Fruit IPM and New Pests Sacramento PAPA Meeting September 24, 2013 Chuck Ingels UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County cesacramento.ucdavis.edu
Pests to Be Discussed Brown marmorated stink bug Spotted wing Drosophila Asian citrus psyllid Citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing)
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Acknowledgments Frank Zalom, UC Davis Entomology Specialist UC IPM Charlie Pickett, CDFA Baldo Villegas Tracy Leskey, USDA-ARS
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Photos: Baldo Villegas
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Originated in East Asia A major pest of horticultural and agronomic crops in its native range Considered a nuisance pest when it overwinters in large numbers inside houses
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) First found in Allentown, PA in 2001, became serious fruit pest in 2010 ($37M in damage) Has now spread to 41 states Found in Midtown Sacramento Sept. 4, 2013 in large numbers First reproducing population outside of LA Co. Also 3 confirmed finds in Davis
Actual adult size 1/2 to 5/8 inch Adult Smooth shoulder edges Two white bands on antennae Banded legs Rust color with broad brown markings Photo: UC IPM Banded abdominal edge extending beyond wings Mature nymph (5 th instar)
Eggs (20-30) & nymphs Nymph (3 rd of 5) Adult
5 Nymphal Instars Male Female Female can lay ~ 250 (as many as 486) eggs Females mate multiple times Each adult lives 6-8 months 1-?? generations in most eastern states 4-5 generations in southern China
Some Other True Bugs Boxelder bugs Red shouldered stink bugs BMSB Squash bugs Photos: UC IPM Consperse stink bug
Current distribution in USA? Source - http://www.stopbmsb.org T. Leskey, USDA-ARS May, 2012
Alameda Los Angeles Riverside Sacramento San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin Solano Santa Clara BMSB Finds Also: Monterey Yolo San Luis Obispo Source - CDFA Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Database, 2010
Pest Status in California B pest rating Nursery stock found infested must be cleaned before it can be sold Border stations can require treatment or reject infested shipments No additional quarantine regulations CDFA is not conducting any surveys or treatments
Host Plants Agricultural Crops Grapes Apple, apricot, cherry, peach, pear, hazelnut Blackberry, blueberry, raspberry Eggplant, tomato, okra, pepper, corn, beans, cucurbits Others mentioned in literature - Persimmon, citrus, fig
Host Plants Selected Ornamentals Catalpa Chinese pistache Maple Holly Honeysuckle Mulberry Princess tree (Paulownia) Pyracantha Rose Tree-of-heaven
Damage
Midtown Sacramento Photos: Charlie Pickett
Adult Aggregation In cooler months, adults overwinter by aggregating in houses, underneath the eaves, or in leaf litter Similar to box elder bug and the Asian ladybird beetle Annoys residents, especially due to their offensive odor when disturbed and spotting by defecation
Beginning of Aggregation Season, Pennsylvania Photos: Tracy Leskey
Aggregation Behavior Photos: G. Hamilton
Aggregation Behavior Photos: Tracy Leskey
Overwintering behavior Photos: G. Hamilton
Pheromones Pheromone attracts males, females and nymphs True pheromone for the brown marmorated stink bug has been identified an is being patented by the USDA-ARS AgBio sells a different pheromone Both being used together now
Phermone Traps Commericial version of the Rescue rocket trap
Phermone Traps Pyramid trap (USDA-ARS) Lures
Biological Control? Prospects may be good since it s an exotic insect Foreign exploration done by USDA Egg parasitoids - Trissolcus spp. Expected release in Calif. in 2016 Native Tachinid fly found on BMSB on East Coast Gymnosoma par
Parasitoid Testing USDA Delaware Calif. UC Riverside BMSB rearing cages Parasitoid colonies in quarantine Photos: K. Tatman, C. Dieckhoff, K. Hoelmer
Choice and No-Choice Tests Photos: K. Tatman, C. Dieckhoff, K. Hoelmer
Tachinid Attacking Adult BMSB Korea Tachinid egg Adult fly Larva emerging from BMSB body Adult emerging from cocoon Photos: K. Hoelmer and K. Tatman
Parasitoids of adult BMSB by Tachindae (Diptera) Incidence of eggs on adult stink bugs only about 1.7% No tachinid emergence from stink bugs with eggs Indigenous North American tachinids may not be physiologically adapted to develop in BMSB
Predators Not well studied Photo: K. Bernhard of eggs: ants, earwings, lacewings Photo: K. Bernhard Photo: K. Bernhard Photo: R. Fertig of nymphs & adults: assassin bugs, predatory stink bugs, spiders, birds (starlings, chickens, geese)
Insecticide Bioassay Results BMSB lethality (4.5 hrs. exposure to dry residue, glass containers) Not a recommendation!
Active Ingredient Lethality Index Active Ingredient Lethality Index Dimethoate 93.3 Cyfluthrin 49.0 Malathion 92.5 Oxamyl 46.8 Bifenthrin 91.5 Esfenvalerate 43.3 Methidathion 90.4 Imidacloprid 40.0 Endosulfan 90.4 Tolfenpyrad (SC) 36.5 Methomyl 90.1 Tolfenpyrad (EC) 33.3 Chlorpyrifos 89.0 Pyrifluquinazon 28.3 Acephate 87.5 Kaolin Clay 23.1 Fenpropathrin 78.3 Diazinon 20.4 Permethrin 77.1 Phosmet 20.0 Azinphosmethyl 71.3 Acetamiprid 18.8 Dinotefuran 67.3 Thiacloprid 18.3 Kaolin Clay + Thiamethoxam 66.7 Abamectin 16.3 Formetanate HCl 63.5 Indoxacarb 11.3 Gamma-cyhalothrin 59.0 Spirotetramat 9.8 Thiamethoxam 56.3 Carbaryl 9.2 Clothianidin 55.6 Flonicamid 7.7 Beta-cyfluthrin 54.8 Water (Control) 5.8 Lambda-cyhalothrin 52.9 Cyantraniliprole 1.7 Zeta-cypermethrin 52.1 Tracy Leskey. 2011. The Challenges Posed by the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), to U.S. Agriculture. USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV
Important Web Sites ipm.ucdavis.edu UC IPM stopbmsb.org Stop BMSB ucanr.edu/blogs ANR News Releases
Asian Citrus Psyllid and Citrus Greening Disease (Huanglongbing) Acknowledgment: Beth Grafton Cardwell, UC Riverside
Citrus Greening Disease (Huanglongbing) Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri
The psyllid is a small insect, about the size of an aphid M. Rogers
Stages of Development Adult When feeding, adult leans forward and tips its rear end up in 45 o angle. Egg 5 Nymphs
Eggs Yellow-Orange, in Young Shoot Tips M. Rogers
Waxy Tubules on Nymphs Direct the honeydew away from their bodies Nymphs can only survive by living on young, tender growth So nymphs are found only when the plant is producing new leaves. M. Rogers
Psyllid Injects Toxin New Leaves Break Off or Twist Twisted leaves are a symptom of the psyllid M. Rogers M. Rogers
Hosts All Citrus, Others in Rutaceae Family All types of citrus Kumquat (Fortunella) Orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) Indian curry leaf (Bergera koenigii) Limeberry (Triphasia trifolia ) Others.. Orange Jasmine
Psyllid Spread Through Florida First found in backyard trees in south Florida, 1998. Moved rapidly by flying (pink areas), also on nursery plants moved between retail nurseries (mainly orange jasmine).
Indian Curry Leaf A Favorite Psyllid Host Grown in Hawaii; shipments of infested leaves have been intercepted at airports.
Citrus Greening Disease Huanglongbing The Main Concern: Asian citrus psyllid can pick up the bacterium and move the disease from tree to tree as it feeds. Huanglongbing (HLB) means yellow shoot disease in Chinese. It causes foliage to turn yellow. E. Grafton-Cardwell
How HLB Causes Disease Bacteria Block Plant s Ability to Move Nutrients Bacterium: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
Early Symptom Yellowing of the Leaves Leaves with HLB disease have a blotchy yellow pattern that is not the same on both sides of the midvein. HLB M. Keramane Leaves with nutrient deficiencies (e.g., zinc) have the same yellow pattern on both sides of the leaf. Zinc
HLB Leaf Symptoms Range from Slight To Very Yellow S. Halbert
HLB Fruit Symptoms Fruit Doesn t Develop Proper Color Lower half of fruit may remain green (citrus greening disease) S. Halbert S. Halbert
HLB Fruit Symptoms Fruit small, odd shape; seeds abort; juice bitter Fruit grow crookedly, forming uneven segments
It may take 1 to 2 years for symptoms to show. E. Grafton-Cardwell E. Grafton-Cardwell
Trees stop bearing, die within 3-4 years. There is no cure for the disease.
Psyllid picks up bacteria and passes it on, moves it from tree to tree. Carries bacteria in its body for life (weeks to months). M. Rogers
Psyllid and HLB came from India or Asia. Psyllid is in So. Cal., but not disease. HLB Disease found in Florida in 2005 and Cuba in 2007 Both psyllid and HLB disease Asian citrus psyllid, but not the disease
Asian Citrus Psyllid and HLB in the U.S. To track HLB, see the USDA site: www.saveourcitrus.org
Psyllid arrived in Calif. in 2008, found in backyard citrus in San Diego and Imperial Counties.
ACP & HLB Finds Source: CAPCA Adviser, June 2013 HLB
How could ACP get here? Psyllid vector: In a psyllid that flies or is transported on fruit, leaves or stems. Illegally imported citrus trees: Could move on an infected tree. It is illegal to bring citrus trees into California from other states E. Grafton-Cardwell
CDFA, Ag. Commissioner Monitoring Inspections:» Incoming citrus nursery stock; must have ACP certification if from infested areas.» FedEx and UPS 1100 ACP traps throughout the county
If psyllid found: All host plants in yard & 400 m around yard treated: cyfluthrin (Tempo), a foliar pyrethroid imidacloprid (Merit), a systemic neonicotinoid A. Sanchez A. Sanchez
Quarantines and Movement of Plants Citrus and closely related plants can not be moved out of the quarantine area Wholesale nurseries must treat their plants with insecticides just prior to shipping if the plants are destined for retailers within the quarantine area
Wholesale Nursery Treatment Choices Systemic + Foliar Insecticide Required Systemic» imidacloprid (Admire, Merit, Marathon, Discus)» thiamethoxam (Flagship)» dinotefuran (Safari)» Foliar» fenpropathrin (Danitol, Tame)» cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL, Tempo SC Ultra)» chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos Pro)» carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin SL)» spirotetramat (Movento)
Biological Control Imported Parasitoid: Tamarixia radiata Exit hole left by a parasite that emerged from a psyllid nymph Specific to ACP, poses no risk to people >22,000 have been released at >100 different sites May help to delay the spread of HLB
Preventing Psyllid and Disease from Spreading Plant only California-grown certified trees bought at a reputable nursery Don t bring plant material into California Learn to recognize the pest and disease Check flush foliage of citrus and citrus relatives Call your County Ag. Commissioner office or CDFA
Psyllid (and HLB) spread by flying or on plants. Curry leaves shipped in boxes Unprocessed fruit In floral bouquets from Mexico In vans
Important Web Sites www.ipm.ucdavis.edu UC IPM www.californiacitrusthreat.org Citrus Research Board www.saveourcitrus.org USDA
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii (When vinegar flies go bad) Acknowledgments: Bob Van Steenwyk, Janet Caprile, Mark Bolda, Martin Hauser
SWD Damage (Maggots) Cherry
Spotted Wing Drosophila Mostly cherries, sometimes other fruits male female Native to Asia Found in Calif. in 2009 Now endemic Infest ripening fruit Overwinter as adults Active throughout the year
Fruit Flies Vinegar Flies House fly size Usually colorful wings Economically important Much smaller (gnats) Rarely colorful wings Seldom economically important
Unique Ovipositor D. suzukii D. simulans/ melanogaster Photos by Martin Hauser, CDFA
Crops Affected by SWD In California: Cherries Berries» Raspberries» Blackberries» Strawberries» Blueberries Stone Fruit» Plums, pluots» Nectarines Additional Crops in Pacific Northwest: Grapes Apples Persimmon
Females lay eggs under pierced fruit skin Larvae hatch and develop inside Egg Respiratory filaments
SWD Biology Infest both sound mature fruit and rotting fruit/vegetation Overwinter as adults Active throughout the year
Monitoring Bucket-style trap baited with:»1-2 inches of apple cider vinegar Replace solution weekly Place trap 3-6 ft. above ground
Monitoring Monitor twice weekly from first color change Count only flies with spots on wings (male SWD) OptiVISOR or hand lens used to identify SWD females
Monitoring Yogurt Container Rescue Fly Trap
350 eggs 2 wks Rapid Reproduction 175 males 175 females 175 x 350 61,250 eggs 2 wks 30,625 males 30,525 females 30,525 x 350 10,718,750 eggs 2 wks
Cultural Controls Sanitation Remove infested and overripe fruit Photos by Mark Bolda, UCCE
Insecticides Begin spraying at fruit color change (straw/pink in cherries) Gardeners have only Malathion & spinosad 2-3 applications needed for control Organophosphate (OP), pyrethroid, and spinosyn insecticides effective OPs (Diazinon & Malathion) good but only for 7 days Pyrethroids (Warrior or Lambda-Cy & Baythroid) moderate knockdown but lasted longer Spinosyns (Delegate, Success, Entrust) good knockdown for 7 days
Fruit Damage from Spray Azatrol (azadirachtin)
Exclusion Fair Oaks Horticulture Center, 2012
High Two! Questions? photograph Alex Wild 2009 Martin Hauser