Teacher Workbooks Social Studies Series Language Arts Integration Native American Theme, Vol. 2 Copyright 2006 and its licensors. All rights reserved. Teachnology Publishing Company A Division of Teachnology, Inc. For additional information, visit us at www.teachnologypublishing.com
Table of Contents Subject Table of Contents Longhouses 1-4 Traditions 5-9 Seasons 10 Movement 11 Food 12 The Three Sisters 13-15 Corn/Maize 16-18 Wild Rice 19-20 Canoes 21 Containers 22-23 White Birch 24 Moccasins 25 Snowshoes 26 Porcupine Quills 27 28 Micmac 29 Iroquois 30 Answers 31-32 Standards Table of Contents Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; to acquire new information; to respond to the needs and demands of society and the workplace; and for personal fulfillment 1-30 Answers 31-32 iii
Longhouses The longhouse became a symbol of the native Americans belonging to the Iroquois Confederacy. Young men often harvested young trees that were shaped and bent to form the structure of the longhouse, often about 20 wide, 20 feet high and ranging from 40 to 200 feet long. The length of the longhouse depended on the number of clan, or family, members living there. A carving representing the animal of the clan was often displayed above the door of the longhouse. Families included immediate members as well as relatives who shared common ancestral roots. Open doorways were present at each end of the longhouse, covered with animal skin during the cold, winter months each year. Sunlight filtered through small, open holes in the roof. Smoke also was able to escape through these same holes. 1. What became a symbol of the Iroquois? A. smoke B. animal skin C. longhouses D. none of the above 2. With what natural resource where longhouses constructed? 3. Longhouses were often built approximately feet wide and 20 feet high. 4. Longhouses could range from 40 to 400 feet in length. True False 5. A carving of the identifying the clan living in the longhouse was 6. displayed above the of the longhouse. 7. What term was used interchangeable with family? A. clan B. family C. roots D. animal skins 8. Animal covered the openings at each end of the longhouse during the winter. 1
Longhouses Families, or known as clans, sharing a longhouse were related. Relatives included clan members who shared common ancestral roots. Sometimes, as many as 20 different family groups shared one longhouse, each having their own space inside. Generally, a large and wide path extended through the length of the longhouse. Families had raised seating and sleeping platforms. Additionally, these raised areas would house pots, pans, additional beds, and weapons. Many foods such as squash, corn were hung to dry along the many rafters. Female members of the tribe owned most of the possessions of the longhouse with the exception of men s weapons, clothes and their personal items. 1. What term is used by the Iroquois to describe family? A. group B. clan C. roots D. none of these 2. Relatives included clan members who shared roots. 3. Up to about how many family members might share a longhouse? A. 20 B. 40 C. 100 D. all of these 4. What extended through the center and length of the longhouse? 5. Clan members slept on raised platforms in the longhouse. True False 6. Food such as corn and 7. were hung from inside the longhouse. 8. Most possessions within the longhouse belonged to members of the clan. 2
Longhouses Longhouses were built from the bark of young trees. Sharp ends were driven into the ground while other ends were bent to form the roof structure. Damp bark was then intertwined to form the roof. Small holes were along the roof of the longhouse to provide sunlight and allow smoke to exit. Sometimes longhouses were built up to 200 feet in length, depending on how many clan members lived there. Clan members included family and relatives who shared common ancestral roots. Often, longhouses were built along streams and rivers. Nearby, crops were planted and harvested. Clan members would construct a palisade, a row of trees that served as a fence and protected against harm. 1. What word describes the type of tree used in longhouse construction? A. young B. old C. ripe D smoky 2. The tree wood could be bent. What term could be substituted for bent? A. curved B. bowed C. stretched D. A & B 3. Damp was placed along to form the roof of the longhouse. 4. Holes were placed along the roof of the longhouse. True False 5. Longhouses were built along and streams. 6. What was the purpose of the palisade? A. decoration B. protection C. exercise D. none of these 7. What determined the length of the longhouse? 8. Smoke was let out of the longhouse through the holes in the roof and was let in. 3
Longhouses Longhouses had small holes along the roof of the structure. Sunlight was permitted to enter the longhouse this way. Additonally, smoke could escape from fires built inside the longhouse. They were often built in a wide path that ran along the center length of the longhouse. These fires were often made at about 12 foot intervals inside. Food was often hung from the rafters inside the longhouse. Some foods commonly seen might include corn and squash. These well known and symbolic homes of the Iroquois were most often built close by to streams and rivers. The crops and food mentioned early where planted and harvested in nearby fields. Many of the Iroquois tribes and longhouses were connected by trails. 1. What was on the roof of the longhouse? 2. This entered the longhouse through the holes in the roof of the longhouse. A. smoke B. sunlight C. misquotes D. none of these 3. Smoke could through these holes as well. 4. Where were fires built within the longhouse? 5. Food was hung from rafters in the longhouse. True False 6. Name at least one food often seen inside the longhouse. 7. Rivers and streams were often to the longhouse. A. close B. far C. dried up D. none of these 8. Trails helped Iroquois tribes connect with each other. True False 4
Traditions Many Native American tribes who lived along the Atlantic coast migrated with the changing seasons. They had an understanding and respect of each season and knew how to best adapt and live according to the season. Algonquian language speaking tribes, such as Pequot were one such tribe. They knew when it was best to hunt, plant, harvest, and gather. Many living camps were established in the spring, inland. These were always located near streams or rivers. The men of the tribe would hunt such animals as bird, rabbit, and opossum. Women members of the tribe would collect such foods found in nature as cattail shoots. Sometimes, small and temporary fences were built to pen in deer. 1. The coast is referred to in this paragraph. 2. What determined the migration of these Native American tribes? A. seasons B. animals C. food D. none of these 3. This term could be substituted for the term adapt. A. hot B. cook C. adjust D. nature 4. Pequot was an Algonquian speaking tribe. True False 5. Identify at least two activities of. 6. Where were spring camps located? 7. Deer were important to. True False 8. What word could be substituted for pen in the last sentence? 5
Traditions Native American families of the Pequot Native American tribe lived in wigwams. Wigwams could easily be packed up, moved, and reconstructed. Wigwams were made from saplings and then covered with woven mats or bark. This Native American tribe moved to locations depending on the changing seasons. In the spring the tribe lived inland, close by to streams and rivers. They moved to the Atlantic coastline during summer months. Autumn was a time for the women to harvest summer crops of corn, beans, and squash and men to hunt. Winter found the tribe returning inland. 1. In what structure did the Pequot family live?. 2. Why were wigwams the form of living quarters used? 3. Wigwams were made from saplings. True False 4. What covered the top of the wigwam? A. mats B. woven mats C. A & B D. none of these 5. Seasons determined where the tribe lived. 6. During the, the Pequot lived inland. 7. Crops mentioned included A. corn B. squash C. beans D. all of these 8. What role did the men of the tribe have? 6
Traditions Members of the Atlantic Coast Lenni Lenape Native American tribe planted corn, beans and squash. Women and children would plant corn kernels in small mounds of dirt. Along with the kernels, a small fish would be placed. The fish would become a fertilizer. Beans would be planted in between the mounds of corn. The corn stalks would double as a beanstalk! Following the growing season, women and children would harvest the crops. Food would then be prepared for storage by being placed in deep, grass lined holes. Each hole would then be covered to insulate the items by a piece of bark. This stored food helped the tribe survives winters. 1. The Lenni Lenape Native American tribe was an Coast tribe. 2. Name the three crops grown and harvested by the Lenni Lenape.,, 3. Corn kernels were planted in A. mounds of dirt B. buckets C. streams D. pots 4. A small would be added to the kernels. 5. Where were beans planted? 6. Children and harvested the crops. 7. The Lenni Lenape stored food in the ground. True False 8. How was stored food insulated? 7
Traditions Native American s who inhabited the area near the United State s Great Lakes included the Fox, Sauk, and Menominee tribes. These groups would plant and harvested crop and rice. During the summer, they would migrate to the prairie to hunt buffalo. New, permanent villages would be established and nearby fields would be cleared for planting crops. Men of the tribe would extend hundreds of miles to hunt for many types of animals. These include deer, moose, wolves, and beaver. Women members made clothing from soft animal skins, including deer. Robes were also made from animal, such as the bear or rabbit, for winter warmth. 1. What region is mentioned to in the passage? 2. The Fox and Sauk tribes inhabited this region. True False 3. What specific crop is mentioned that was grown and harvested? A. corn B. beans C. rice D. none of these 4. During the the tribes would 5. move or to the prairie. 6. Men tribe members would only extend a short distance from the village to hunt. True False 7. Deer, beaver, and moose would be hunted. 8. Winter robes might be made from A. rabbit B. buffalo C. bear D. A & C 8
Traditions have been known for their deep respect of nature and gratefulness to all its gifts. Plants and animals were used to their fullest extent. Many animals were viewed as sources of power, strength and explanations. For example, many wore necklaces made from bear claws or elk teeth as reminders of the animal s characteristics. The wearer would hope to emulate these traits. Many animal tail hats or furry skins were worn with the same intention. 1. hold deep respect for nature. True False 2. Another term for grateful is A. thankful B. sincere C. expected D. hurt 3. used every part of a plant and animal. True False 4. Animals were often viewed as a source of. 5. What might the bear claw represent? What attribute? 6. What s another term attribute? A. characteristic B. kindness C. trait D. A & C 7. Why would a person wear one of the necklaces mentioned in the passage? 8. What is another term for emulate? A. imitate B. follow C. copy D. all of these 9
Seasons Many of the Algonquian language speaking Native American tribes of the Northeast moved as the seasons changed. Knowledge of the seasons and the strengths of each guided the tribes to new locations. Life functions guided by the seasons included planting, hunting, harvesting, and gathering. During the spring, the Pequot tribe would move inland and set up along rivers and streams. Men tribe members would hunt for rabbit, opossum, and bird. Women members would collect fiddlehead ferns. They would eventually move closer and along the Atlantic Coast during the summer. Families lived in wigwams. Sometimes up to two families lived in each wigwam. 1. Algonquian language speaking Native American tribes lived close to the Atlantic coast. True False 2. What determined where many of these tribes lived? A. seasons B. forest population C. plants D. none of these 3. Hunting,, and planting were among the life activities. 4. Women members of the tribe would hunt. True False 5. During what season would the Pequot tribe move inland? 6. Who was responsible for hunting in the Pequot tribe? 7. Along what coast would the tribes move closer to? A. Pacific B. Mediterranean C. Atlantic D. none of these 8. Members of the Pequot Native American tribe lived in longhouses. True False 10
Movement Seasons were the reason many Atlantic coast Native American tribes to move inland and return to the coast. The changing seasons determined where tribes such as the Pequot Native American tribe would live. Many Algonquian speaking tribes, including the Pequot, would move according to the changing seasons. In the spring, many tribes would move inland to be close to rivers and streams. Men would hunt and women would gather cattail shoots. Tribes would migrate to the Atlantic coast as summer approached. Women planted such things as corn and beans. Men would dig for clams and shellfish. Autumn paved the way for harvesting. During the winter, tribes would pack up and return inland. 1. mentioned in the paragraph inhabited the area along the coast. 2. This natural occurrence determined the areas the Pequot Native American tribe would live. 3. During the spring, tribes would move A. outside B. inland C. to the coast D. toward mountains 4. Rivers and were inland. 5. What did the men of the tribe do? 6. Tribes would migrate to the Atlantic coast as summer approached. True False 7. What was done during autumn? A. harvesting B. planting C. cooking D. all of these 8. Where would tribes live during the winter? 11
Food Wild rice was an important food source for the Native American tribe Menominee. Men and women members of the tribe would work together to collect the grain from the rice stalks in the region west and south of Lake Michigan. Wild rice grows on hollow stems out of water. In this region, there are thousands of lakes, rivers, and streams. While a male member of the tribe paddled a canoe, a woman tribe member would rattle the rice stalks until the grain fell into the canoe. They weren t too concerned about the seeds that fell into the water as they would provide the following year s rice crop! The seeds (or grain) was then dried once on shore. Once dried, the husks would be loosened. Special winnowing trays were used to detached the rice from the husks. The rice would then be boiled and served. 1. What food source was important to Native American? A. seeds B. rice C. husks D. none of these 2. Who worked together to collect the grains of rice? 3. What does the region to the west and of Lake Michigan 4. This region has what in abundance? A. lakes B. streams C. rivers D. each of these 5. Men tribe members would rattle the rice stalks. True False 6. Seeds that fell into the water would be the following year s. 7. How was the rice cooked? A. baked B. broiled C. boiled D. BBQ 8. The tribe is mentioned in the passage. 12
The Three Sisters Many crops were important to the Atlantic Coast Native American tribes. Included in this group were Algonquian language speaking group Lenni Lenape. Special and very important crops included corn, squash, and beans. These particular crops were known as the Three Sisters. They were essential. The women and children of the Lenni Lenape tribe made small mounds in the earth when planting corn. About four or five corn kernels were placed in small holes then made in each mound. A small fish was placed in each mound. The fish acted as a fertilizer. Dirt was then covered over the mound containing the kernels and fish. 1. What were essential to? A. crops B. friends C. sisters D. none of these 2. What Algonquian language speaking group is referred to in the passage? 3. What crops were very important to? A. beans B. corn C. squash D. all of these 4. Beans, corn, and squash were known as the Three Sisters. True False 5. What is another term for essential? A. unimportant B. vital C. nutritious D. helpful 6. A small was planted in with 7 the corn planted in a mound of dirt. 8. Fish served as fertilizer when planted with the kernels. True False 13
The Three Sisters The Three Sisters referred to corn, beans, and squash. These three vegetables were vital to Native American tribes who lived along the Atlantic Coast. These tribes included Algonquian language speaking groups, as the Lenni Lenape. Each year, the women and children would place corn kernels in a small mound of earth. They d also place a small fish in with the kernels as fertilizer. Beans were also planted in with the corn. As the bean plant grew, it would use the corn stalk to climb! Squash seeds were planted in between the corn and beans. As a result of this arrangement, the soil regained nutrients and erosion was prevented! 1. Vegetables were known as The Three Sisters. True False 2. What is another term for vital? 3. A. essential B. unimportant C. vegetable D. kernel 3. Algonquian language speaking tribes lived along the Coast. 4. Identify one Algonquian language speaking tribe. 5. Women and children planted The Three Sisters. True False 6. A small fish was planted in the with the kernel. 7. What was planted in between the beans and corn? A. broccoli B. squash C. popcorn D. potato 8. The soil was replenished with with the plantings. 14
The Three Sisters Essential crops to the Atlantic Coast Native American tribes included corn, beans, and squash. These three foods became known as The Three Sisters. Women and children would plant three or four kernels in a mound of dirt. A small fish would then be added to serve as fertilizer. The mounds would then be covered. During the growing season, the women and children members of the tribe would tend to the growing crops and would then harvest and gather the food. 1. Another term for essential is A. important B. happy C. cloudy D. none of these 2. Corn,, and squash were vital to Native American tribes 3. who lived along the Coast. 4. Corn, squash, and beans became known as The Three Sisters. True False 5. Who planted the crops? 6. A fish was added to the crops. True False 7. The purpose of the fish was to act as a(n) A. marker B. fertilizer C. food D. dinner 8. Women and would harvest and gather the crops. 15
Corn Members of the Iroquois Confederacy, who included Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora viewed corn, beans and squash as essential. They planted these crops and considered them to be their most important source of nutrition. Corn, also known as maize, was planted in small mounds of dirt. The men of the tribe cleared the land where crops were grown. Women and children planted, tended to, harvested and gathered the crops. Corn would ripen in late summer and autumn. Corn stalks were collected and the corn was prepared in the longhouse. After husks were pulled back and braided into different size bunches, it would be hung from rafters inside the longhouse to dry. Corn kernels were stored in barrels made of bark or buried for later use. 1. Corn, beans, and squash were crops. A. essential B. delicious C. vital D. A & C 2. Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,, Seneca, and Tuscarora tribes were members of the Iroquois Confederacy. 3. Men cleared the for planting. 4. Women and children planted the crops. True False 5. What is another name for corn? 6. Corn would ripen in late summer and A. spring B. winter C. autumn D. none of these 7. Why were the stalks hung from rafters inside the longhouse? A. to add fragrance B. to decorate C. to grow D. none of these 8. Corn was stored in barrels. 16
Corn or Maize Corn, also known as maize, was an essential crop to Native American tribes. Members of the Iroquois Confederacy viewed corn, as well as beans and squash as vital to their existence; these were known as The Three Sisters. Corn was planted in fields cleared by the men of the tribe. The Iroquois grew various types of corn that included white, purple, red, and multicolored. They also grew popping corn that would ripen at various times. Corn kernels were used to make many different foods such as soups, puddings, bread, and succotash. Juice from the corn was used to treat sores and cuts. Toy spears were made from the corn stalks! 1. Another term for maize is. 2. What does vital mean? A. essential B. important C. necessary D. all of these 3. Corn was planted in fields. True False 4. What members of the Iroquois Confederacy cleared the fields? 5. Corn, beans, and were known as The Three Sisters. 6. Name at least three types of corn grown by members of the Iroquois Confederacy. 7.,, 7. Bread was made from corn. True False 8. What could be made from the corn stalks? A. hats B. shoes C. toy spears D. none of these 17
Corn Corn was a very important crop for members of the Iroquois Confederacy. Corn was planted in fields cleared by men of the tribe. Children and women would plant three or four kernels, along with a small fish as fertilizer, in a mound of earth. These plants would ripen in late summer and autumn. All parts of the harvested corn was used. Iroquois grew many variations of corn. Popping, white, purple, and red corn was planted, grown, and harvested. Kernels were used to make foods such as bread, soups, and puddings. The stalks were made into toys. Corn juice was used to help heal and sooth cuts and sores. Mattresses and pillows were made from shredded cornhusks. Sometimes, the husks were braided together to make rope. 1. What crop was important to? 2. Women members of the tribe cleared the land? True False 3. Why were small fish placed in with corn kernels? A. company B. aroma C. fertilizer D. all of these 4. Corn crops ripened in late summer and. 5. All parts of the grown corn were used. True False 6. Name at least one food made with the corn. 7. Corn stalks were sometimes made into A. toys B. beads C. mattresses D. none of these 8. Husks made braided. 18
Wild Rice Plentiful amounts of rice grew to the west and south of Lake Michigan. This important food source grew among the thousands of marshes, streams, lakes and ponds that existed in this region. For many Algonquian language speaking tribes, this food source was essential. Some such Native American tribes included Menominee, Potaqatomi, Fox, and Sauk. Members of the Menominee tribe often harvested rice during the day during late summer and early autumn. The rice would grow on hollow stems protruding from the water. Men would slowly navigate a canoe through the thick rice stalks and women would bend, shake, or hit them with a paddle to shake loose the grain. 1. What natural food resource grew to the 2. and west of Lake Michigan? A. corn B. beans C. rice D. none of these 3. Thousands of, streams and lakes were in this region. 4. Another term for essential is A. important B. necessary C. vital D. all of these 5. Rice was often harvested during the day. True False 6. Men paddled a through the dense rice stalks. 7. Another term for dense is A. thin B. thick C. skinny D. none of these 8. What fell off the rice stalk into the canoe? 19
Wild Rice Wild rice grows on stalks that grow and extend out of water. The region west and south of Lake Michigan is abundant with streams, rivers, and lakes. Consequently, this important food source was plentiful for Native American tribes who inhabited the region. One such tribe that harvested wild rice from the thick rice stalks in these water locations was Menominee. During the daylight hours men tribe members would paddle a canoe through the dense rice forest and a woman tribe member would shake of hit the seeds, or grain, loose. The seeds were then dried, boiled, and often served with stew. At night, the men would return to the same water areas. Torches were used to attract fish. Here, the male tribe members would spear or trap the fish. 1. What word describes the rice mentioned in the passage? A. delicious B. thick C. wild D. fishy 2. This term can be substituted for abundant. A. plentiful B. scarce C. thin D. dense 3. Where does wild rice grow? 4. Identify the Native American tribe referred to in the passage. 5. Rice seeds would be collected at night. True False 6. Men would fish at. 7. How might the rice be cooked? A. soaked B. boiled C. BBQ D. none of these 8. Women tribe members shook the rice seeds free. True False 20
Canoes Many used the canoe for transportation and hunting. The art of canoe making was passed from one generation to another. Canoes were made from cedar trees. Male members of the tribe would shape the wood. Women tribe members would prepare the bark and would boil sap. The thickened sap would then turn into pitch. Eventually, the prepared bark would be formed around the shaped framework of the canoe. This bark would then be sewn into place with spruce root. Gaps were sealed with the pitch. The canoes were usually made light enough to be carried by one or two men, yet sturdy enough to transport up to six people. 1. Canoe making is considered an art. True False 2. Who relied on the canoe for transportation? A. deer B. C. government D. birds 3. The art of canoe making was passed along from generation to generation. True False 4. Who would shape the wood? 5. Canoes were made from what type of wood? A. birch B. oak C. cedar D. maple 6. What root was used to sew the bark around the frame of the canoe? A. ginger B. carrot C. potato D. spruce 7. Gaps in the outer lining of the canoe were sealed with. 8. The canoe must be able to hold up to adults. 21
Containers of the Northeast region of the United States have been using various types of containers for thousands of years. Among these containers are trays, baskets, cups, ladles, kettles, and pails. The purpose of each of these is obvious: to hold items in them! What is important to remember is that each of these items needed to be made from natural resources of the earth, such as wood, husks, clay, and bark. Many of these items were made from white birch bark by women tribe members. Beautiful designs were then painted on the containers. Some of the Native American tribes learned how to loosen and cut bark from the tree without harming or killing the tree. One such Algonquian speaking tribe was Micmac. 1. What is the purpose of a container? 2. What region is referred to in the passage? 3. Name at least three types of containers used by.,, 4. What natural resource was used to make these containers? A. clay B. husks C. bark D. all of these 5. Women and children made the containers. True False 6. What type of tree were some of the containers made from? A. cedar B. oak C. white birch D. maple 7. What were painted on the containers? 8. What Native American tribe discovered how to obtain bark without killing the tree? 22
Containers Containers were extremely important to Native American tribes. These were often made from natural resources that included the white birch tree, husks, clay, and other wood available. The Micmac tribe learned how to collect wood from the white birch tree without killing the tree. After the wood was collected, shapes would be cut out. Then the wood would be soaked in hot water. Once soaked, the wood was pliable and able to be bent. Holes were made in the wood with stones and the shapes then sewed together. Double layers of wood would create a watertight container. 1. What are containers used for? 2. Containers were important to. True False 3. What is a natural resource? 4. Give two examples of a natural resource as noted in the passage., 5. What Native American tribe learned to save a birch tree from harm when collecting bark? A. Iroquois B. Seneca C. Micmac D. none of these 6. What was done with the bark after it was collected? A. soaked B. shapes cut C. bent D. none of these 7. Another word for pliable is A. bendable B. flexible C. tight D. A & B 8. Double layers of sewn bark would create a watertight container. True False 23
White Birch The white birch tree was very important to Native American tribes living in the Northeast region of the United States. Many of these Algonquian language speaking tribes relied on this natural resource to make various types of containers. These might include baskets, trays, kettles, and ladles. Other natural resources contributed to these containers, such as clay and husks. Beautiful designs were usually painted on these containers. The Micmac tribe learned how to loosen and collect wood from the white birch without harming or killing the tree. 1. The white birch tree was to. 2. The white birch tree is considered a A. problem B. natural resource C. too big D. none of these 3. What language does the Micmac tribe speak? 4. Other natural resources used included A. husks B. stone C. clay D. A & C 5. Name two containers made., 6. What was decorated on the containers? 7. These designs were on the container. 8. The Micmac tribe learned how to collect wood from the white birch tree without harming the tree. True False 24
Moccasins Many Native American tribes would walk barefoot during the warm days of summer. Most of the year, however, tribes such as Sauk, would wear lightweight moccasins made from deerskin. Only one piece of hide was needed to make a pair of moccasins. Only the laces and sole required more materials. About nine pairs of moccasins could be sewn from one large deerskin. During the winter, attached snowshoes to their moccasins. The wide surface of the snowshoe allowed the person to walk on or over the snow, due to the distribution of weight. Snowshoes were often constructed in the shape of animal parts, such as their print. 1. wore moccasins year round. True False 2. During the, might walk barefoot. 3. What Native American tribe is referred to in the passage? A. Sauk B. Iroquois C. Seneca D. none of these 4. About pairs of moccasins 5. could be made from one piece of animal. 6. What did wear to help walk in snow? 7. Weight is when wearing snowshoes, allowing the person to walk above the snow. 8. An animal s foot print might be the shape a snowshoe is designed. True False 25
Snowshoes Snowshoes allowed the ability to walk on or above the snow during the winter. Attached to moccasins, the person could walk easily because their weight was distributed. Snowshoes were made from strips of bark wrapped around frames made from wood. A leather strap held the shoe to the wearer s foot. Many times, the frames would be in the shape of animal paw prints. Some snowshoes were called the bear paw snowshoe and swallowtail snowshoe. The design of the snowshoe was determined by the region s terrain and type of snowfall. 1. What did snowshoes allow Native American tribe members to do? 2. What was worn on the foot? A. sneaker B. moccasin C. shoe D. tie 3. What happens to a person s weight when wearing snowshoes? A. all in one place B. gets heavier C. is distributed D. none of these 4. The of the snowshoe is made from wood. 5. A leather strap holds the foot in place. True False 6. Snowshoes were often made in the shape of clouds. True False 7. The terrain determined the of the snowshoe. 8. Name one type of snowshoe as mentioned in the passage. 26
Porcupine Quills Many Native American tribes living in the Great Lakes Region would adorn their clothing with porcupine quills. These decorations were also used to beautify hair braids and bracelets. The quills would first be soften by soaking in water, then flattened. Next, they would be designed and colored with dyes obtained from various plants, minerals, and soil. The dyes would be placed in boiling water and then the quills would be dunked in the water. The longer the quill remained in the water, the darker the resulting color. Once dyed, the quills were sewn directly onto clothing as borders or decorative patterns. 1. What did many living in the Lakes 2. region place on their clothing? A. feathers B. bark C. plants D. porcupine quills 3. What, in addition to clothing, might porcupine quills be added? or 4. The porcupine quills were placed in water to soften them. True False 5. Where did the dye used to color the porcupine quills come from? A. minerals B. soil C. plants D. all of these 6. Keeping the porcupine quills in the water containing the dye longer would result in a color. 7. Porcupine quills were sewn onto clothing as decoration. True False 8. Another term for adorn is A. decorate B. weight C. soil D. none of these 27
During the winter months, Native American tribes who lived in the Great Lakes region would wear warm robes made from rabbit, bear, and even deer. Moccasins and leggings were also worn, made from deerskin. Men from the tribes, such as Fox, Sauk, and Menominee would travel hundreds of miles from their village to hunt. They might return with moose, deer, wolves, and beaver. Many of these tribes migrated to the prairie during the winter, while the hunting took place. When men returned with the hunt, the women would scrape off all the fur, then soak the skin. Once softened, the skin was cut, shaped, and then sewn into clothing. 1. Warm robes made of terrycloth were worn by. True False 2. Robes were made from A. deer B. rabbit C. bear D. all of these 3. Deerskin was the material used to make and leggings. 4. Men traveled for of miles to hunt 5. during the winter months. True False 6. What types of animals were hunted by the Fox, Sauk, and Menominee tribes? A. moose B. wolves C. beaver D. all of these 7. What word could be substituted for migrate? A. move B. stagnate C. roll D. hop 8. Why was the skin soaked? 28
Micmac One of the Algonquian language speaking Native American tribes of the United States Northeastern region, the Micmac, discovered when and how to collect bark from the white birch tree without killing the tree. The bark, used to make various containers such as baskets, kettles, trays, ladles, and cups, could be cut and loosened without harming the tree. Once cut into the shapes for the particular container, the bark would be placed in hot water to soak. When soaked, the wood became pliable and would not break. Often the layers of bark were doubled and once done, would be watertight. 1. The Micmac Native American tribe spoke the language. 2. The region of the United States is where the Micmac tribe lived. 3. What did the Micmac s discovery save? A. life of the white birch tree B. life of a cedar tree C. life of the maple tree D. none of these 4. These items were made as containers. A. baskets B. trays C. ladles D. all of these 5. Wood would be placed in hot water to soak. True False 6. Why? (Refer to question number 5.) 7. What was done just before soaking the wood? 8. What is another term for pliable? A. stiff B. tight C. flexible D. hard 29
Iroquois The Iroquois used every part of corn. Corn was among the most vital of crops for many Native American tribes. Corn, along with beans and squash, were known as The Three Sisters. Corn was planted in small mounds of earth. Once ripened in late summer and autumn, the corn was harvested and gathered. Bread, soups, and puddings were just some of the foods made from the corn. The husks were often braided into rope, shredded to make mattresses and pillows, and twisted to create baskets. Corn juice was used to heal and sooth wounds. 1. What specifically named Native American tribe used corn? 2. What parts of corn was used? A. husks B. stalks C. kernels D. all of these 3. Who were The Three Sisters?,, 4. In what were corn kernels planted? 5. Corn ripened in late and autumn. 6. Food, rope, and pillows were made from corn. True False 7. Name something made from corn in addition to the items mentioned in number six. 8. Corn juice was used to sooth cuts and sores. True False 30
Answers Page 1 1. C 2. young trees 3. 20 4. false 5. animal 6. door 7. clan 8. skins Page 2 1. B 2. ancestral 3. A 4. path 5. true 6. squash 7. rafters 8. female Page 3 1. A 2. D 3. bark 4. true 5. rivers 6. B 7. number of clan members 8. sunlight Page 4 1. holes 2. B 3. escape 4. center, long path 5. true 6. corn or squash 7. A 8. true Page 5 1. Atlantic 2. A 3. C 4. true 5. hunt, plant, harvest 6. inland 7. true 8. corral Page 6 1. wigwam 2. easy to pack up and reconstruct 3. true 4. C 5. Pequot 6. autumn 7. D 8. hunt Page 7 1. Atlantic 2. corn, beans, squash 3. A 4. fish 5. in between corn 6. women 7. true 8. bark above hole Page 8 1. Great Lakes 2. true 3. C 4. summer 5. migrate 6. false 7. wolves 8. D Page 9 1. true 2. A 3. true 4. strength 5. AWV 6. D 7. hope to emulate traits 8. D Page 10 1. true 2. A 3. harvesting or gathering 4. false 5. spring 6. men 7. C 8. false Page 11 1. Atlantic 2. seasons 3. B 4. streams 5. hunt 6. true 7. A 8. inland Page 12 1. B 2. men and women of tribe 3. south 4. D 5. false 6. crop 7. C 8. Menominee Page 13 1. A 2. Lenni Lenape 3. D 4. true 5. B 6. fish 7. kernels 8. true Page 14 1. true 2 A 3 Atlantic 4 Lenni Lenape 5 True 6 mound 7 B 8 Nutrients Page 15 1. A 2. beans 3. Atlantic 4. true 5. women and children 6. true 7. B 8. children Page 16 1. D 2. Cayuga 3. land 4. true 5. maize 6. C 7. B 8. bark Page 17 1. corn 2. D 3. true 4. men 5. squash 6. white, red, purple, popping 7. true 8. C Page 18 1. corn 2. false 3. C 4. autumn 5. true 6. corn soup, pudding 7. A 8. rope Page 19 1. south 2. C 3. marshes 4. D 5. true 6. canoe 7. B 8. grain Page 20 1. C 2. A 3. stalks 4. Menominee 5. false 6. night 7. B 8. true 31
Page 21 1. true 2. B 3. true 4. males 5. C 6. D 7. pitch 8. six Page 22 1. hold items 2. Northeast 3. any three of: baskets, cups, kettles, ladles, pails 4. D 5. false 6. C 7. designs 8. Micmac Page 23 1. AWV 2. true 3. AWV 4. trees, husks, clay 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. True Page 24 1. important 2. B 3. Algonquian 4. D 5. any two of: baskets, ladles, kettles, cups, pail 6. design 7. painted 8. true Page 25 1. false 2. summer 3. A 4. 9 5. skin 6. snowshoes 7. distributed 8. true Page 26 1. walk above the snow 2. B 3. C 4. frame 5. true 6. false 7. design 8. bear paw or swallowtail Page 27 1. great 2. D 3. braids or bracelets 4. true 5. D 6. darker 7. true 8. A Page 28 1. false 2. D 3. moccasins 4. 100 s 5. true 6. D 7. A 8. soften skin Page 29 1. Algonquian 2. Northeast 3. A 4. D 5. true 6. AWV: soften wood 7. cut into shapes 8. C Page 30 1. Iroquois 2. D 3. corn, squash, beans 4. mounds of earth 5. summer 6. true 7. baskets 8. true 32