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Coffee Botany 101: Genetics, Varieties, and Physiology Emma Sage SCA Coffee Science Manager
About ME Coffee Scientist =?? A botanist A plant physiologist Studied climate change Coffee groupie SCAA Science Manager
DISCLAIMER SCIENCE = Privilege System Infrastructure Monetary investment Professors & Students Stability
Use science to address threats to coffee Understanding the plant = Understanding the problem = Solutions
Part 1. Botanical Tidbits
Botanic Taxonomy Linnaean Classification: Family Genus Species Sub-Species/Variety For Coffee: Rubiaceae Coffea (>120 species) arabica L.
Linneaus!
Coffea Diversity 120+ Species Images courtesy of Dr. Aaron Davis
Species Individuals that can breed with each other to produce viable offspring Coffea arabica Coffea canephora Coffea eugenioides
Cultivar Definition: Cultivated variants of a species originating through human influence, distinct group of plants that has stable characteristics
Plant Breeding Terminology Variety Cultivar To a Botanist: A measureable variant of a species that can interbreed with other varieties To a Botanist: Cultivated variants of a species originating through human influence To a Plant Breeder: A stable and quantifiable line that can be legally protected by intellectual property laws To a Plant Breeder: A distinct group of plants that has stable characteristics which are retained in successive generations
Hybrid Interbreeding of species, races, varieties, and so on among plants or animals. Some consider ONLY crosses between species hybrids (more strict definition) Many use the term more loosely to describe a cross between very different individuals Hybrid Vigor? Superior qualities arising from the crossbreeding of genetically different plants or animals
F1 Hybrid F1 = First Filial generation MEANS: The first seeds/plant offspring resulting from a cross mating of distinctly different parents. IN THE COFFEE INDUSTRY Breeders have colloquialized: MEANS: the first cross between a normal cultivar and a wild Ethiopian coffee
Landrace ( Traditional/Wild Variety ) A locally cultivated plant species which as developed largely by natural processes, often named for the geographic region they are confined to. This is DIFFERENT than wild plants! Used to describe some coffees that have come from different regions in Ethiopia Gesha, Zeghie, Gimma Kaffa, Sudan Rumé
Heirloom Variety?! Refers to old cultivars, bred once, then fell out of popularity/favor Not the same thing as landrace or wild coffee Heirloom coffee?
Part 2: Genetics Determine Everything
The Plant Cell & DNA Image: http://faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/s cience_outreach/cells.html Courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute.
How DNA Codes for Life Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis The building blocks of life DNA codes for the expression of TRAITS
Transcription & Translation: Reading DNA & forming proteins Courtesy: National Institutes of General Medical Sciences
Traits Measureable physical or behavioral characteristics of an organism, determined by DNA Leaf color, Fruit Color Height, distance between leaves Leaf shape Rooting pattern Phenology (timing of events like flowering, budding, fruiting, etc)
Genetic Diversity The amount of differences in the genetic makeup of a population or species. An important mechanism for populations to adapt to changing environments
Climate Change & Genetic Diversity Diversity = a tool box Climate change = challenges Increased weather variability Warming of many regions Water insecurity Outbreaks of pests & pathogens
Genetic Variation A measure of genetic differences in or between populations, species, or larger units, such as ecosystems Often, genetic markers are used
Coffea Diversity 120+ Species Images courtesy of Dr. Aaron Davis
Coffea ambongensis Coffea arabica Coffea labatii Images courtesy of Dr. Aaron Davis
Traits: Coffea arabica
Phenotypes & Genotypes Phenotypes The observable traits that manifest from an organisms genotype Genotypes The genetic constitution of an organism
Phenotypic Plasticity genotype expressed differently in different environments
Trait Expressed Trait Expressed No Phenotypic Plasticity High Phenotypic Plasticity Genotype 1 Genotype 2 Genotype 3 Genotype 1 Genotype 2 Genotype 3 Environment Environment
Losses of Genetic Variation Can occur through: Population subdivision Migration Bottleneck/Founder Effect Inbreeding ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Inbreeding F = inbreeding coefficient, where 1 = completely Self pollination = inbreeding Image: Franklin et al., 2010. Introduction to Conservation Genetics
Artificial Selection: Plant Breeding Tanksley and McCouch, 1997
A Note on Plant Health
The Tasty Seed Seed development affects the chemical precursors to coffee taste! Marraccini P, Allard C, M.-L. A, C. C, Gaborit C, Lacoste N, Meunier A, Michaux S, Petit V, Priyono P, Rogers JW, Deshayes A. 2001. Update on Coffee Biochemical Compounds, Protein, and Gene Expression during Bean Maturation and in other Tissues. Proc. 19th ASIC. Trieste.
PART 3: The story of C. arabica coffees
What about Coffee? Artificial selection adaptation Selections Breeding De Cleu and the population bottleneck Image: Ukers, 1909. All About Coffee
History of Coffee Genetic Restriction Anthony et al., 2002. The origin of cultivated Coffea arabica L varieties revealed by AFLP and SSR Markers. Theor Appl Genet.
similar PCA Analysis similar Cultivated = 53% of wild alleles found Figure 1. From Teressa et al., 2010. Genetic Diversity of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) collections.
The Timeline Wild Coffee Local coffee cultivation in Ethiopia Brought to Yemen Yemen to Java Yemen to Bourbon Image: Ukers, 1909. All About Coffee
The Journey of C. arabica Yemen India?- to Java (Typica) Arrive ~1690 s Spread around Indonesia Brought to Amsterdam botanic garden ~1710 1 plant given to France (shortly after 1710) Dutch brought to Surinam ~1720 s France brought to Martinique ~1718 Spread around Central/South America from there Yemen to Bourbon (Bourbon) Arrive ~1718 Late 1800 s Brazil (Rio) Kenya Tanzania Early 1900 s West Africa Spread around South/Central America & world from there
Typica A general group of coffee cultivars Originally brought to java via Yemen & India In early 1700 s was brought to Amsterdam B.G. 1720 s brought to Martinique, C. America via France Brought to Brazil in ~1760s from India Coffees: Blue mountain Guatemala Sumatra Java Pache Kona
Bourbon A general group of coffee cultivars Originally brought to Ile Bourbon via Yemen by the French Brought to Brazil in early 1800s Brought to Kenya, Tanzania in late 1800s
Typica Mutations Maragogype Found in Brazil, 1870 Large fruits Long seeds, with characteristic twist Lower yield Image: Kaldiscoffee.com
Bourbon Mutations Pacas: Dwarf mutation Found in 1949 in El Salvador One parent of Pacamara Bourbon Pointu Dwarf Christmas tree mutation Described in 1947 on Reunion Island Dwarf mutant, very productive Found in 1937 in Brazil Pure-Line Villa Sarchi Dwarf mutant Found in Costa Rica, 1957 Caturra
Crosses Mundo Novo Tall cultivar Sumatra Typica X red Broubon cross Developed in 1940s in Brazil Pacamara Maragogype (typica mut) X Pacas (bourbon mut) cross Released in 1984 Less stable cultivar Catuai Pure line cultivar, dwarf Mundo Novo X yellow Caturra cross Developed in Brazil, released 1968
Hybrids Timor Hybrid Natural cross originated in Timor, thought to have occurred on one occasion C. canephora X C. arabica (Typica) Good resistance characteristics Catimor A group of pure-line cultivars Timor Hybrid X Caturra (Bourbon) bred in 1980s Some resistance to rust and coffee berry disease CR 95: 1995 Sarchimor A group of pure-line cultivars Villa Sarchi (Bourbon) X Timor Hybrid Some resistance to rust
Coffea arabica
Questions?