Chapter 1: New World Beginnings 1
How to take lecture notes Today we are going to start our first lecture lesson. Each lesson I give in this class will have a PowerPoint presentation. It is very important that you listen to what I say AND write down the important information discussed. All tests and quizzes will include questions from information we discuss in class many times this information is NOT in your textbook. I will NOT give you everything you need to know. You must also study your textbook and other related resources to do well on tests and quizzes. 2
How to take lecture notes Each new slide will usually start with a Roman Numeral and a Title. For my lectures, I will use a PowerPoint presentation with bulleted points. You will take notes on a broken outline. Most of the time the bullet point will be a word, concept, or short phrase that is important! You must write it down and listen to my explanation. If you have questions ASK! By the end of the days lecture, you will have an exact copy of my notes! 3 3
I. The First Americans How did the Native Americans get here? Supercontinent Land bridge By 1492 there were millions of Native Americans 4
Land Bridge 5
What was Native American society like before European contact? Few large community groups Most were spread out Aztecs & Incas Revolution in Farming Farming communities larger than hunting Maize Pueblo Indians Three Sister Farming 6
Three Sister Farming Three Sister Farming 7
Corn Culture This statue of a corn goddess made between 200 and 600 B.C.E. vividly illustrates the centrality of corn to native American peoples, a thousand years before the rise of the great Incan and Aztec empires that the Europeans later encountered. 8
9 European crusaders Asia Spices, silk and other exotic goods Africa Gold & slaves Difficult trade routes
Asia and the Indies 10
The Known World After Magellan 11
What spurred the Age of Exploration? Spunky Turtles Really Prefer Rockets Spices Technology Renaissance (Age of Curiosity) Power and Fame Religion 12
New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Uses the stars to tell time Mariner s Compass Sextant helps determine location 13
New Weapons Technology 14
Christopher Columbus Hero or villain? Sought a water route to the Indies Financed by Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile Landed in the Bahamas (1492) Spanish vast empire Conquistadors Win souls and find gold Encomienda Ferdinand Magellan AND 1 st circumnavigation of the globe 15
1512: Encomienda The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. Under the encomienda system, conquistadors and other leaders (encomenderos) received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact tribute in the form of gold or labor. The encomenderos were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands. 16
Encomienda 17
Christofo Colon [1451-1506] 18
Columbus Four Voyages 19
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: 1519-1522 20
Global society Exchange of plants, animals & diseases Years of isolation = weak immunity for Natives Columbian Exchange explains Why Indians died out Why Europe prospered Why African slaves were brought to America Crops from the Americans contributed to European population growth The potato in Ireland! Should we blame the Europeans for the rapid spread of disease? 21
Columbian Exchange Trivia Potatoes in all of Ireland in 1491: zero Tomatoes in all of Italy in 1491: zero Peppers in all of Spain in 1491: zero Strawberries in all of England in 1491: zero Cocoa beans in all of Switzerland in 1491: zero Ears of corn in all of Europe in 1491: zero Horses on the Great Plains of North America in 1491: zero Coffee plants in South America in 1491: zero Cane sugar plants in the Caribbean in 1491: zero Fields of bluegrass in Kentucky: zero Wheat stalks in all of the Americas in 1491: zero 22
Columbian Exchange Trivia Major diseases transmitted from the Old World to the New World after 1492: smallpox, influenza, typhoid fever, cholera, scarlet fever, yellow fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, bubonic plague Major diseases transmitted from the New World to the Old World after 1492: syphilis European cities more populous than the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1515: none Rank of the Inca among largest empires in the world in 1492: 1 23
The Columbian Exchange Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough 24
The Scourge of Smallpox This Peruvian infant, depicted about 1700, was ravaged by the dread European disease and placed in a crude quarantine. 25
Hernán Cortes Aztec capital: Tenochtitlan Montezuma Spanish lusted for gold like pigs Cortes takes control Smallpox Beyond Mexico Settlement at St. Augustine 26
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II 27
Artists Rendering of Tenochtitlán Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance. 28
Tenochtitlán 29
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez 30
The Colonial Class System Peninsulares (Spanish born Spaniard) Creoles (Colonial born Spainard) Mestizos (Spanish and Indian) Mulattos (Spanish and black) Native Indians Black Slaves 31
Black Legend: The Spanish.. Conquer, tortured, stole and infected with diseases Black Legend was a way to undermine Spanish achievement and religion Spanish accomplishments Created an enormous empire. Cultural innovators Grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language into many Native societies. Fused through marriage. 32
Treasures from the Americas! Look at the dates and explain how the Spanish used their gold! 33
New Colonial Rivals 34