pitestean, etc TOLERANCE TO PPV Oneida Kirke Grase de Becz Grase de Pesteana Agen de Sirauti FRUIT QUALITY Grand Prize Vision Oneida Cacanska Rodna Valcean Grase romanesti YIELD CAPACITY Stanley Anna Spath Bluefree Standard SELF FERTILITY Ialomita Stanley Anna Spath Bluefree EARLINESS Early Rivers Ruth Gerstetter Diana Ialomita
LATEST RESULTS RIFG PITESTI ROMAN (Tuleu gras x Early Rivers) Medium ripening (early August); Very large fruit (> 40 g) Tolerant to PPV. AGENT (Selection within a population of seedlings resulted from open pollination) Medium late (end of August) High sugar content Tolerant to PPV.
LATEST RESULTS RIFG PITESTI ROBELLE (Stanley x Valcean) Medium ripening (August); Very large fruit (> 50 g) Tolerant to PPV.
LATEST RESULTS RSFG BISTRITA IVAN (Tuleu gras x Vanat de Italia) Medium ripening (early August); Medium fruit (40 g) ROMANER (Tuleu gras x Renclod Althan) Medium ripening (August); Very large fruit (> 50 g) Tolerant to PPV.
ZAMFIRA (Anna Spath x Renclod Althan) Late ripening (beginning of September); Medium fruit (45 g) Tolerant to PPV.
LATEST RESULTS RSFG VALCEA ANDREEA Medium late (end of August) High sugar content Tolerant to PPV.