Spring Transition From Perennial Ryegrass To Bermudagrass and Poa annua Management Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor & Extension Specialist, NCSU
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Sulfonylurea Herbicides Certainty Manor or Blade Revolver Monument Tranxit
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Sulfonylurea Herbicides Interfere with acetolactate synthase (ALS Inhibitor) Readily absorbed by foliage and roots and translocated to meristematic region. Growth is inhibited in sensitive plants, followed by chlorosis and death of growing points. Usually takes about 10 to 21 days.
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Characteristics of SU Herbicides Favorable environmental profile Low use rates Short-lived in soils (1/2 life 6-20 days) Warm-season grasses tolerant, cool-season grasses sensitive High water solubilities Weed sensitivity varies greatly
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu SU Herbicides in the Southwestern US Removal of perennial ryegrass Control of Poa annua Sedge control
Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
% Control Purple Nutsedge Control With Dismiss and Quicksilver Combinations 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 cd a-d cd bcd ab a May 30 Application; Sep 14 Evaluation 2006: Plymouth Country Club Dismiss 4F 8 oz/a Dismiss 4F 12 oz/a Quicksilver 1.9EW 2 oz/a Dismiss 4F + Quicksilver 1.9EW 8 + 2 oz/a Certainty 1.25 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Monument 0.56 oz/a + NIS 0.25% Check
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Bermudagrass Bermudagrass has a high light requirement and does not grow well under low light or shady environments Increased light intensity and daylength increase rhizome, stolon, and leaf growth
Shade Tolerance of Various Turfgrasses Warm-Season Species St. Augustine zoysiagrass centipedegrass bermudagrass Shade Tolerance excellent good medium very poor www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Bermudagrass Under low light (<60% full sunlight), bermudagrass develops narrow, elongated leaves, thin upright stems, elongated internodes, and weak rhizomes
Response of TifEagle to Shade % Shade Turf Quality 0 92 8.46 a 3.85 b % Lateral Regrowth 69 a 34 b www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Bermudagrass The Problem Turf-type cool-season cultivars that perform well during the autumn overseeding establishment and winter playing season tend to persist well into the spring and early summer Canopy shading results in impaired bermudagrass greenup and possible stand loss
Bermudagrass spring transition (cont.) Minimizing spring transition problems Lower mowing height Increased nitrogen fertility Light vertical mowing Core aerification www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Treatments Ammonium nitrate (4-25 & 6-13) -applied at 2 lbs / 1000ft 2 to wet turf foliage Core cultivation * Pronamide -applied at 1 lb ai/a Scalping * Vertical mowing * Vertical mowing / scalping * Nontreated * Treatments repeated every 2 weeks
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Summary Verticutting, core cultivating and later ammonium nitrate application did not affect ryegrass transition.
Summary The perennial ryegrass in all treatments transitioned out at the same rate as the nontreated plots Thus environmental conditions ultimately dictated transition of overseeded perennial ryegrass to bermudagrass www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Bermudagrass - Overseeding Trend to hold perennial ryegrass too long in the spring and overseed too early in the fall
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu How Much Growth Does Bermudagrass Need (w/o ryegrass competition)? About 100 days (Observation) Anything less will lead to a gradual decline of bermuda over time
Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Plant Competition: Light most plants compete for this Nutrients H 2 O CO 2 www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Bermudagrass is aggressive so is perennial ryegrass. In spring, competitive edge heavily favors perennial ryegrass. It s all about plant competition!
Will There Be A Successful Spring Transition Without Herbicides? Depends on where you are: NC No Florida Yes South TX Yes Arizona No California Mostly No www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Long-term health of bermudagrass will hinge on successfully growing it back in prior to overseeding in the fall.
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Summary It s all about light/shade
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Spring Transition- What Happens to Bermudagrass? Bermudagrass that is not wellestablished should not be overseeded.
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu What Is The Best Herbicide To Use? Kerb Manor or Blade Revolver Monument Tranxit Certainty
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Rates (Based on 2004-07 Results) Kerb 1.0 lb ai/a Manor or Blade 0.5 oz/a + NIS Revolver 0.4 oz/m or 18 oz/a Monument 0.3 oz/a + NIS Tranxit 1.0 oz/a + NIS Certainty 1.33 oz/a + NIS
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu What Are The Issues With Herbicide Use? Costs: ranges from $40- $100/acre How fast do you want to kill it? Dead and dying ryegrass is not pretty Herbicides are mobile
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu What Is The Best Herbicide To Use? All five are effective in removing ryegrass (some also kill Poa annua) The speed that they remove ryegrass differs
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Speed Of Kill with Transition Herbicides Revolver = Monument = Tranxit are faster than Manor which is faster than Kerb.
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Speed Of Kill with Transition Herbicides Revolver, Monument, Tranxit 14 21 days Manor or Blade 21 28 days Kerb 28 45 days
Sulfonylurea Herbicide Effects on Quick Trans Perennial Ryegrass Removal 100 80 60 40 Revolver 17 oz Certainty 1.33 oz* Monument 0.27 oz* TranXit GTA 1 oz* Manor 0.5 oz* Flazasulfuron 1 oz* 20 0 16-Jun Application date Apr 27, 2004
Movement (ft) www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Movement of SU Herbicides and Kerb WSP Following Irrigation on a 28o Slope 5 4 3 2 1 Monument 0.33 oz/a* Monument 0.56 oz/a* Kerb WSP 3 lb/a* TranXit GTA 2 oz/a* Manor 0.5 oz/a* Revolver 17 oz/a Check 0 18-Mar
Many new herbicides are mobile
trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha
Nontreated
trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha
rimsulfuron 35 g ai/ha
foramsulfuron 29 g ai/ha
metsulfuron 21 g ai/ha
pronamide 1.7 kg ai/ha
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu To Reduce Tracking Risk Spray after traffic has left for the day Water lightly (5 minutes) to remove dew. Should be done next morning prior to traffic.
Growth Bentgrass and Poa annua Growth Bentgrass Annual Poa Perennial Poa Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month
% Control Annual Bluegrass Control 100 94a 94a 80 71abc Barricade.38 60 40 56bc 45c Barricade.5 Ronstar 2 Pendulum 2 20 Dimension.5 0 Rates are lb ai/a applied 8 WBO, ratings taken 5-8
Nontreated Barricade.5 8WBO
Poa annua control Revolver (left side) Monument (right side) Applied Nov 30, 2004 Photo Feb 24, 2005
% Control Annual Bluegrass Control Prior to Overseeding Bermudagrass 100 80 60 40 20 0 a d a ac cd a a e 24-Apr 2007: Lake Wheeler Field Lab Barricade 65WG 0.5 lb ai 8 WBO TranXit + NIS 0.5 oz + 0.25% 2 WBO TranXit + NIS 0.5 oz + 0.25% 1 WBO TranXit + NIS 0.5 oz + 0.25% 3 DBO TranXit + NIS 1 oz + 0.25% 2 WBO TranXit + NIS 1 oz + 0.25% 1 WBO Oct 9 Overseed Date
Nontreated 4-4-05
TranXit 25DF 1 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO 4-4-05
Revolver 0.19SC 0.4 oz/m 2 WBO 4-4-05
Monument 75WG 0.47 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO 4-4-05
Prograss 1EC 0.66 (11-22) fb 0.66 (12-13) lb ai/a 4-4-05
Prograss 1EC 1 lb ai/a (11-22) 4-4-05
Annual Bluegrass Trials Prior to Overseeding GA, NC, SC Fall 2005 Percent Control 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Product: lb AI/A: Product: lb AI/A: Rim 0.0039 Rim 0.0039 Nic 0.0078 Rim 0.0078 Rim 0.0078 Nic 0.0078 Rim 0.0078 Nic 0.0156 Rim 0.0156 Nic 0.0078 Nic 0.0156 Foram 0.013 Rim 0.0039 PR052131 PR052135 PR052136 Rim 0.0039 Nic 0.0078 Rim 0.0078 Rim 0.0078 Nic 0.0078 Rim 0.0078 Nic 0.0156 Rim 0.0156 Nic 0.0078 Nic 0.0156 ----------------Applied Late SEP to Early OCT---------------- --------------------Applied Mid- to Late OCT-------------------- Foram 0.013
Desert Mountain Poa annua Management on Putting Greens
Paclobutrazol EPA Signal Word: Caution Chemical Class: Triazole Toxicity (acute oral): 5,346 mg/kg (non-toxic) Carcinogenicity: No evidence Eco-Toxicity: non-toxic to bees non-toxic to birds slightly toxic to fish slightly toxic to invertebrates
Treatments for Poa annua Control in Bentgrass Treatment Timing Date Paclobutrazol 0.25, 0.38, 0.5 lbs ai/a Cutless 0.5 lbs ai/a Every 4 wk 2-3 apps in fall + 2-3 apps in spring (applied during active growth periods for bentgrass and Poa) Primo 0.05 lbs ai/a
Poa annua ssp. annua Incidence in Bentgrass Nontreated Primo 0.05 Cutless 0.25 TGR 0.25 TGR 0.375 TGR 0.5 20 24 * * 36 * 74 74 63 * Denotes significance from Nontreated All rates are lb ai/a Applications: 10-15, 11-12, 3-12, 4-13 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Poa annua (May 25) Quail Ridge, 1998-99
Poa annua ssp. annua Incidence in Bentgrass TGR 0.5 TGR 0.375 TGR 0.25 Nontreated 10 21 21 75 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Poa annua (May 15) All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 4 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-15, 12-15, 2-8, 3-8, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
Poa annua ssp. annua Control in Bentgrass TGR 0.5 TGR 0.375 TGR 0.25 Nontreated 6.4 6.3 6.6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Turf Quality (1-9) May 15 All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 4 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-15, 12-15, 2-8, 3-8, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
Poa annua ssp. annua Incidence in Bentgrass TGR 0.25 TGR 0.125 Nontreated 9 26 75 0 20 40 60 80 100 All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 2 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-1, 11-15, 11-30, 12-15, 1-6, 2-8, 2-22, 3-8, 3-23, 4-20 % Poa annua (May 15) Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
Poa annua ssp. annua Control in Bentgrass TGR 0.25 TGR 0.125 Nontreated 6.3 6.7 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Turf Quality (1-9) May 15 All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 2 wks Applications: 10-18, 11-1, 11-15, 11-30, 12-15, 1-6, 2-8, 2-22, 3-8, 3-23, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
Using PGRs to Suppress Poa annua in Bentgrass
grams/1800 cm³ Seasonal Penncross Root Biomass 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.23 Jan. Feb. 1.01 1.05 1.33 1.51 March April May June July Aug. 0.98 0.74 0.53 LSD (0.05) = 0.1 0.36 Sept. Oct. 0.59 0.59 Nov. Dec. 1.07 Fagerness & Yelverton, 2001 Crop Sci. 41:1901-1905
PGRs effects Penncross Root Biomass 0.85 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.93 Nontreated TGR 0.125 lb ai/a TGR 0.25 lb ai/a TGR 0.5 lb ai/a Primo 0.04 lb ai/a LSD (0.05) = 0.08 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 grams/1800cm³ Fagerness & Yelverton, 2001 Crop Sci. 41:1901-1905
Main effects of Primo on Penncross Fresh Root Biomass 0.78 0.84 Primo No Primo Pr>F = 0.0283 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 grams Averaged over temperature
Amicarbazone for Poa annua Control in Bentgrass Fred Yelverton, PhD Professor & Extension Specialist
Amicarbazone 5.3 oz Amicarbazone 2.65 oz Sprayed Sep 5, photo Sep 11 NIS applied at 0.25%
Injury A1 Bentgrass Tolerance at 12-14 DA-A. NCSU:2007-08 100 80 Flu 2.4 Ami 2.6 Ami 5.3 Ami 7.95 Ami 10.6 Ami 2.65 fb 2.65 Ami 5.3 fb 5.3 60 40 20 0 Clip ht. 0.125 in. Sept. 5 Oct. 15 (fb Nov. 5) Apr. 2 (fb Apr. 24) Application Date
Crenshaw Bentgrass Belvedere Plantation Amicarbazone 2.65 + Induce 3/28 & 4/17
Amicarbazone 2.65 + Induce 3/28 & 4/17
% POAAN Control Poa annua (POAAN) Control in Penncross Green, NSCU/Sandhills 2008. 100 Ami 2.5 (4/7) Ami 2.5 fb 2.5 (4/7 fb 4/29) Ami 2.5 fb 2.5 (4/7 fb 5/12) Veloc 1.3 fb 1.3 (4/29 fb 5/12) 80 60 40 20 0 7 15 22 28 35 42 51 57 1 st Veloc. appl Days After A Application POAAN treated at 100% seedhead stage Induce @ 0.25% v/v added to all treatments