Famil: Taxo: Arecaceae Howea forsteriaa Som: Commo Name Ketia palm Setr palm Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 3 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriaa (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 6
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 3 Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriaa (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 6
Supportig Data: 101 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 201 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 202 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 203 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 204 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 205 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 301 2001. Ragoe, D./Lorece, D. H./Fl. T.. Histor of Plat Itroductios to Pohpei, Microesia ad the Role of the Pohpei Agriculture Statio. Ecoomic Bota. 55: 290-324. 301 2005. de Lage, P. J./Garder, R. O./Skes, W. R./Crowcroft, G. M./Camero, E. K./Stalker, F./Christia, M. L./Braggis, J. E.. Vascular flora of Norfolk Islad: some additios ad taxoomic otes. New Zealad Joural of Bota. 43:. 301 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Howea forsteriaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), a/ 302 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Howea forsteriaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), a/ 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Howea forsteriaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), a/ 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Howea forsteriaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), a/ 305 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Howea belmoreaa [Olie Database]. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/howea_belmore aa/ 401 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 402 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 403 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. No evidece edemic to low, coastal elevatios o Lord Howe Islad The palm grows i zoes 10 ad 11. edemic to low, coastal elevatios o Lord Howe Islad The palm grows i zoes 10 ad 11. Ketia palm grows aturall ol o the Lord Howe Islad group, i the Tasma sea about 500 mi (804 km) off the easter coast of New South Wales, Australia. The climate o Lord Howe Islad is subtropical, warm to cool. Ketia palms grow i extesive coloies at low to moderate altitudes, less tha 2870 ft (875 m) above sea level. Ketia palm grows aturall ol o the Lord Howe Islad group, i the Tasma sea about 500 mi (804 km) off the easter coast of New South Wales, Australia. The climate o Lord Howe Islad is subtropical, warm to cool. Ketia palms grow i extesive coloies at low to moderate altitudes, less tha 2870 ft (875 m) above sea level. Howea forsteriaa, the ketia palm, is oe of the most widel traded houseplats i the world & is worth over e7 millio per ear i the Dutch horticultural idustr aloe. Listed as cultivated, but ot aturalized. This Lord Howe I. edemic palm has log bee cultivated o Norfolk I. for the seed export trade. However, seed predatio b rats o uprotected palms ad a falle seeds is ver severe. Possibl the curret effort to cotrol these aimals i the Natioal Park is resposible for this ew & perhaps ot especiall welcome aturalisatio. Flora List for Pohpei from Christopher Dahl (File creatio date 15 Nov 1997) College of Microesia-FSM Bota 250 (aturalised) Mulvae, M.J. (1991). Far from the Garde Path: A Idetikit Picture of Wood Oramaetal Plats Ivadig South Easter Australia Bushlad. PhD Thesis. Dept. Biogeograph ad Geomorpholog, Research School of Pacific Studies. Australia Natioal Uiversit (weed) No evidece No evidece Howea belmoreaa listed as a weed [but o iformatio o egative impacts foud] No spies, thors or burrs No evidece of allelopath No evidece of parasitism Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriaa (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 6
404 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 405 2010. ASPCA. Forster Setr Palm. ASPCA, http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/poisocotrol/plats/forster-setr-palm.html 406 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 406 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK Palatabilit of foliage to grazig aimals ukow Toxic Priciples: No-toxic Ketia palm ca be attacked b spider mites, scale isects, Clidrocladium leaf spot, stigmia & other fugal leaf spots. The are also susceptible to lethal ellowig disease. Pests recorded Isects: Chrsomphalus dictospermi (Spaish red scale) Fugus diseases: Caloectria theae (leaf spot: tea) Pests recorded at the famil level (Arecaceae): Isects: Aleurodicus cocois (cocout whitefl) Piaspis strachai (lesser sow scale) 406 2009. Hard, C. et al.. Import risk aalsis: Fresh C. dictospermi is foud o ma citrus species, feedig primaril o leaves, also Cocout (Cocos ucifera) from Tuvalu. MAF fruit & occasioall braches (CPC 2007). A pest o Citrus & other species Biosecurit New Zealad, Welligto throughout the Pacific (Williams & Watso 1988), it is recorded o plats from 73 http://www.biosecurit.govt.z/files/regs/imports/ri families. sk/cocout-tuvalu-ra.pdf 407 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 408 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 409 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 410 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 410 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 410 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 410 2008. Riffle, R. L.. Timber Press Pocket Guide to Palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 411 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 412 2009. Babik, W./Butli, R. K./Baker, W. J./Papadopulos, A. S. T./Boulesteix, M./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Savolaie, V.. How smpatric is speciatio i the Howea pams of Lord Howe Islad?. Molecular Ecolog. 18: 3629 3638. 501 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 502 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 503 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 504 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. No evidece of toxicit to humas [widel grow orametal] No evidece of icreased fire risk from ative habitat. Outside ketia palms grow best i 35%-80% of full sulight, toleratig direct su ol after about five ears old. Youg ketia eed protectio from direct sulight ad grow best i shad to partl shad locatios. Ketia palms tolerate & adapt to a wide variet of soils icludig those that are eutral, acidic, clae & slightl alkalie, but the perform best i rich loam soil with excellet draiage. The species eeds average but regular moisture. It is adaptable to a rage of free-draiig soils. The distributios of H. forsteriaa & H. belmoreaa are also depedet o soil ph (Fig. 3). Howea belmoreaa is restricted to eutral & acidic soils, whereas H. forsteriaa prefers calcareite, a recet basic sedimetar formatio that domiates low lig parts of the islad. Soil: a, but best with humus or a mulch. Mature truks reach heights of 50 to 60 feet but are usuall half that uder cultivatio. The stem is 6 iches i diameter, swolle at the base, & gra to ta, with closel spaced, grooved rigs of leaf base scars. Howea forsteriaa is particularl abudat at lower elevatios, especiall o calcareous soils o calcareite where it tpicall forms dese, pure stads, but it also occurs up to 350 m. Terrestrial Arecaceae Arecaceae Not a geophte Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriaa (Arecaceae) Page 4 of 6
601 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 602 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 603 2009. Babik, W./Butli, R. K./Baker, W. J./Papadopulos, A. S. T./Boulesteix, M./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Savolaie, V.. How smpatric is speciatio i the Howea pams of Lord Howe Islad?. Molecular Ecolog. 18: 3629 3638. 603 2010. Gardeolog.org. Gardeolog.org - Palms. Gardeolog.org, http://www.gardeolog.org/wiki/palms 604 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 605 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 606 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 607 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 701 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 702 2006. Savolaie, V./Astett, M-C./Lexer, C./Hutto, I./Clarkso, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, M. P./Sprigate, D./Salami, N./Baker, W. J.. Smpatric speciatio i palms o a oceaic islad. Nature. 441: 210-213. 703 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 704 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 705 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 706 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 707 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 708 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 801 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. A ecclopedia of cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. 802 2001. Elliso, D./Elliso, A.. Cultivated palms of the world. UNSW Press, Sde. No evidece of substatial reproductive failure from ative rage. Propagatio: Propagated b seeds. Lack of such a sigal idicates that, despite occasioal hbridizatio, itrogressio is ideed limited to earl geeratios of hbrids ad thus probabl opposed b strog selectio. [ca hbridize, but ver rarel] Cross-polliatio of palms b artificial meas has probabl bee seldom practised, there beig few cultivated collectios i which the opportuit for such a operatio has preseted itself; but it seems highl probable that such cross fertilizatio has bee accidetall effected amog wild plats, for i large lots of seedligs itermediate forms are frequetl see, this peculiarit havig bee oted amog howea seedligs, where forms itermediate betwee H. Belmoreaa & H. Forsteriaa are foud complete exclusio experimets demostrated the absece of apomixis i both species. We also foud that Howea is wid-polliated, a rare sdrome i palms (cotrar to popular belief), & complete exclusio experimets demostrated the absece of apomixis i both species. Propagatio: Propagated b seeds. Ketia palm fruits mature ver slowl, sometimes takig 3-4 ears. [o evidece of reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio] The ifloresceces of Howea are mooecious & log-lived, with a dela of oe ear betwee male & female athesis, & more tha a ear util fruit maturatio. Thus, each iflorescece persists for four seasos, reachig male athesis i seaso 1, female athesis i seaso 2, & with fruits ripeig through seasos 3 & 4, & a oe idividual palm bears fuctioall male, female & fruitig ifloresceces simultaeousl. The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. [o evidece; large fruits with o meas of exteral attachmet] Howea forsteriaa, the ketia palm, is oe of the most widel traded houseplats i the world ad is worth over e7 millio per ear i the Dutch horticultural idustr aloe. The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. [o evidece; large fruits with o meas of exteral attachmet] The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. [o evidece of seed buoac] The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. [o evidece or meas of exteral attachmet] The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. [fleshfruited, so presemabl adapted for cosumptio ad dissemiatio] The fruits are 2 iches log, ellipsoid, & orage or red whe mature. [ulikel give fairl large fruit sze] Mature fruit is ellow to red & takes over 2 ears to begi ripeig. Germiatio is erractic, takig from 6 moths to a ear. Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriaa (Arecaceae) Page 5 of 6
802 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriaa. 802 2008. Riffle, R. L.. Timber Press Pocket Guide to Palms. Timber Press, Portlad, OR. Propagated b seeds. Ketia palm fruits mature ver slowl, sometimes takig 3-4 ears. It is difficult to determie whe fruit & seeds are ripe, sice the fruits chage color slowl from dull orage to deep dull red as the mature. Eve fresh seeds germiate erraticall, with seedligs appearig as earl as two moths after platig & the sporadicall over 1-3 ears. Seed germiatio: ot eas, ma take two ears. [but viabilit i soil ukow] 803 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow [o iformatio o cotrol of this species] 804 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if this species tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if fffective atural eemies preset locall. Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriaa (Arecaceae) Page 6 of 6