Resistance breeding in cherries goals and results Mirko Schuster Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops
Resistance breeding Main biotic diseases Virus diseases Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus (PNRV) Cherry Leaf Roll Virus (CLRV) Prunus Dwarf Virus (PDV) - Testing of cultivar collection at periodic intervals - Testing of breeding clones no breeding activitis
Resistance breeding Main biotic diseases Bacterial canker Pseudomonas ssp. - some cultivars have a higher susceptibility (e.g. Naprumi, Staccato, Prime Giant) - no known resistance donors - only preventive actions (training and pruning system) no breeding activities
Resistance breeding Main biotic diseases Cherry leaf spot Blumeriella jaapii - Common in Europe - Leaf drop after infection in late summer - Most sour cherry cultivars are susceptible - Sweet cherries are more tolerant - Screening for resistant donors breeding activities
Resistance breeding Main biotic diseases Monilia blossom blight / fruit rot Monilinia laxa - Main focus in sour cherries - Screening of cultivars and Prunus species - Evaluation of clones and cultivars first segregating populations in sour cherry
Resistance breeding Main goals What we have to do? Screening for new resistant donors Development of rating scales Development of artificial inoculation tests / methods Creation of cross populations for breeding and genetic analysis Selection of resistant breeding material Development of molecular markers
Resistance breeding Studies on fungal resistance at Dresden-Pillnitz Cherry leaf spot, Blumeriella jaapii Monilia blossom blight, Monilia laxa
Leaf spot resistance Evaluation in the field Gerema Schattenmorelle Prunus maackii Sunburst Ujfehertoi fürtös Coralin Prunus canescens Sept. 2006
Leaf spot resistance Artificial inoculation test - Inoculum Infected cherry leaf Acervuli with conidia (Hochapfel, 1952) Acervuli with conidia on the lower leaf surface
Leaf spot resistance Artificial inoculation test - Inoculum Lower site of leaf with acervuli Dry infected leaves in a wet chamber after 1 day Conidia suspension 10 5 conidia/ml
Leaf spot resistance Artificial inoculation test susceptible resistant genotypes
Leaf spot resistance Interspecific hybridization Prunus cherry species - resistant to Cherry leaf spot, B. jaapii P. fruticosa (4x) P. avium (2x) P. cerasus (4x) P. serrulata (2x) P. kurilensis (2x) P. maackii (4x) P. nipponica (2x) P. canescens (2x) P. dawyckensis (2x) P. insisa (2x) P. subhirtella (2x) P. sargentii (2x) resistant Prunus species (8 species) susceptible Prunus species (4 species)
Leaf spot resistance Sweet cherry P. canescens (2n=2x=16) clone 18,167 (P. avium x P. canescens)
Leaf spot resistance Sweet cherry Development of new breeding material 2x
Leaf spot resistance Sweet cherry Segregation: resistant : susceptible 1 : 1 (41 : 39) one dominant resistance gene F 2 population: 'Namati' x clone 18,167
Leaf spot resistance Sweet cherry Outlook: using of the best resistant genotypes in for the cherry breeding searching for molecular marker for the LS resistance from P. canescens cooperation with Amy Iezzoni, MSU, East Lansing
Leaf spot resistance Sour cherry Donor for resistance - P. maackii (Manchurian cherry)
Leaf spot resistance Sour cherry Starting cross combination 'Schattenmorelle' susceptible X P. maackii resistant 15.09.2004 15.09.2004
Leaf spot resistance Sour cherry F 1 progenies DK2,3,105 'Schattenmorelle' x P. maackii DK2,3,106 'Schattenmorelle' x P. maackii resistant 16.09.2009 16.09.2009 resistant 21.08.2008 21.08.2008
Leaf spot resistance Sour cherry F2 populations F2-populations: clon 3,105 (P. cerasus x P. maackii) x 'Fanal' clon 3,106 (P. cerasus x P. maackii) x 'Fanal' 'Schattenmorelle' x clon 3,105 'Schattenmorelle' x clon 3,106
Leaf spot resistance Sour cherry Development of breeding material 4x 2001 2006 2009
Leaf spot resistance Sour cherry F 2 populations Segregation (2009-2010): resistant : susceptible 1 : 1 one dominant resistance gene COST meeting Pitrsti, Romania, F 2 populations 15. -17.10.2013 segregated in resistant and susceptible genotypes
Hypersensitive resistance reaction type Hypersensitive reaction / defoliation DK1,5,45 (clone 3,105 x Fanal) LS r-type - 2N! LS r-distrib. - 7
Resistance breeding - sour cherry Monilia blossom blight (Monilinia laxa)
Monilia blossom blight Sour cherry Unsprayed / unprotected sour cherry collection Spring Autumn
Monilia blossom blight Sour cherry Rating scale (1 9) scale: 3 Jade 4 Achat 5 Köröser G. scale: 7 Ciganus 8 Mari Timpurii 9 F5,12,100
Monilia blossom blight Results sour cherry collection Sorte Monilia 1-9 Krupnoplodnaja 1 Tschernokorka 1 Namati 1 P. avium 'Napoleon' 1 P. incisa 1 P. maackii 2 P. serrulata var. spontanea 2 P. incisa 'Incana' 2 P. dawyckensis 2 Wischnja 2,5 Jade 3 Schwäbische Weinweichel 3 Studenskaja 3 Naprumi 3 Sunburst 3 Vinka 3 P. avium 'Charger' 3 P. nipponica 3 Leitzkauer 3 Pandy 2 3 Tschernokorka 3 Timpurii de Pites. 3 Ferracida 3,5 Achat 4 Erdi nagy gymösteü 4 Eugenie imperatrice 4 Röhrigs Weichsel 4 Csengödi 4,5 Köröser Gierstädt 5 Ujfehertoi fürtös 5 Sorte = 9 cultivars Monilia 1-9 Morina 6 Pieraszt 6 Safir 6 Tarina 6 Fanal 6 Hartaer 6 Ludwigs Frühe 6 Leopolds Kirsche 6 Lara 6 = 17 cultivars = 33 cultivars = 33 cultivars Sorte Monilia 1-9 Ciganus 59 7 Debr. bötermö 7 Kantorjanosi 7 Karneol 7 Korai Pipacsmeggy 7 Korund 7 P. kurilensis 7 Mari Timpuri 8 Oblacinska 8 Pamjatch Vavilova 8 Spinell 8 Topas 8 Vowi 8 P. canenscens Pill 8 P. canescens EM 8 Hartei 8 Favorit 8 Korall 8 P. sargentii 'Klon 34' 8,5 Schirpotreb 8,5 Dropia 9 E1,3,33 9 F5, 12,100 9 F5, 13,122 9 Gerema 9 Kistiewa 9 Meteor korai 9 Pitic de Dragoslaven 9 Pitic de Jasi 9 Rubellit 9 Shukowskaja 9 Turgenjeva 9 Schattenmorelle 9 Haaks Dunkelsaftige 9 Nana 9 Paljus 9 Almas 9 Tolerant cultivars: Jade Schwäbische Weinw. Achat Ujfehertoi fürtös Morina Safir Fanal Susceptible cultivars: Vowi Oblacinska Favorit Gerema Schattenmorelle Meteor korai
Monilia blossom blight Evaluation of seedling populations (2010 2013) Schattenmorelle x Schwäbische Weinweichsel Morina x Schattenmorelle Morina x Schwäbische Weinweichsel Morina x Stevnsbear Birgitte Morina x Stevnsbear Viki Jade x Stevnsbear Viki Ujfehertoi fürtös x Stevensbear 'Viki' Gerema x Schwäbische Weinweichsel Resistant Monilia-blossom blight ( - ) Unclear (few symptoms) Monilia-blossom blight ( 0 ) Susceptible Monilia-blossom blight ( + )
Monilia blossom blight Evaluation of seedling populations (2010 2011) Results of evaluation Monilia-bloosom blight 2010+2011 Description: resistant susceptible tolerant? Combination number of trees Segregation total resistant susceptible tolerant r : a :? Schattenmorelle x Schwäbische Weinw. 108 37 36 35 1 : 1 : 1 Morina x Schattenmorelle 64 19 28 17 1 : 1 : 1 Morina x Schwäbische W. 153 75 35 43 2 : 1 : 1 Morina x Stevnsbear Birgitte 92 36 17 39 2 : 1 : 2 Morina x Stevnsbear Viki 101 35 32 34 1 : 1 : 1 Jade x Stevnsbear Viki 104 66 12 26 2 : 1 : 1 Ujfehertoi fürtös x Stevensbear 'Viki' 195 66 78 51 1 : 1 : 1 Gerema x Schwäbische Weinw. 108 37 36 35 1 : 1 : 1
Monilia blossom blight Sour cherry Goals for Monilia resistance breeding Development of an efficient evaluation system in the field and in greenhouse Development of artificial inoculations tests (laboratory, field) Investigation to an possible influence of the blooming time on Monilia infection genetic studies to the resistance / tolerance to Monilia blossom blight Evaluation in the field Artificial inoculation tests A - flower-/scion inoculation test (laboratory) B - scion inoculation test (orchard)
What can we do together in cherry resistance breeding?
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