Faba bean whole crop silage for dairy cows, Tuomo Kokkonen, Anni Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau, Tytti Termonen, Aila Vanhatalo & Seija Jaakkola 1
Why legume-cereal silage? Finland N N N N Nitrogen fixation - Potential to decrease the use of nitrogen fertilizers High biomass production capacity Brazil Boreal growing conditions = short summers Seed production of grain legumes is unsure 2
Differences in composition Silage crops at various growth stages Data: Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki 2012-2014 Grain legumes* (whole crop) Wheat (whole crop) Timothy- Meadow fescue Crude protein g/kg DM NDF g/kg DM Starch g/kg DM In vitro DOMD g/kg DM 179 (104-261) 129 (61-197) 149 (99-192) 359 (226-494) 509 (460-553) 557 (495-612) 79 (12-180) 156 (51-264) - 685 (581-761) 593 (580-627) 685 (620-729) * Faba bean, field pea, white lupin 3
Grass silage Faba bean-wheat whole crop silage + Grass silage FEED INTAKE? NUTRIENT UTILIZATION? MILK PRODUCTION? Concentrate crude protein 175 g/kg DM Concentrate crude protein 200 g/kg DM 4
Materials & Methods Replicated 4 4 Latin Square 2 2 factorial arrangement of treatments 8 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows On average 100 d in milk Silage ad libitum, concentrate 13 kg/d Rapeseed meal 2.0 kg/d Crude protein (CP) 175 g/kg DM Rapeseed meal 3.5 kg/d Crude protein (CP) 200 g/kg DM Crude protein content of silages: Grass silage (GS): 155 g/kg DM Faba bean-wheat whole crop silage + grass silage (FB): 160 g/kg DM 5
Growth stages Faba bean: Seeds green and filled the pod cavity Wheat: Dough stage Grass silage: Timothy-Meadow fescue Primary growth Early stage of inflorescence emergence 6
Results Lower digestibility of faba bean silage Equal dry matter intake Equal milk production g/kg DM Digestibility kg DM/d Dry matter intake kg/d Milk production 700 30 37 680 660 20 36 640 35 620 600 10 34 580 Faba bean silage Grass silage 0 GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 33 GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 In vitro In vivo sheep Silage intake Concentrate intake 7
Results 50 45 40 35 30 Milk components CP * FB *** CP *** FB CP ** GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 GS- 175 GS- 200 FB- 175 Rumen volatile fatty acids, mmol/mol FB- 200 Acetic acid 646 647 643 645 Propionic acid 181 186 184 180 Butyric acid 130 124 131 131 Significance FB CP ** FB *** CP ** FB CP ** 25 Fat, Protein, Lactose, Urea, Total VFA 103 104 105 103 g/kg g/kg g/kg mg/100ml Plasma metabolites, mmol/l Glucose 3.84 3.87 3.76 3.81 Insuline 11.9 16.1 12.5 15.3 CP * NEFA 0.095 0.098 0.078 0.086 FB * BHBA 0.833 0.859 0.820 0.830 Acetic acid 0.095 0.102 0.097 0.093 8
Results Rumen NH 3 -N, mmol/l Crude protein intake, kg/d 10 8 6 FB ** 5 4 4.11 FB CP * 4.36 4.31 4.44 4 3 2 2 0 GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 1 GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 Speculations: - Nitrogen:Energy ratio? - Differences in protein quality? - Rumen degradable protein 40 35 30 25 CP ** Nitrogen partitioning, % FB CP GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 20 FB-200 15 Milk Faeces Urine 9
Conclusions Partial replacement of grass silage with faba bean-wheat silage: Equal DM intake and milk production Despite of the lower digestibility of faba bean-wheat silage Increasing crude protein content of concentrate: Decreased milk fat content and feed N utilization Silage type and crude protein content of concentrate: Minor effects on rumen fermentation Differences in nitrogen utilization between silage types? 10
THANK YOU! QUESTIONS & COMMENTS? 11
Chemical composition of silages Units g/kg DM, unless otherwise stated Grass silage (GS) Faba beanwheat silage (FB) Mixture (1:1) of GS and FB Dry matter, g/kg 288 389 325 Crude protein 155 165 160 NDF 517 433 477 Starch Not analysed 115 65 In vitro DOMD 678 611 642 ph 3.97 3.96 Lactic acid 47.3 16.6 Acetic acid 11.6 5.60 Propionic acid 0.090 0.108 Butyric acid 0.487 0.177 Ammonia-N, g/kg N 65.2 58.0 12
Nutrient intake of animals Units kg/d, unless otherwise stated Organic matter Crude protein GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 Significance 23.2 23.4 23.9 23.2 4.11 4.36 4.31 4.44 FB CP * NDF 9.46 9.65 9.30 9.03 FB Starch 3.89 3.59 4.81 4.45 ME, MJ/d 266 268 269 262 FB *** CP *** AAT, g/d 2329 2435 2356 2397 CP PBV, g/d 258 289 426 423 FB *** 13
Plasma amino acids, µmol/l GS-175 GS-200 FB-175 FB-200 Significance Arginine 88.3 95.8 101 98.4 Histidine 50.3 57.6 66.3 61.6 FB * Isoleucine 121 129 130 131 Leucine 122 132 138 138 FB * Lycine 106 109 122 113 FB Methionine 22.7 22.7 23.0 21.5 Phenylalanine 44.1 45.6 45.4 43.7 Threonine 128 122 127 123 Tryptophan 46.1 47.0 44.2 43.9 Valine 236 252 261 267 FB ** CP BCAA 479 514 529 536 FB * EAA 964 1031 1057 1037 NEAA 1269 1204 Marjukka 1346 Lamminen 1263 FB CP TAA 2233 2242 2422 2307 FB 14