Journal of Agri-Food and Applied Sciences Available online at jaas.blue-ap.org 2013 JAAS Journal. Vol. 1(3), pp. 78-85, 20 December, 2013 Growth and Yield Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Microbial and Phosphorus Fertilizers Somaya SirElkhatim Mohamed and Ammar Salama Abdalla Corresponding Author: Ammar Salama Abdalla Received: 28 November, 2013 Accepted: 10 December, 2013 Published: 20 December, 2013 A B S T R A C T A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons (2010-2011) in Abu Usher, Central Sudan, to evaluate the effects of Rhizobium, phosphobacterium and two levels of phosphorus (50 and 100kg triple super phosphate/ha) on the performance of groundnut. Symbiotic properties, yield, shoot N and P content of the groundnut were measured. Results indicated that Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased nodulation, nodule dry weight, root and dry weight.phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased nodulation, root and shoot dry weight. The yield and uptake of N and P by groundnut were significantly higher in the treatments receiving both inoculants and phosphorus than individual application of either inoculant or phosphorus. Keywords: Groundnut, Rhizobium, Phosphobacterium, Inoculation, Phosphorus. 2013 JAAS Journal All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has high economic and nutritional potential in Sudan. It is an important cash crop for peasants in poor tropical countries (Shiyan, 2010). Groundnut is grown in rain fed areas of Western and Southern Sudan and in the irrigated areas of the Central and Eastern parts of Sudan (Sulfab, 2010). Nitrogen and phosphorus are important elements for effective production of groundnuts. Low soil N is one of the major constraints to crop production in Sudan. Therefore, adequate supply of nitrogenous fertilizer is essential for growth and yield of crops. Nitrogen from Rhizobium-legume symbiosis may be the only renewable soil fertility input that the farmer can acquire without significant investment. By maximizing biological nitrogen fixation through biofertilization, farmer can raise their yield and income. It was estimated that grain legume can fix about 15-210 kgn/ha seasonally in Africa (Dakora and Keya, 1997). In Sudan, the amount of nitrogen fixed by Rhizobium groundnut symbiosis has been estimated to be 70% to 80% of the crop requirement of nitrogen at the Gezira Research Station (Adlan and Mukhtar, 2004). Inoculation of groundnut with efficient competitive Rhizobia was considered as a beneficial practice since the native Rhizobia were not able to supply the total nitrogen requirements of groundnut (Hadad et al., 1998). Similarly, the low yield of groundnut in India was suggested to be due to low nodulation and to comptetition from indigenous ineffective strains (Basu and Bhadoria, 2008). Phosphorus is essentially required for healthy growth with efficient root system and profuse nodulation which in turn can affect the N 2-fixation potential (Kwari, 2005). Phosphorus is considered as a limiting factor in plant nutrition due to the deficiency of available soluble phosphate in the soil (Uma Maheswar and Sathiyavani, 2012). However, phosphobacterium, a phosphate solubilizing bacteria able to convert the unavailable phosphate present in the soil to an available form. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increase P uptake by plants (Rodriquez and Fraga, 1999), improve nodulation (Ghosh and Poi, 1998) and hence increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Dametario et al., 1972). Responses to inoculation in research experiments in the Sudan is reviewed by (El hassan et al.,2010) and show clearly that inoculation is justified for many legumes in Sudan.
This study aimed to enhance groundnut production among farmers in Sudan through the use of biofertilizers and moderate supply of phosphours. MATERIALS AND METHODS A two year field experiment was conducted during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons in Abu Usher, located on latitude 14 55ʹ N and longitude 33 11ʹ E. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Charcoal based inoculums of Rhizobium strain TAL 169 and locally isolated phosphorus Solubi;izing Bacteria (PSB), isolate (P9) were kindly supplied by Biofertilization department, Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute, National Center for Research, Sudan. Phosphorus was added at rates of 50kg and 100kg triple super phosphate (TSP) /ha and were broadcasted at sowing separately with Rhizobium, phosphobacterium and the combined inoculum of both Rhizobium and phosphobacterium. Therefore, the treatments were the following: 1- Control, without Rhizobium or PSB or phosphorus 2-50kg TSP /ha 3-100kg TSP /ha 4- Rhizobium TAL 169 5- Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, Isolate P 9 6- Rhizobium TAL 169 + 50kg TSP /ha 7- Rhizobium TAL 169 + 100kg TSP /ha 8- P 9 + 50kg TSP /ha 9- P9 + 100 kg TSP /ha 10- P9 + TAL 169 + 50kg TSP /ha 11- P9 + TAL 169 + 100kg TSP /ha Three samples were taken at 4, 6 and 8weeks after sowing and three plants were taken from each plot randomly. Nodules Numbers were counted. Dry weight of shoot, root and nodules were measured. Each plot was harvested separately to determine yield of each plot. Total nitrogen content of the shoot was determined according to (Anderson and Ingram,1993). Phosphorus content of the plant shoot was determined calorimetrically after digestion (Gough, 1981). Multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the effect of each treatment on the measured parameters. Least significant difference was used to compare between means (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Significance was accepted at p 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of treatments on nodules number Although there were abundant nodulation in the uninoculated plots, even so, there were significant increments in nodulation in Rhizobium inoculated plants compared to the uninoculated control. Inoculation with Rhizobium TAL 169 gave significant (P 0.05) increment at 6 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing in the second season. This result is in agreement with that of (Sulfab et al., 2011). However, significant increments in nodule number due to phosphobacterium inoculation were shown at all sampling times in the first seasons, and at 8 weeks after sowing in the second season (Table, 1). Combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased groundnut nodulation at all sampling times in the second season. Phosphorus fertilizer alone or in combination with biofertilizers did not give significant increments in nodulation in most sampling times in the two seasons. Effect of treatments on nodule dry weight Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased nodule dry weight at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing in the first season and at all sampling times in the second season (Table 2). Rhizobium was more effective than phosphobacterium which had no significant effect on nodule dry weight in the two seasons similar results were reported previously by (Basu,2011). Rhizobium and phosphobacterium co-inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased nodule dry weight at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing in the two seasons. Phosphorus fertilization did not give significant increments in nodule dry weight at all sampling times in the two seasons. However, addition of 50 kg TSP /ha and 100kg TSP /ha significantly increased nodule dry weight at 4 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 8 weeks after sowing in the second season, respectively. 79 P a g e
Effects of treatments on root dry weight Rhizobium inoculation insignificantly (P 0.05) increased the root dry weight in the first season. However, significant increments were recorded at 4 and 6 weeks after sowing in the second season (Table 3). Due to phosphobacterium inoculation, significant (P 0.05) increments of root dry weight appeared clearly in the second season at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing. However, insignificant increments were recorded in the first season. Rhizobium and phosphobacterium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased root dry weight at all sampling times in the two seasons. Effects of treatments on shoot dry weight Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot dry weight of groundnut at 4 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 4 and 8 weeks after sowing in the second season (Table 4). This result was in line with(singh et al., 2011) who reported that seed inoculation with Rhizobium and phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms improved growth and yield of groundnut. Table 1. Effects of treatments on nodules number per groundnut plant Weeks after sowing 4 6 8 4 6 8 Control 53.33 171.50 146.11 59.39 156.05 239.88 50 kg TSP / h ) 42.22 154.70 165.66 58.28 156.44 214.11 100 kg TSP / h ) 35.67 172.05 184.77 62.11 149.61 191.16 Mean 43.74 166.08 165.51 59.93 154.03 215.05 Control 65.78 218.44 158.16 54.39 189.05 282.66 TAL 169 + 50 kg TSP / h 54.55 209.66 205.50 61.55 177.22 266.39 TAL 169 + 100 kg TSP / h 52.83 203.16 140.66 69.33 182.66 240.11 Mean 57.72 210.42 168.11 61.76 182.98 263.05 Control 42.33 198.83 210.00 73.11 182.66 308.77 P 9+ 50 kg TSP/ h 57.83 148.50 149.00 57.72 171.50 208.66 P 9+ 100 kg TSP / h 52.66 197.33 141.72 64.72 173.94 207.89 Mean 50.94 181.55 166.91 65.18 176.03 241.77 Control 50.72 243.05 182.02 73.44 192.44 291.22 TAL 169 + P 9 + 50 kg TSP / h 63.11 217.22 154.72 66.61 196.61 316.22 TAL 169 + P 9 + 100kg TSP / h 47.28 206.33 151.33 60.78 203.33 286.83 Mean 53.70 222.20 162.69 66.94 197.46 298.09 LSD for Rhizobium 12.874 35.494 34.999 6.119 7.116 21.673 LSD for phosphobacterium 12.874 35.494 34.999 6.119 7.116 21.673 LSD for Phosphorous 15.767 43.471 42.866 7.494 8.715 26.544 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium 18.206 50.196 49.497 8.653 10.063 30.650 LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous 22.298 61.477 60.621 10.598 12.325 37.539 LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 22.298 61.477 60.621 10.598 12.325 37.539 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 31.534 86.942 85.731 14.987 17.430 53.088 Table 2. Effects of treatments on nodules dry weight (g/plant) of groundnut Weeks after sowing 80 P a g e
4 6 8 4 6 8 Control 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.22 0.76 50 kg TSP / h ) 0.09 0.27 0.27 0.10 0.20 0.78 100 kg TSP / h ) 0.11 0.22 0.38 0.10 0.23 0.65 Mean 0.10 0.23 0.35 0.10 0.22 0.73 Control 0.14 0.36 0.44 0.13 0.27 1.19 TAL 169 + 50 kg TSP / h 0.11 0.22 0.44 0.11 0.28 0.84 TAL 169 + 100 kg TSP / h 0.15 0.33 0.39 0.12 0.27 0.81 Mean 0.13 0.30 0.42 0.12 0.27 0.95 Control 0.13 0.25 0.35 0.11 0.23 0.72 P 9+ 50 kg TSP / h 0.12 0.22 0.39 0.10 0.26 0.70 P 9+ 100 kg TSP 5 / h 0.12 0.24 0.32 0.10 0.23 0.79 Mean 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.10 0.24 0.74 Control 0.12 0.31 0.54 0.10 0.25 0.87 TAL 169 + P 9 + 50 kg TSP / h 0.16 0.29 0.44 0.12 0.26 0.94 TAL 169 + P 9 + 100 kg TSP / h 0.12 0.28 0.48 0.11 0.28 1.04 Mean 0.13 0.29 0.49 0.11 0.26 0.95 LSD for Rhizobium 0.006 0.061 0.078 0.015 0.022 0.049 LSD for phosphobacterium 0.006 0.061 0.078 0.015 0.022 0.049 LSD for Phosphorous 0.008 0.075 0.096 0.019 0.027 0.059 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium 0.010 0.087 0.111 0.022 0.031 0.069 LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous 0.012 0.106 0.136 0.027 0.038 0.084 LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 0.012 0.106 0.136 0.027 0.038 0.084 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 0.017 0.150 0.192 0.038 0.053 0.119 Table 3. Effects of treatments on root dry weight (g/plant) of groundnut Weeks after sowing 4 6 8 4 6 8 Control 0.13 0.20 0.83 0.15 0.26 1.67 50 kg TSP / h ) 0.10 0.22 0.64 0.14 0.24 2.11 100 kg TSP / h ) 0.22 0.35 0.67 0.15 0.29 1.73 Mean 0.15 0.26 0.71 0.15 0.26 1.84 Control 0.15 0.27 0.89 0.18 0.31 1.70 TAL 169 + 50 kg TSP / h 0.13 0.28 0.76 0.17 0.30 1.97 TAL 169 + 100 kg TSP / h 0.15 0.23 0.75 0.18 0.24 1.75 Mean 0.14 0.26 0.8 0.18 0.28 1.81 Control 0.13 0.34 0.72 0.21 0.31 1.97 P 9+ 50 kg TSP / h 0.20 0.27 0.70 0.22 0.30 1.87 P 9+ 100 kg TSP / h 0.19 0.25 0.89 0.19 0.26 1.76 Mean 0.17 0.29 0.77 0.21 0.29 1.87 Control 0.22 0.30 1.08 0.18 0.39 1.98 TAL 169 + P 9 + 50 kg TSP / h 0.17 0.26 0.91 0.15 0.20 1.91 TAL 169 + P 9 + 100 kg TSP / h 0.15 0.31 0.86 0.19 0.32 2.14 Mean 0.18 0.29 0.95 0.17 0.30 2.01 LSD for Rhizobium 0.049 0.043 0.097 0.006 0.021 0.087 LSD for phosphobacterium 0.049 0.043 0.097 0.006 0.021 0.087 LSD for Phosphorous 0.059 0.053 0.119 0.008 0.027 0.106 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium 0.069 0.061 0.137 0.010 0.031 0.123 LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous 0.084 0.0.75 0.168 0.012 0.038 0.150 LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 0.084 0.0.75 0.168 0.012 0.038 0.150 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 0.119 0.106 0.237 0.017 0.053 0.213 Table 4. Effects of treatments on shoot dry weight (g/plant) of groundnut Weeks after sowing 81 P a g e
4 6 8 4 6 8 Control 2.40 4.12 33.79 1.73 4.28 58.58 50 kg TSP / h ) 2.38 3.88 32.63 1.87 3.75 64.95 100 kg TSP / h ) 2.42 4.27 34.66 1.98 4.24 53.11 Mean 2.40 4.09 33.69 1.86 4.09 58.88 Control 2.97 4.41 36.34 2.08 5.00 70.35 TAL 169 + 50 kg TSP / h 2.23 4.50 38.66 2.61 4.36 71.75 TAL 169 + 100 kg TSP / h 2.14 3.90 35.01 2.05 4.42 70.65 Mean 2.45 4.27 36.67 2.25 4.59 70.92 Control 2.41 4.32 34.86 2.74 3.72 53.56 P 9+ 50 kg TSP / h 2.60 4.44 33.52 1.73 3.78 62.31 P 9+ 100 kg TSP / h 2.48 4.35 35.39 2.33 4.36 58.05 Mean 2.50 4.37 34.59 2.27 3.95 57.97 Control 2.55 5.53 34.57 2.33 4.72 67.19 TAL 169 + P 9 + 50 kg TSP / h 2.67 4.13 50.63 2.25 4.53 78.60 TAL 169 + P 9 + 100 kg TSP / h 2.43 4.51 39.27 2.63 4.73 79.02 Mean 2.55 4.72 41.49 2.40 4.66 74.94 LSD for Rhizobium 0.489 0.661 4.010 0.476 0.781 4.363 LSD for phosphobacterium 0.489 0.661 4.010 0.476 0.781 4.363 LSD for Phosphorous 0.599 0.810 5.521 0.583 0.956 5.344 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium 0.691 0.935 6.375 0.673 1.104 6.170 LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous 0.847 1.145 7.808 0.825 1.352 7.557 LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 0.847 1.145 7.808 0.825 1.352 7.557 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 1.198 1.619 11.042 1.167 1.912 10.687 Control Table 5. Effects of treatments on groundnut shoot nitrogen and Phosphorous content (%) Nitrogen Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus 50 kg TSP / h ) 2.46 2.61 1.60 1.93 1.40 1.73 1.2 1.6 100 kg TSP / h ) 2.94 2.00 1.77 1.2 Mean 2.67 1.84 1.63 1.3 Control 2.52 2.27 1.82 1.4 TAL 169 + 50 kg TSP / h 2.75 2.20 1.91 1.6 TAL 169 + 100 kg TSP / h 2.61 1.93 1.77 1.8 Mean 2.63 2.13 1.84 1.6 Control 2.47 2.07 1.59 1.4 P 9+ 50 kg TSP / h 2.59 2.47 1.91 1.4 P 9+ 100 kg TSP / h 2.89 2.20 1.82 1.6 Mean 2.65 2.24 1.77 1.5 Control 2.75 2.20 1.68 1.6 TAL 169 + P 9 + 50 kg TSP / h 2.85 1.80 1.54 1.6 TAL 169 + P 9 + 100 kg TSP / h 3.13 2.47 1.73 1.4 Mean 2.91 2.16 1.65 1.5 LSD for Rhizobium 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.17 LSD for phosphobacterium 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.17 LSD for Phosphorous 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.21 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium 0.21 0.16 0.18 0.24 LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.30 LSD for phosphobacterim x Phosphorous 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.30 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 0.36 0.27 0.31 0.24 Phosphobacterium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot dry weight at 4 weeks after sowing in the second season only. Rhizobium and phosphobacterium co-inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot dry weight at 6 weeks after sowing in the first season and at 8 weeks after sowing in the second season. 82 P a g e
Significant (P 0.05) increments of shoot dry weight were recorded by application of phosphorus doses to the combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium. Effects of treatments on groundnut yield Inoculation of groundnut plants with Rhizobium strain TAL 169 significantly (P 0.05) increased seed yield in both seasons (Table 5). Previously, similar results were obtained by (Sulfab et al., 2011 and Singh et al., 2011). Inoculation with phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased the yield in the second season only. However, the combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium significantly (P 0.05) increased the groundnut yield in the two seasons. Similar findings were reported previously by (Basu and Bhadoria, 2008 and Basu et al., 2006). Fertilization with the higher dose of phosphorus gave significant (P 0.05) increments in yield in both seasons.the response of Groundnut to phosphorus application were also observed by (Veeramani and Subrahmaniyan,2011.) Moreover a greater performance was obtained in seed yield when phosphorus was applied to Rhizobium in the second season and to phosphobacterium in the first season. Seed yield recorded for Rhizobium inoculantion was 18.9% and 10.6% higher over the control in the first and second seasons, respectively. The same observation was recorded by (Basu and Bhadoria, 2008). However maximum yield was recorded by addition of phosphorus to the combined inoculants and it was 38.2% higher than the control in the first season. Effects of treatments on shoot nitrogen content: Rhizobium inoculation and phosphobacterium inoculation significantly (P 0.05) increased the nitrogen content of groundnut in the second season only (Table 6). It was found to increase the amount of N content by 30% over the control. These results were in line with( Ataur Rahaman,2006). (Moreover Yakubu et al., 2010) found that N content increased by 39% over the control in groundnut. However, the combined inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphorus bacteria significantly (P 0.05) increased the nitrogen content in both seasons. Higher dose of phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the nitrogen content in the first season. Moreover, both doses of phosphorus fertilizer showed significant increment in the second season. The nitrogen content was significantly higher in the treatments receiving both inoculums and phosphorus fertilizer than sole application of either inoculums or phosphorus, especially in the first season. Similar results were obtained by (Basu et al., 2006). Table 6. Effects of treatments on groundnut yield (kg/f) Control 547.51 562.35 50 kg TSP / h ) 541.74 611.10 100 kg TSP / h ) 616.13 701.06 Mean 568.46 624.84 Control 651.52 622.39 TAL 169 + 50 kg TSP / h 621.81 415.53 TAL 169 + 100 kg TSP / h 647.12 749.15 Mean 640.15 595.69 Control 582.00 765.62 P 9+ 50 kg TSP / h 522.96 771.03 P 9+ 100 kg TSP / h 624.67 719.08 Mean 576.54 751.91 Control 757.01 683.67 TAL 169 + P 9 + 50 kg TSP / h 748.78 784.51 TAL 169 + P 9 + 100 kg TSP / h 789.12 594.97 Mean 764.97 687.72 LSD for Rhizobium 34.863 33.356 LSD for phosphobacterium 34.863 33.356 LSD for Phosphorous 42.699 40.847 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium 49.304 47.172 LSD for Rhizobium x Phosphorous 60.385 57.774 LSD for phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 60.385 57.774 LSD for Rhizobium x phosphobacterium x Phosphorous 85.379 81.704 83 P a g e
Effects of treatments on phosphorus content Rhizobium inoculantion, phosphobacterium inoculation and phosphours fertilization significantly (P 0.05) increased shoot phosphours content of groundnut in first season (Table 6). The results of the second season followed similar trends but the value of the first season were higher than those of the second season. A greater performance was obtained with inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphbacterium with the addition of 100 kg TSP /ha. Similar results were obtained by (Basu et al., 2006). In contrast, (Basu and Bhadoria,2008) showed that groundnut seeds inoculated with phosphobacterum culture resulted in higher percentage of phosphorus concentration over the control and Rhizobium inoculation. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that the combined application of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium inoculation with phosphorus was the most effective approach to improve growth yield, shoot N and P content of groundnut than application of either of the two inoculums or phosphorus under field condition, as compared to the control. CONCLISION Field experiment was conducted for two consecutive agricultural seasons (2010-2011) in the island state of Aboashr to assess the impact of the use of bacteria Alraazoubiom, dissolving bacteria and phosphorus levels of phosphorus on the growth and yield of peanuts. Alraazoubiom inoculation with bacteria led to a significant increase (P 0.05) in the number of nodes and root dry weight of holding the root, shoot and root. Inoculation with bacteria led dissolving images of non- soluble phosphorus to a significant increase in the number of nodes and root dry weight of shoot and root. 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