What to Spray When to Spray it and How to Get it Where you Want it

What to Spray When to Spray it and How to Get it Where you Want it Wendy McFadden Smith, CCOVI (wendy.mcfadden smith@ontario.ca) Gayle Jesperson, BCMA Susan Archeampong, BCMA

What kind of sprayer do you use?

What kind of sprayer do you use?

What kind of sprayer do you use?

What kind of sprayer do you use?

What trellising system? When do you start spraying? When do you stop spraying? How many times do you spray? What volume of water per ha do you use?

Considerations when spraying What/when/where is the target organism? What product can I use to manage it? How can I get the product to the organism as efficiently and effectively as possible?

Powdery Mildew Vine Growth Stage Target Pest Pesticide Lime Sulphur 22% Leaves 3-5 leaves to veraison (Labour Day in ON Fruit midbloom to 6 wks postbloom Wettable sulphurs PureSpray Green oil Milstop Nova/Inspire Quintec Vivando Flint/Sovran/Pristine Pristine/Lance/Cantus

Botrytis Bunch Rot Vine Growth Stage Target Pest Pesticide Mid to late bloom Susceptible cv Berry touch (before bunch close) Rovral Elevate Scala/Vangard/Switch Serenade Pristine Veraison preharvest

Mites Vine Growth Stage Target Pest Pesticide PureSpray Green oil Malathion Agri mek Nexter Acramite Envidor PureSpray Green

Scales Vine Growth Stage Target Pest Pesticide PureSpray Green Oil Cottony maple scale European fruit lecanium scale Insecticidal Soap Movento Malathion

Climbing Cutworm Vine Growth stage Target Pest Pesticide Altacor Pounce

Leafhoppers Vine Growth Stage Target Pest Pesticide Sevin Ambush Pounce Assail Clutch Surround Pyganic Insecticidal Soap

Mealybug Vine Growth Stage Target Pest Pesticide PureSpray Green Oil Insecticidal Soap Movento Malathion Diazinon

Considerations for Product Choice Temporal Activity Efficacy Resistance management Impact on beneficial insects Timing relative to vineyard activities Management organic vs sustainable Cost

Temporal Activity of Fungicides Protectant Must be present before infection occurs Post infection Active after infection occurs, before symptoms develop Anti sporulant Reduces the amount of spores produced Eradicant Kills off pathogen Powdery mildew only

Serenade ASO (44) P PI AS Temporal Activity of Fungicides Source: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub360/6grpcal.htm P PI AS E PI AS E P PI AS E P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P P M B Switch (9 12) Vangard, Scala (9) Elevate (17) Rovral (2) Regalia Maxx (P5) PureSpray Green Oil 13E MilStop (M) sulphurs (M) Vivando (U8) Quintec (13) Lance/Cantus (7) Pristine (7 11) Sovran (11) Flint (11) P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P PI AS P P PI AS Nova, Inspire (3) Lime Sulphur (M)

Serenade ASO (44) Relative Activity of Fungicides Source: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub360/6grpcal.htm Switch (9 12) Vangard, Scala (9) Elevate (17) Rovral (2) Regalia Maxx (P5) PureSpray Green Oil 13E MilStop (M) sulphurs (M) Vivando (U8) Quintec (13) Lance/Cantus (7) Pristine (7 11) Sovran (11) Flint (11) Nova, Inspire (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lime Sulphur (M) P mildew Botrytis 0

Resistance Management Powdery mildew Site specific fungicides Do not use in consecutive apps Use no more than 2 apps Nova/Inspire Flint/Sovran/Pristine Lance/Cantus Quintec Vivando Botrytis Do not use same family of Botrycide in consecutive apps Do not use more than once per year

Grape Fungicide Resistance Groups Powdery Mildew 11 Flint, Sovran 3 Nova, Inspire 117 Pristine 7 Lance/Cantus 13 Quintec U8 Vivando M Kumulus/Sulphur NC PureSpray Green NC Milstop NC Serenade P Regalia Botrytis Bunch Rot 2 Rovral 117 Pristine 7 Lance 9 Scala 9 Vangard 912 Switch 17 Elevate NC Serenade P Regalia

Botrytis Bunch Rot Survey for Fungicide Resistance If bunch rot occurs in your vineyard this summer / fall and you would like to be included in the survey, please contact: Gayle Jesperson BC Ministry of Agriculture 200 1690 Powick Rd Kelowna BC Phone: 250 861 7228 Gayle.Jesperson@gov.bc.ca

Natural enemies in vineyards Lady beetle Lacewing Minute pirate bug leafhoppers, mealybugs mealybugs mealybugs, thrips Predatory thrips Anagrus wasp Predatory mite Spider thrips, mites leafhoppers pest mites leafhoppers

Impacts on Beneficial Insects http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/ipm/english/grapes/beneficials/impact-of-pesticides.html

Vineyard Management Materials Cantus Pristine WG Flint 50 WG Sovran Nova 40 W Inspire Quintec Vivando Kumulus DF Microscopic Wettable S MilStop PureSpray Green Re-entry 12 h 21 d 5 d 7 d 2 d 12 h 12 h 12 h PHI (d) 14 14 d 14 14 14 7 14 14 21 Wine/1 Table 21 Wine/1 Table 0 14 Table

Vineyard Management Materials Rovral Elevate 50 WDG Scala Vangard 75 WG Switch Serenade Max Serenade ASO Re-entry 12 h 4 h 24 h 48 h 2 d/12 h PHI (d) 7 7 7 7 7

Cost of Pesticides Materials Cantus Pristine WG Flint 50 WG Sovran Nova 40 W Inspire Quintec Vivando Kumulus DF (6 kg) Microscopic Wettable Sulphur (6 kg) MilStop PureSpray Green $ / ha 56.95 116.02 84.94 152.10 61.09 79.86 62.93 61.61 21.24 11.88 144.80 39.90

Cost of Pesticides Materials Rovral Elevate 50 WDG Scala Vangard 75 WG Switch Serenade Max Serenade ASO $ / ha 129.15 183.62 135.11 164.15 202.61 145.20 203.99

Where you want the spray

Where you don t want the spray

Things to consider when spraying Droplet size Air direction Spray volume Volume/speed of air Driving speed

Droplet size Which is the best coverage?

Droplet size Smaller droplets = more uniform coverage of the fungicide on leaves and fruit Improves activity of materials that do their work directly on the surface (e.g. sulphur/oil/milstop) Optimizes the uptake of those that are absorbed into the waxy cuticle (strobilurins) or into the body of these tissues (sterol inhibitors).

Small droplets drift Droplets < 150 microns drift Droplets > 300 microns bounce

Deposition Drift

Solution? Direct the air flow

Solution Contain the spray

Solution

Spray Volume Affected by canopy size and shape

More is not always better! Early season (May 22nd) shows that Cabernet Franc and Riesling canopies required only 170 litres/ha. In mid July the full canopy retained 500 litres /ha. 350 L/ha at 5 kph 750 L/ha at 5 kph

What is the purpose of air in air assist sprayers? Replace air within canopy with sprayladen air

The purpose of air in air assist sprayers Create turbulence to improve spray deposition on all surfaces High velocity air can cause 'shingling' where leaves overlap and 'wall off' the inner canopy so that sprays do not penetrate or even blow spray off leaves

Early season sprays Do we really need to use an air blast sprayer creating up to 50,000 cubic metres of air/hour at airspeeds of up to 300 km/h when our leaf target is only a few millimetres long in early season? Dr. Andrew Landers Cornell University http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/landers/pestapp/

Optimising air volume Sprayers usually produce too much air for the vine canopy during most of the season. To reduce air volume at the canopy Reduce fan speed through the sprayer gearbox Reduce tractor PTO Change blade pitch Reduce air intake

Reduce air volume In trials at Cornell University, with an airshear type sprayer, drift was detected up to 80 feet from the target row. When the tractor PTO speed was reduced by just 25%, drift was reduced by 75%.

Reduce Air Volume electric actuator moves an adjustable louvre allowing the operator to change air volume to match the changing canopy and reduce drift by as much as 71% in vineyards in early season application. Modifying air flow at the air intake or outlet has resulted in up to 30% improvement in canopy deposition.

Reduce Air Volume

Reduce Air Volume

Reduce Air Speed

Travel speed Increased operating speeds can cause the spray to be diverted back into upward wind currents and vortexes behind the sprayer, which trap small droplets and can contribute to drift. Apply crop protection chemicals according to good, professional practices at maximum operating speeds of 6 to 8 km/h (with air induction type nozzles up to 6 mph / 10 km/h).

Driving speed Speed should be consistent with spray penetration into the canopy. Driving too slowly in a sparse, earlyseason canopy will result in spray blowing through the row Driving too fast in a full canopy results in poor penetration.

Fruiting Zone Sprays Calibrate and mix spray as though doing full canopy spray Turn off nozzles that do not direct spray to fruiting zone

The Bottom Line Appropriate product choice Applied where the pest occurs Get it where you want it! Middle of canopy, no blow through Not below or above canopy All sides of clusters, both sides of leaves Check coverage with fluorescent dye or Surround or water sensitive paper

Grape Crop IPM website http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/ipm/english/grapes/index.html