Background Educator (Kindergarten - College) Master s Degree in Biology (Conifer Ecology) from Humboldt State University. Ecological Research Includes: Whitebark pine mapping in Northern California Bigcone Douglas-fir mapping and inventorying in the San Gabriel National Monument Yellow-cedar mapping in California Author of three books Editor of the journal Fremontia for the California Native Plant Society blog.conifercountry.com/asca Conifers of the Pacific Slope: An exploration into the world of ancient plants 1
What is the Pacific Slope? A phrase used by early explorers to describe the western slopes of the Continental Divide indicating the directional change of the watersheds. Technically, the Pacific Slope references an extensive land mass but now regionally has come to describe mountains close to the Pacific Ocean. Why Conifers? Manageable means to comprehend Western United States biodiversity Harbingers for climatic change for millions of years survivors across deep time Gorgeous group of plants! What is a Conifer? Plants became compatible with land ~425 million years ago (Ma) Horsetails, club mosses, and ferns were the first to develop vascular tissue for terrestrial life reproduced with spores. Gymnosperms (include conifers) soon followed a group which evolved ~365 Ma Angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved ~140 Ma 2
What is a Conifer? Gymnosperms and Angiosperms comprise the seed plants of the world Evolution of a seed promoted dormancy and thus new pathways for plant distribution and evolution Gymnosperm s seeds form on a variety of structures (like a cone) and remain naked after maturation Angiosperm s seeds are enclosed What is a Conifer? Mesozoic (250-65 Ma) was the Heyday of Conifers nurturing the evolution of as many as 20,000 species When Cenozoic (65 Ma) began so did adaptive radiation of angiosperms With global warming, angiosperms established in low to mid latitudes and began to co-evolved with various animals to better promote pollination and seed distribution. Gymnosperms have concurrently declined to only about 1,000 species while +300,000 species of angiosperms are extant today. Decline of the gymnosperms and concurrent expansion of angiosperms represents on of the most important phytogeographic processes in the history of plant life on Earth. Conifer Relatives Four extant divisions of Gymnosperms: 1. Cycads Mostly tropical, ~ 250 species 2. Gnetopytes Ephedras of California deserts are in this group, ~70 species worldwide 3. Ginkgo One extant species remains, considered closest relative of conifers 4. Conifers Our focus today, ~630 species worldwide 3
Conifer Wow o Are exclusively wind pollinated o Often grow where soil or climate is sub-optimal o Mycorrhizal relationships on almost all conifers. o Generally restricted to higher elevations and latitudes Exceptions locally being conifers of the coastal temperate rainforests o Less than 1% of all plant species but cover 30% of Earth s forested land o Largest, tallest, and oldest living things (all three species in California) 4
½ of all conifers on the Pacific Rim 5
10% of world s conifers In California, Oregon, and Washington 5% of world s conifers in northwest California 6
Coniferous Destinations Coniferous Destinations 7
8
9
Bishop pine Pinus muricata 10
Bishop pine Pinus muricata 11
Bishop pine Pinus muricata Bishop pine at Patricks Point State Park 12
Torrey Pines State Reserve Torrey Pine Pinus torreyana Torrey Pine Pinus torreyana 13
Torrey Pine Pinus torreyana 14
15
Islands of the Californias cnps.org Point Lobos State Reserve 16
Gowen cypress Cupressus goveniana and Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa 17
Sequoia National Park 18
Sequoia National Park Giant Sequoia Sequoia giganteum Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana 19
Redwood National and State Parks 20
Redwood Sequoia sempervirens The Klamath Mountain Region 21
The Klamath Mountain Region The area has a central location and continuity with other mountain ranges along the Pacific Slope. Across this landscape, a mosaic of habitats mix at a crossroads of five biotic regions the Cascades, Coast Range, Great Basin, Central Valley, and Sierra Nevada each helping to define the Klamath Mountains. Complex Soils Serpentine Geology One example of where microsite evolution occurs regionally Complex climatic conditions Historically moderate climate The landscape coupled with complex climate creates microsites both elevationally, latitudinally, and longitudinally 22
The Klamath Mountain Region 23
The Klamath Mountain Region Russian Wilderness Russian Wilderness 18 conifer species in one square mile! foxtail pine whitebark pine western white pine Jeffrey pine ponderosa pine lodgepole pine sugar pine white fir Shasta fir subalpine fir Engelmann spruce Brewer spruce mountain hemlock Douglas-fir Pacific yew incense-cedar common juniper western juniper 24
Juniperus 25
Juniperus occidentalis The Klamath Mountain Region Marble Mountain Wilderness 26
Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 27
Bigfoot Trail 6 wilderness areas 5 National Forests 1 National Park 1 State Park 1 National Monument 5 major watersheds 32 conifer species 3,400+ plant taxa 28
Whitebark Pine Pinus albicaulis 29
Warner Mountain Wilderness 30
Warner Mountain Wilderness Warner Mountain Wilderness Warner Mountain Wilderness 31
Warner Mountain Wilderness Eagle Cap Wilderness 32
Eagle Cap Wilderness Eagle Cap Wilderness 33
Mount Saint Helens Mount Saint Helens Mount Saint Helens 34
Olympic National Park Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis 35
Western Hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 36
The Bigfoot Trail 6 wilderness areas 5 national forests 1 national park 1 state park 1 national monument 5 major watersheds 32 conifer species 3,400+ plant taxa bfta.bigfoottrail.org Why Natural History Books? Because Natural History is a primary component of culture. As a culture we must have more authentic experiences in nature hands-on experiences that will lead to holistic perspectives. Backcountry Press is a small publisher of web and print media whose themes explore natural history, ecology, and the western landscape. 37
Special Thanks to John O. Sawyer Matt Ritter 38
Special Thanks Thanks: 39