cwoog k ltj]bg
k sfzs g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kf]=a=g+=!#@!! ;jf{lwsf/ g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh k sflzt ldlt @)^^ h]i7 (June 2009) k sfzg k lt!))) d'b 0f jf0fl ckm;]6 d'b 0ffno 6]s', sf7df08f} $@^))%@ ;xof]u of] cwoog k ltj]bg ;DalGwt If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df tof/ kf/l ;+o'qm /fho cd]l/sfsf] cgt/f{li6«o ljsf; lgof]u -o'p;pcfo8l_ dfkm{t\ cd]l/sl hgtfsf] ;xof]udf k sfzg epsf] xf]. o; cwoog k ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 ljrf/ tyf ljifoj:t'sf nflu g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh lhdd]jf/ 5 / o;n] o'p;pcfo8l jf cd]l/sl ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f k ltjldat ug]{ 5}g.
cwoog ;d"x >L ltnk ;fb >]i7 >L Clif/fd cfrfo{ >L 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{
k sfzslo /fhosf k d'v tlg cëx?dwo] Gofokflnsf klg Pp6f dxtjk"0f{ cësf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fhosf tkm{af6 ;Dkfbg ul/g'kg]{ Gofo k zf;gsf] lhdd]jf/l GofokflnsfnfO{ ;'ldkpsf] 5. ;+ljwfgn] kl/snkgf u/] adf]lhd Gofo k zf;gsf] lhdd]jf/l ;Ifdtfk"j{s lgjf{x u/l ;Dk"0f{ hg;fwf/0fsf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/sf?kdf :yflkt ug'{ Gofokflnsfsf lgldt clxn] 7"nf] r'gf}tlsf] ljifo agl/x]sf] 5. sfg"gl /fhosf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ / ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{rrtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] v]nl cfpsf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf afah"b Gofokflnsfaf6 k jfx x'g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/lotf / kof{kttfnfo{ lnp/ hg:t/df ljlegg k sf/sf c;gt'i6lx? JoQm e}/x]sf] kfog5. jf:tjdf d'2fsf] Pp6f kifsf lgldt /fhosf] ;du zlqm ;+/rgfdf Gofokflnsfn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf egbf Gofosf] Pp6f pkef]qmfsf]?kdf cfkm"n] k fkt u/]sf] Jojxf/ / ;]jf dxtjk"0f{ 7flgg' c:jfefljs klg xf]og. Gofo dxëf] x'fb} upsf], l56f] 5l/tf] / ;j{;'ne x'g g;s]sf], Goflos k lqmof hl6n epsf h:tf ljifox? clxn]sf] Gofokflnsf k lt nufpg] ul/psf cfif]kx? x'g\. Gofo l56f] 5l/tf] / ;j{;'ne x'g g;sg'df cbfnt Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf] sdhf]/l Pp6f sf/0f x'g;sb5 tyflk of] egbf klg dxtjk"0f{ sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf /x]sf] hl6ntf / cjofjxfl/s Joj:yfx? klg sf/0fsf?kdf /x]sf] x'g;sb5. j:t'tm cbfntn] sfg"g h:tf] 5 ;f]xl adf]lhdsf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{gjog ug]{ dfq xf]. sfg"g hlt;'s} cjofjxfl/s / cf}lrtoxlg ep klg sfg"gdf epsf :ki6 Joj:yfx?nfO{ 5f]8]/ csf]{ ceof; k rngdf Nofpg ;Sb}g. Goflos sfo{ljlw s} s'/f ubf{ klg cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm} Jojl:yt ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ cbfntnfo{ k fkt 5}g. o; l:yltdf d'2f k jfxsf] Jojl:yt cwoog u/l o;sf] cj:yf / o;df x'g]u/]sf l9nf;':tlsf sf/0fx?sf] vf]lh ug]{ k of; sd}dfq epsf] kfog5. lhnnf cbfntdf /x]sf d'2fx?sf k jfxsf ;DaGwdf t of] g} klxnf] cwoog xf]. of] cwoog pktosfsf tlgj6f lhnnf cbfntx?df /x]sf d'2fx?dwo] gd"gfsf?kdf 5gf}6 ul/psf s]xl d'2fx?sf] cwoogdf cfwfl/t 5. Pp6f d'2fsf] btf{b]lv km};nf x'fbf;ddsf] cjlwdf ckgfog] r/0fa4 sf/jfxlnfo{ cfwf/ agfp/ ul/psf] k :t't cwoogdf sf/jfxlsf] k To]s r/0fdf nfug] u/]sf] ;dofjlw, d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf sfg"gl, glltut / Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/l tl ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx? ;d]t pnn]v ul/psf] 5. cfzf 5 eflj Joj:yfkgsf] ;'wf/sf nflu of] cwoog dxtjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f ;fljt x'g]5.
k sfzslo b cgtdf d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] k :t't cwoogsf nflu cfly{s tyf af}l4s ;xof]u k bfg u/]sf]df o'p;p8 b Plzof kmfp08];g, sfg"gsf] zf;g kl/of]hgf / pqm kl/of]hgfsf k d'v >L uf]ljgb bf; >]i7 k lt xflb{s wgojfb lbg rfxg5f}+. cwoog k ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljlegg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;fu cgt/lqmof u/l k ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf ;x /lhi6«f/ >L ltnk ;fb >]i7, pk ;lrjåo >L Clif/fd cfrfo{ / >L 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{k lt g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh cfef/ JoQm ub{5. cwoogsf qmddf dxtjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? lbo{ xf};nf k bfg ug'{x'g] ;jf]{rr cbfntsf dfgglo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL Pj+ /lhi6«f/ 8f= /fds[i0f ltdn;]gfk lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+. cwoogsf] z'?b]lv clgtd r/0f;dd lg/gt/ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] g]kfn sfg"g ;dfhsf sfo{sf/l lgb]{zs s[i0fdfg k wfg nufot ;dfhsf cgo kbflwsf/l k lt klg cfef/l 5'. tyofí ;Íngsf nflu ldl;n / hgzlqm pknaw u/fo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg'x'g] sf7df08f}, nlntk'/ / eqmk'/ lhnnf cbfntsf ; ]:t]bf/x? qmdzm >L uf]kfn aff:tf]nf, >L Clif/fd lg/f}nf / >L gj/fh bfxfnnfo{ xflb{s wgojfb lbg rfxg5f}+. sdko'6/ 6fOkdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] >L ejfgl sfoi7, >L gf/fo0f k ;fb cfrfo{ / >L /]vf pkfwofo klg wgojfbsf kfq x'g'x'g5. wgojfb\ @)^^ cfiff9 s';'d >]i7 cwoif g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh
ljifo;"rl kl/r5]b! k f/ldes!=! k[i7e"ld 1!=@ cwoogsf] cfjzostf / dxtj 2!=# k"j{ cwoogsf] ;dliff 4!=#=! prr:t/lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k ltj]bg, @)@* 4!=#=@ zfxl Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k ltj]bg, @)$) 4!=#=# prr:t/lo cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, @)%$ 5!=#=$ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf /x]sf d'2f ;do d} km5\of}{6sf nflu===== 5!=#=% n}lës ;dfgtf / GofofwLz ljifos cwoog, @)%^ -@)))_ 5!=#=^ Gofo ;Dkfbgdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf / k efjsf/ltf ljifos===== 6!=#=& cbfnt ;'b[9ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)%* 6!=#=* ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx?df l56f] 5l/tf] sf/jfxl lsgf/f ug{===== 6!=#=( Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^! 6!=#=!) Gofokflnsfk lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cwoog ;ldltsf] k ltj]bg, @)^$ 7!=$ cwoogsf] p2]zo 7!=% cwoogsf] ;Ldf / If]q 8!=^ cwoogdf ckgfopsf] ljlw 8!=^=! ;"rgf ;ª\sng 8!=^=@ gd"gf 5gf}6 ljlw 8!=^=# k ZgfjnLsf] tof/l / k of]u 10 kl/r5]b @ d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff @=! cjwf/0ff 11 @=@ d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; 12 @=# d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL k rlnt sfg"gl Joj:yf 13 @=$ d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0fsf nflu klxrfg ul/psf sf/jfxlsf r/0fx? 17
ljifo;"rl ii kl/r5]b # d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0f #=! Dofb hf/l tyf Dofb tfd]nlsf] l:ylt 20 #=!=! k ltjfblsf gfddf Dofb hf/l ug{ nfu]sf] cjlw 21 #=!=@ k ltjfblsf gfddf Dofb tfd]n ug{ nfu]sf] cjlw 22 #=!=# Dofb ab/ ep gepsf] ljj/0f 23 #=!=$ Dofb ab/ epsf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 25 #=!=% Dofb ab/ epsf]df ;f]sf] sf/0f 26 #=!=^ k'gm Dofb hf/l epsf]df tfd]n ug{ nfu]sf] yk cjlw 27 #=!=& cleof]ukq;fy k ltjfbl pkl:yt u/fp gu/fpsf] ljj/0f 28 #=!=* k'k{ifsf] nflu y'gfdf jf tf/]vdf /x]sf] ljj/0f 29 #=@ k ltpq/kq btf{ Pj+ k ltjfblsf] pkl:ylt 30 #=@=! lkm/fbkq btf{ ldltaf6 k ltpq/kq kg{ nfu]sf] cjlw 30 #=@=@ cleof]ukq btf{ ldltaf6 k ltjfbl pkl:yt x'g nfu]sf] cjlw 31 #=@=# Dofb tfd]n ldltaf6 k ltpq/kq kg{ nfu]sf] cjlw 33 #=@=$ Dofb tfd]n ldltaf6 k ltjfbl pkl:yt x'g nfu]sf] cjlw 34 #=# k df0f d's// k]zl -k f/ldes ;'gjfo_ 35 #=#=! k ltpq/ k/]kl5 ;fwf/0f tf/]v lbp glbpsf] ljj/0f 35 #=#=@ ;fwf/0f tf/]v lbpsf]df ;f] ;DaGwL k6ssf] ljj/0f 36 #=#=# k ltpq/kq k/]kl5 klxnf] k]zl r9\g nfu]sf] cjlw 37 #=#=$ k df0f d's// k]zl -k f/ldes ;'gjfo_ df km};nf ep gepsf] ljj/0f 38 #=$= k df0f a' g] cfb]z / ;f] sf] sfof{gjog 40 #=$=! k ltpq/kq k/]kl5 klxnf] k df0f d's// cfb]z x'g nfu]sf] cjlw 41 #=$=@ k df0f d's// cfb]z sfof{gjog x'g nfu]sf] cjlw 41 #=$=# k df0f a' gsf nflu cfb]z epsf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 44 #=$=$ c=j+=!!% g+= sf] k of]u ep gepsf] ljj/0f 45 #=% km};nfsf nflu k]zl r9]sf] ljj/0f / km};nf 46 #=%=! k df0f a' g] sfd ;DkGg epkl5 k]zl r9] gr9]sf] ljj/0f 47 #=%=@ ;fwf/0f tf/]v lbpsf]df ;f] sf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 47
ljifo;"rl iii #=%=# km};nf x'gsf nflu hddf k]zl r9]sf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 48 #=%=$ x]g{ geofo Ohnfzaf6 kmls{psf] k6s 50 #=%=% sfg"g Joj;foLn] k]zl :ylut u/fpsf] k6s 51 #=%=^ d'2f btf{ ldltaf6 km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlw 53 #=%=& k ltpq/kq k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf k'u]sf] ldltaf6 km};nf x'g===== 54 #=%=* km};nfsf] kl/0ffd 56 #=^ d'2f k jfx;fu ;DalGwt cgo kifx? 58 #=^=! sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k ltlglwtj 58 #=^=@ j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k ltlglwtj 59 #=^=# d'2fsf] cfgtl/s lgl/if0f ep gepsf] ljj/0f 60 #=^=$ ;do tflnsf lgdf{0f u/] gu/]sf] ljj/0f 60 #=^=% d'ntjl /x] g/x]sf] ljj/0f 61 #=^=^ c=j+=!& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/] gk/]sf] ljj/0f 62 #=^=& tfobftl kmf/fd b'?:t /x] g/x]sf] ljj/0f 63 #=^=* tf/]v tf]sbf sf/0f hgfp ghgfpsf] ljj/0f 64 #=^=( Dofbleq km};nf ug{ g;s]sf]df dflynnf] cbfntdf hfx]/ u/]===== 65 kl/r5]b $ d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0faf6 b]lvpsf] glthf $=! Dofb hf/l ug{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 67 $=@ Dofb tfd]n ug{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 67 $=# Dofb ab/ ;DaGwL cwoogsf] glthf 68 $=$ Dofb ab/ x'gfsf] sf/0f ;DaGwL glthf 68 $=% k'gm Dofb hf/l / tfd]nl ug'{kbf{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 68 $=^ cleof]ukq;fy k ltjfbl pkl:yt u/fpsf] / k"k{ifdf /x]sf] ;DaGwL cwoog===== 69 $=& lkm/fb btf{ epsf] ldltn] k ltpq/kq btf{ x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 69 $=* k ltjfbl pkl:yt x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 69 $=( Dofb tfd]n epsf] ldltn] k ltpq/kq btf{ x'g k ltjfbl pkl:yt x'g===== 69 $=!) k ltjfbl r'qmf epkl5 ;fwf/0f tfl/v lbp glbpsf] ljifosf] glthf 70 $=!! k ltpq/kq btf{ ldltn] klxnf] k]zl r9\g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 70
ljifo;"rl iv $=!@ k yd k]zl -k f/ldes ;'gjfo{_ df d'2f km};nf ep gepsf] glthf 70 $=!# k df0f a' g epsf cfb]z ;DaGwL sf/jfxlsf] glthf 70 $=!$ k df0f a' g] sfo{ ;DkGg epkl5 k]zl r9] gr9]sf] ljifosf] glthf 71 $=!% km};nfsf nflu k]zl r9]sf] ljj/0fsf] glthf 71 $=!^ sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 :ylut u/fopsf] ljj/0fsf] glthf 71 $=!& km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 72 $=!* d'2fsf] k s[ltut cfwf/df km};nf x'g nfu]sf]cjlwsf] glthf 72 $=!( d'2fsf] k s[ltut cfwf/df km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] lhnnfut glthf 74 $=@) b]jfgl / kmf}hbf/l cfwf/df km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 77 $=@! km};nfsf] kl/0ffd ;DaGwL Joxf]/fsf] glthf 79 $=@@ d'2f k jfx;fu ;DalGwt cgo kifx?sf] glthf 79 $=@# d'2f k jfx ljzn]if0fsf] ;dli6ut glthf 80 kl/r5]b % ;d:of / ;dfwfg %=! ;d:ofx? 82 %=!=! Joj:yfksLo ;d:of 83 %=!=@ k4ltut ;d:of 88 %=!=# glltut ;d:of 90 %=!=$=;dgjoftds ;d:of 91 %=@ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx? 92 %=@=! glltut txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? 92 %=@=@ sfg"gl txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? 93 %=@=# Joj:yfksLo txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? 94 %=@=$ Ifdtf ljsf; 96 %=@=% ljljw 96 kl/r5]b ^ ;'emfj sfof{gjog of]hgf ^=! glltut txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf] sfo{of]hgf 97 ^=@ sfg"gl txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x?sf] sfo{of]hgf 98
ljifo;"rl v ^=# Joj:yfksLo txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x?sf] sfo{of]hgf 99 ^=#=! d'2f Joj:yfkg k efjsf/l agfpg] sfo{of]hgf 99 ^=#=@ d'2f Joj:yfkgdf ug'{kg]{ cgo ;'wf/sf] sfo{of]hgf 100 ^=#=# cgo ;'emfjx?sf] sfo{of]hgf 102 tflnsfx? tflnsf g+=! k ltjfblsf] gfddf Dofb hf/l ug{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 21 tflnsf g+= @ k ltjfblsf gfddf Dofb tfd]n ug{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 22 tflnsf g+= # tfd]nl Dofb ab/ ep gepsf] ljj/0f 24 tflnsf g+= $ Dofb ab/ epsf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 25 tflnsf g+= %M Dofb ab/ epsf]df ;f] sf] sf/0fsf] ljj/0f 26 tflnsf g+= ^ k'gm Dofb hf/l epsf] / tfd]n ubf{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 27 tflnsf g+= & cleof]ukq;fy k ltjfbl pkl:yt u/fp guf/psf] ljj/0f 28 tflnsf g+= * k"k{ifsf] nflu k ltjfblnfo{ y'gfdf jf tf/]vdf /flvpsf] ljj/0f 29 tflnsf g+= ( lkm/fbkq btf{ ldltaf6 k ltpq/kq kg{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 30 tflnsf g+=!) cleof]ukq btf{ ldltaf6 k ltjfbl pkl:yt x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf]===== 32 tflnsf g+=!! Dofb tfd]n epsf] ldltaf6 k ltpq/kq kg{ nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 33 tflnsf g+=!@ Dofb tfd]n epsf] ldltaf6 k ltjfbl pkl:yt x'g nfu]sf]===== 34 tflnsf g+=!# k ltpq/ k/]sf] cyjf kg]{ cj:yf gf3]kl5 ;fwf/0f tf/]v lbp===== 36 tflnsf g+=!$ ;fwf/0f tf/]v lbpsf]df ;f] ;DaGwL k6ssf] ljj/0f 36 tflnsf g+=!% k ltpq/kq btf{ ldltaf6 klxnf] k]zl r9\g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 37 tflnsf g+=!^ k yd k]zldf d'2f km};nf ep gepsf] ljj/0f 39 tflnsf g+=!& k ltpq/ k/]kl5 klxnf] k df0f d's// cfb]z x'g nfu]sf]===== 41 tflnsf g+=!* k df0f d's// cfb]z sfof{gjogsf nflu sf/jfxl z'?===== 42 tflnsf g+=!( k df0f d's// cfb]zfg';f/sf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ nfu]sf]===== 42 tflnsf g+= @) k df0f a' gsf nflu cfb]z epsf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 44 tflnsf g+= @! ;fifl a' gsf nflu c=j+=!!% g+= sf] k of]u ep gepsf] ljj/0f 46 tflnsf g+= @@ cfb]z sfof{gjogkl5 ;fwf/0f tfl/v lbp glbpsf] ljj/0f 47 tflnsf g+= @# ;fwf/0f tf/]v lbopsf]df ;f] sf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 48 tflnsf g+= @$ km};nf x'gsf nflu hddf k]zl r9]sf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 49
ljifo;"rl vi tflnsf g+= @% Ohnfzaf6 d'2f x]g{ geofo{ kmls{psf] k6ssf] ljj/0f 50 tflnsf g+= @^ jfbl kifsf sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k]zl :ylut u/fpsf] ljj/0f 51 tflnsf g+= @& k ltjfbl kifsf sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k]zl :ylut u/fpsf] ljj/0f 52 tflnsf g+= @* b'a}tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLn] k]zl :ylut u/fpfbf Joltt epsf] ===== 52 tflnsf g+= @( d'2f btf{ ldltaf6 km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] ljj/0f 53 tflnsf g+= #) k ltpq/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf k'u]sf] ldltaf6 km};nf x'g===== 55 tflnsf g+= #! km};nfsf] kl/0ffd ;DaGwL ljj/0f 57 tflnsf g+= #@ d'2fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k ltlglwtjsf] l:ylt 58 tflnsf g+= ## j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k ltlglwtj epsf] d'2fsf] ljj/0f 59 tflnsf g+= #$ ldl;nsf] cfgtl/s lg/lif0f ep gepsf] ljj/0f 60 tflnsf g+= #% d'2fdf ;do tflnsf lgdf{0f u/] gu/]sf] ljj/0f 61 tflnsf g+= #^ d'ntjl /x]sf] d'2fsf] ljj/0f 62 tflnsf g+= #& c=j+=!& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/] gk/]sf] ljj/0f 62 tflnsf g+= #* c=j+=!& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] sf/0faf6 Joltt epsf] ===== 63 tflnsf g+= #( tfobftl kmf/fd b'?:t /x] g/x]sf] ljj/0f 64 tflnsf g+= $) d'2fdf tfl/v tf]sbf sf/0f hgfp ghgfpsf] ljj/0f 65 tflnsf g+= $! Dofbleq km};nf ug{ g;s]sf]df dflynnf] txdf hfx]/ u/] ===== 66 tflnsf g+= $@ k s[ltut cfwf/df d'2f km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 72 tflnsf g+= $# sf7df08f} lhnnf cbfntdf km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 74 tflnsf g+= $$ nlntk'/ lhnnf cbfntdf km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 75 tflnsf g+= $% eqmk'/ lhnnf cbfntdf km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 76 tflnsf g+= $^ b]jfgl d'2fdf km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 77 tflnsf g+= $& ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 78 tflnsf g+= $* b'lgoffjfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf km};nf x'g nfu]sf] cjlwsf] glthf 78 cg';"rlx? cg';"rl! M d'2fdf ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?sf ;dout dfkb08 103 cg';"rl @ M b'lgoffjfbl b]jfgl / kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf nflu tof/ ul/psf k ZgfjnL 105 cg';"rl # M ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf nflu tof/ ul/psf k ZgfjnL 108 cg';"rl $ M k ZgfjnL eg]{ lgb]{lzsf 111
sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z Gofo k zf;g cbfntsf] Pp6f d"ne"t sfo{ xf]. cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnsf] k f/de b]lv g} cbfntn] of] sfo{ lgoldt?kdf u/l cfpsf] 5. ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{rrtfsf] ;+/If0f u/l sfg"gl /fhosf] cjwf/0ff ;fsf/ kfg{ tyf gful/ssf xs clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cbfntn] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nl cfpsf] klg 5. cbfntaf6 lgefopsf ol dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf afah"b cbfntaf6} k jfx x'g] ;]jfsf] ljifonfo{ lnp/ ljlegg k sf/sf c;gt'i6lx? JoQm x'g] u/]sf] klg kfog5. tldwo]sf] Pp6f c;gt'i6l cbfntsf] d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] kif;fu klg ;DalGwt /x]sf] kfog5. k :t't cwoog d'2f k jfxsf] oxl kifdf s]lgb t /x]/ pktosfsf tlgj6f lhnnf cbfntx?sf d'2fx?sf ;Gbe{df ul/psf] xf]. k :t't cwoogdf 5 j6f kl/r5]b /flvpsf 5g\. klxnf] kl/r5]bdf cwoogsf ;Gbe{df k f/ldes ljifox? pnn]v ul/psf 5g\. bf]; f] kl/r5]bdf d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffut kifdf k sfz kfl/psf] 5 eg] t]; f] kl/r5]bdf d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0f ul/psf] 5. o;}u/l rf}yf] kl/r5]bdf d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0faf6 b]lvpsf] glthf k :t't ul/psf] 5 / kffrf} kl/r5]bdf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? k :t't ul/psf 5g\. cgtdf 5}7f}+ kl/r5]bdf ;'emfj sfof{gjogsf nflu sfo{of]hgf k :t't ul/psf] 5.!= k f/ldes Gofo k zf;g /fhosf] Pp6f k d'v sfo{ ep klg /fhon] of] sfo{ Gofokflnsf dfkm{t ;Dkfbg ub{5. k rlnt ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ GofkflnsfnfO{ k bfg u/]sf] 5. k rlnt ;+ljwfg / sfg"gåf/f ;'ldkpsf] of] lhdd]jf/l ;Ifdtfk"j{s lgjf{x ug{ Gofokflnsfaf6 ljlegg k of;x? eo/x]sf] klg 5 t/ ol k of;x?sf afah"b Gofo k zf;gsf] ;Ifdtf / k efjsf/ltfdf ck]lift ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] dxz'z ul/psf] 5. Gofokflnsf k ltsf] a9\bf] hgcfsf+iffsf] t'ngfdf Goflos sfd sf/jfxlnfo{ jfl~5t ;'wf/sf] ultdf cufl8 a9fpg g;lspsf] l:ylt cg'ej ul/psf] 5. vf; u/]/ Gofo k jfxsf] sfo{df x'g] u/]sf] l9nfo{ / o;n] hg;fwf/0fdf kfg]{ gsf/ftds k efjsf] ljifok lt clxn] udel/ ;/f]sf/ JoQm eo{/x]sf] kfog5. Gofo k jfxdf l9nfo{ ljlegg sf/0fn] epsf] x'g;sb5. Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ :jo+df a9l k lqmofd'vl epsf]n] o;sf] k s[ltut :jefjsf sf/0fn] klg d'2fsf] km5\of}{6df lglzrt ;do nfug] g} x'g5. o; cltl/qm sltko l9nfo{ xfdln] cjndag u/]sf] k4ltdf cgt/lglxt rl/qsf sf/0fn] epsf] x'g;sb5 eg] cgo sltko l9nfo{
sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z II Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/lsf] sf/0fn] epsf] x'g;sb5. g]kfnsf] Goflos If]qdf ;}4flGts / glltut kifdf s]lgb t /x]/ o; cl3 w]/} cwoogx? epsf kfop klg d'2fsf] ldl;nleq k j]z u/]/ d'2fsf] k jfx cwoog ug]{ / l9nf;':tlsf] l:ylt Pj+ To;sf sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ k of; epsf] kfob}g. log} k[i7e"lddf d'2f k jfx cwoogsf] cfjzostf dx;'; u/l k :t't cwoog ul/psf] xf]. cwoogsf qmddf ljutdf ul/psf lgdgfg';f/sf cwoog k ltj]bgx?sf] klg ;dliff ul/psf] 5!= prr:t/lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k ltj]bg, @)@* @= zfxl Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k ltj]bg, @)$) #= prr:t/lo cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k ltj]bg, @)%% $= ;jf]{rr cbfntdf /x]sf d'2f ;do d} km5\of}{6sf nflu David C. Steelman sf] k ltj]bg, @)%^ %= n}lës Gofo / GofofwLz ljifos cwoog k ltj]bg, @)%^ ^= Gofo ;Dkfbgdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf / k efjsf/ltf ljifos hgcledt ;j]{if0f, @)%* &= cbfnt ;'b[9ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k ltj]bg, @)%* *= ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx?df l56f]5l/tf] sf/jfxl lsgf/f ug{ ckgfpg'kg]{ pkfo ;DaGwdf ul/psf] cwoog k ltj]bg, @)^) (= Gofokflnsfsf] k~rjifl{o /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^!!)= Gofokflnsf k lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cwoog ;ldltsf] k ltj]bg, @)^$ k :t't cwoogsf] d'vo p2]zo z'? txsf cbfntdf d'2f km};nf x'g nfug] ;dofjlw kqf nufpg], k4ltut l9nfo{ / Joj:yfksLo l9nfo{sf] l:ylt olsg ug]{ nufot d'2f k jfxdf k efj kfg]{ ttjx? klxrfg ug]{ / l9nfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cjndag ug'{kg]{ ;'emfjx? l;kmfl/z ug'{ /x]sf] lyof]. cwoogsf nflu sf7df08f}, nlntk'/ / eqmk'/sf!$(& yfg d'2fsf ldl;nx? gd"gfsf?kdf 5gf}6 ul/psf] lyof]. @= d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf ljlegg kl/efiffx? kfog5g\. k :t't cwoogsf] k of]hgsf nflu d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff cgtu{t d'2fsf] btf{b]lv km};nf x'fbf;dd alrdf ckgfog] sf/jfxlsf] k To]s cj:yf / ;dosf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ lnopsf] 5. d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg Goflos l9nfo{nfo{ sd u/l l56f] 5l/tf] / u'0f:t/lo ;]jf k bfg ug]{ pkfosf?kdf ljsl;t Pp6f cjwf/0ff epsfn] cfhsn o;n] ;du cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] s]gb Lo ljifoj:t'sf?kdf dfgotf k fkt u/]sf] 5. lsgeg] cbfntaf6 k bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] :tl/otf d'2fsf] sf/jfxl dfkm{t clejoqm x'g] xf] / d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgn] cbfntaf6 k bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] oxl kifdf hf]8 lbg5.
#= d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0f sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z III k :t't k ltj]bgsf] kl/r5]b # df d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0f ul/psf] 5. d'2f k jfx l:ylts]f ljzn]if0f ug{ sf/jfxlsf vf; r/0fx?sf] klxrfg ug'{kg]{ epsfn] ;j{k yd l:ylt ljzn]if0fsf] k of]hgsf nflu tl r/0fx?sf] klxrfg ul/psf] 5 / sf/jfxlsf log} r/0fx?df cfwfl/t /x]/ d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0f ul/psf] 5. k :t't ljzn]if0faf6 d'2f k jfxsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] l:ylt b]lvpsf] 5M o d'2f btf{ epsf] ldltn] k ltjfblsf gfddf # lbgleq Dofb hf/l epsf] d'2f ;+Vof $( k ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] %! k ltzt d'2fdf Dofb hf/l x'g # lbgegbf a9l cjlw nfu]sf] kfopsf] 5. ol dwo]!^ k ltzt d'2fdf Dofb hf/l x'g!% lbg egbf a9l nfu]sf] 5. o hddf!( k ltzt d'2fdf!% lbgleq k ltjfblsf gfddf Dofb tfd]n epsf] kfopsf] 5. o tfd]n epsf DofbdWo]!@ k ltzt Dofbx? s'g} g s'g} sf/0fn] sldtdf Psk6s ab/ x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. o Dofb ab/ epsfdwo] *$ k ltzt Dofbx? n]lvpsf] jtgdf 3/åf/ dflg; km]nf gk/l 6fF; u/]sf] sf/0fn] ab/ epsf] kfog5. o cleof]ukqsf ;fy &* k ltzt ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf k ltjfbl pkl:yt u/fpsf] kfog5. o Dofb tfd]n epsf] ldltaf6 hddf @! k ltzt d'2fdf dfq! dlxgfleq k ltpq/kq k/]sf] kfog5. &( k ltzt d'2fdf u'h ]sf] Dofb ydfp/ k ltpq/kq k/]sf] kfog5. o k ltpq/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf k'u]kl5 d'2fdf ;fwf/0f tfl/v glbo{ k]zl r9fpg'kg]{ @! k ltzt d'2fdf ;fwf/0f tfl/v g} lbg] u/]sf] kfog5. o k ltpq/btf{ ldltaf6 #* k ltzt d'2fx?! dlxgfleq} k]zl r9]sf 5g\ t/ ## k ltzt d'2fx? k]zl r9\g @ dlxgfegbf a9l cjlw nfu]sf] kfog5. o!% k ltzt d'2fx? k yd k]zl jf ;f] egbf cufj} 6'lËg] u5{g\. o k ltpq/ k/]kl5 #( k ltzt d'2fdf! dlxgfleq} k df0f d's// epsf] kfog5 eg] #) k ltzt d'2fdf @ dlxgfegbf a9l cjlw nfu]sf] kfopsf] 5. o k df0f a' gsf nflu ^) k ltzt d'2fdf! egbf a9l k6s cfb]z x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. o ;/sf/jfbl d'2fx?dwo] @) k ltzt d'2fdf ;fifl a' g c=j+=!!% g+= sf] k of]u epsf] kfog5. o k df0f a' g] cfb]z sfof{gjog eo{;s]kl5 klg!$ k ltzt d'2fdf k]zl tf/]v glbo{ ;fwf/0f tfl/v lbg] u/]sf] kfog5.
sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z IV o %$ k ltzt d'2fx? # k6s k]zl r9\bf km};nf epsf] kfog5 eg]!* k ltzt d'2fx? km};nf x'g % egbf a9l k6s k]zl r9\g' k/]sf] l:ylt b]lvg5. o #& k ltzt d'2fdf! egbf a9l k6s;dd k]zl r9]sf d'2fx? Ohnfzaf6 x]g{ geofo{ kms{g] u/]sf] kfog5. o sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k]zl :ylut u/fpfbf s]xl d'2fdf # dlxgf egbf a9l cjlw Joltt x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. o jfbl kifaf6 &# k ltzt / k ltjfbl kifaf6 %( k ltzt d'2fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k ltlglwtj x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. o s'g} klg d'2fdf ldl;nsf] cfgtl/s lg/lif0f x'g] u/]sf] kfopg. o lhnnf cbfnt lgodfjnl, @)%@ sf] lgod *%v adf]lhd agfpg'kg]{ ;do tflnsf s'g} d'2fdf klg agfpsf] kfopg. o tfl/v tf]sbf #& k ltzt d'2fdf sf/0f hgfpsf] kfopg. o Dofbleq d'2f km};nf ug{ g;s]sf]df hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ c=j+=!% g+= sf] Joj:yf s'g} d'2fdf klg k of]u ul/psf] kfopg. $= d'2f k jfx l:yltsf] ljzn]if0faf6 b]lvpsf] glthf d'2f k jfxsf] ;du l:yltsf] ljzn]if0f ubf{ b]xfosf] l:ylt b]lvpsf] 5M o %) k ltzt d'2fx? d'2f btf{ epsf] ldltn]! jif{leq km};nf epsf] kfog5. o @$ k ltzt d'2fx? km};nf x'g btf{ epsf] ldltn] @ jif{egbf a9l cjlw nfu]sf] kfog5. o k ltjfbl k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf gf3]sf] ldltn] ^@ k ltzt d'2fx?! jif{leq} km};nf epsf] kfog5. o ;/b/ lbgsf] lx;fjdf btf{ ldltaf6 d'2f km};nf x'g $%& lbg tyf k ltpq/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf gf3]sf] ldltaf6 #&% lbg nfu]sf] kfog5. %= ;d:of / ;dfwfg pktosfsf tlgj6f lhnnf cbfntx?sf d'2f k jfx cwoogaf6 Pp6f d'2f km};nf x'g d'2f btf{ epsf] ldltn] ;/b/ $%& lbg / k ltpq/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf gf3]sf] ldltsf] ;/b/ #&% lbg nfu]sf] kfog5. d'n'sl P]g c=j+=!$ g+= n] tf]s]sf] Dofbleq km};nf epsf] d'2f ;+Vof x]bf{ ^@ k ltzt d'2fx? Dofb leq km};nf epsf kfog5g\. o;df b]lvpsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? kl/r5]b % df k :t't ul/psf] 5 h;sf] ;f/f+z b]xfo cg';f/ pnn]v ul/psf] 5 M
sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z V %=! ;d:ofx? %=!=! Joj:yfksLo ;d:of o d'2f km5\of}{6sf nflu ;dout dfkb08 / ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0f u/l Jojl:yt k lqmof ckgfpg g;lspsf] o ljlegg sf/jfxl ;Dkfbg ug{ P]g lgod adf]lhd tf]lspsf] ;do;ldfsf] kfngf x'g g;s]sf] o Dofb tfd]nl nufot ljlegg sf/jfxlsf] ;do d} cg'udg / lgl/if0f x'g g;s]sf] o k f/ldes ;'g'jfo{ s} avt x]g'{kg]{ k Zgx?df ;f] avt gx]/l kl5 ljrf/ ug]{ u/l ;fg]{ k lqmofn] lg/gt/tf kfo/x]sf] o Ps}k6s cfb]z ug{ ;lsg] ljifox?df k6s k6s cfb]z ug]{ ul/psf] o Ohnfzaf6 epsf cfb]zx?sf] sfof{gjog ;dodf x'g] gu/]sf] o Dofbleq km};nf x'g g;s]sf d'2fx?sf xsdf dflynnf] txsf] cbfntdf sf/0f ;lxt hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ / dflynnf] txsf] cbfntaf6 cg'udg ug'{kg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yfsf] kfngf x'g g;s]sf] %=!=@ k4ltut ;d:of o oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljsf; gepsf] cj:yfdf ul/psf Dofb ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dofg's"n k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;s]sf] o c+z d'2fdf tfobftl lng] nufotsf sfo{ljlwdf /x]sf] hl6ntfnfo{ ;/nls/0f ug]{tkm{ ;fy{s k of; x'g g;s]sf] o Dofb tfl/v yfdg] Joj:yf cjofjxfl/s /x]sf] o sfo{ljlwut ljifodf /x]sf lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ Joj:yfx? kl/dfh{g x'g g;s]sf] %=!=# glltut ;d:of o l6kf]6 lstfj v8f ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" gepsf], o Dofb tfl/v yfdg] Joj:yfsf] k of]u clwsf/sf]?kdf x'g] u/]sf] o Dofb tfd]nl k lqmofdf ;'wf/sf lgldt j}1flgs gllt cjndag ug{ g;lspsf] o ljb]zlsf gfpfdf Dofb tfd]n ug{ xfn;dd klg lgod agg g;s]sf] o d]nldnfk k lqmofnfo{ ;+:yfut ug{ g;lspsf] o sf]6{ lkm lgwf{/0f j}1flgs cfwf/df x'g g;s]sf]
sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z VI %=!=$ ;dgjoftds ;d:of o Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ l56f]5l/tf] / k efjsf/l agfpg cbfntsf] PSnf] k of;af6 dfq ;Dej gx'g] ;Gbe{df Goflos sfo{;fu ;/f]sf/ /fvg] cgo lgsfox?;fu kof{kt ;xof]u / ;dgjo h'6fpg g;lspsf] %=@ ;'emfjx? %=@=! glltut txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? o d'2fsf hl6ntf / k s[ltsf cfwf/df d'2fx?nfo{ jul{s/0f u/l km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt (Differentiated case management system) ;"qkft ug]{ o d'2f km5\of}{6sf nflu ;dout dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/l ;doa4 sfo{tflnsfsf cfwf/df d'2fsf] k jfx cufl8 a9fpg] k 0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ o k To]s cbfnt / GofofwLzsf nflu sfo{ ;Dkfbg dfkb08 agfo{ nfu" ug]{ o sf]6{ lkm k 0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs agfpg] o ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}slnks pkfosf]?kdf d]nldnfk k4ltnfo{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] o l6kf]6 lstfj ;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ o Dofb tfd]nlsf] sfo{nfo{ ;/n / k efjsf/l agfpg k"j{ Dofb tfd]nl, lghl:t/af6 Dofb tfd]nl u/fpg] jf :yfglo lgsfosf dfwodaf6 Dofb tfd]n u/fpg]dwo]sf] pko'qm ljsnk ckgfpg] o jt{dfg tfl/v k 0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ %=@=@ sfg"gl txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? o k ltjfblnfo{ lbog] Dofb ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf epsf] xfnsf] ljsf;nfo{ Wofgdf /fvl ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug]{ o c+z d'2fdf tfobftl lng] nufotsf sfo{ljlw ;/nls/0f ug]{ o d'2f lkmtf{ ln+bf hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf ;+zf]wg ug]{ o Dofb tfl/v yfdg] jt{dfg Joj:yfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfpg] o d'2f :ylut ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/l :ki6 u/fpg] o sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf /x]sf lj/f]wfef;x? x6fpg] %=@=# Joj:yfkg txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? o d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffnfo{ cftd;ft u/l Jojl:yt sfo{k 0ffnL ckgfpg] o d'2fdf ckgfog] r/0fa4 sf/jfxlx? df}h'bf P]g lgodn] tf]s]sf] ;do;ldf leq ;Dkfbg ug{ ;dout dfkb08 agfo nfu" ug]{
sfo{sf/l ;f/f+z VII o tf]lspsf] ;dout dfkb08 cg';f/ sfd ep gepsf] cg'udg ug{ k efjsf/l ;+ogq agfpg] o dfkb08ut nio k"/f u/] gu/]sf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ / b08sf] Joj:yf ug]{ o Dofb tfd]nl clen]v /fvg] ug]{ o k df0f a' g] nufot Ps}k6s ug{ ;lsg] cfb]zx? Ps}k6s ug]{ k 0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ o k f/ldes ;'g'jfo{sf] Joj:yfnfO{ k efjsf/l agfpg] o k]zl Joj:yfkgnfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]uo agfpg] o axzsf nflu ;do Joj:yfkg u/l :ylut u/fpg kfpg] lgodfjnlsf] Joj:yf s8fo{sf ;fy nfu" ug]{ o Dofbleq km};nf x'g g;s]sf d'2fx?sf xsdf dflynnf] cbfntdf hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ c=j+=!% g+= sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{gjogdf Nofpg]. ^= ;'emfj sfof{gjogsf nflu sfo{of]hgf k :t't k ltj]bgsf] kl/r5]b ^ df ;'emfj sfof{gjogsf nflu sfo{of]hgf k :t't ul/psf] 5. k :tfljt sfo{of]hgf kl/r5]b % df plnnlvt ;'emfjx?nfo{ s]gb ljgb'df /fvl tof/ kfl/psf] 5.
! kl/r5]b k f/ldes!=! k[i7e"ld Gofo k zf;g /fhosf] Pp6f k d'v sfo{ xf]. /fhon] Gofo k zf;gsf] of] sfo{ Gofokflnsf dfkm{t ;Dkfbg ub{5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ Goflos lgsfox?nfo{ k bfg ug'{sf ;fy} :jtgq / ;Ifd Gofkflnsfsf] kl/snkgf ;d]t u/]sf] 5. lglzro g} ;+ljwfgåf/f ;'ldkpsf] of] uxg bflotj k"/f ug]{ lhdd]jf/l Gofkflnsfsf] xf]. k rlnt ;+ljwfg / sfg"gåf/f ;'ldkpsf] lhdd]jf/l k"/f ug{sf nflu Gofokflnsfaf6 k of;x? gepsf klg xf]ogg\. ljlegg k of;x?sf] afah'b Gofo k zf;gsf] ;Ifdtf / k efjsf/ltfdf ck]lift ;'wf/x? x'g g;s]sf] dx;'; ul/psf] 5. cs;/ ljlegg If]qaf6 Goflos ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/lotf / kof{kttfnfo{ lnp/ ljlegg k Zgx? p7\g] u/]sf kfog5g\. sltko cwoogx?n] t Gofo k zf;g k ltsf] ljt[i0ffsf sf/0f Gofofnodf cpg'kg]{ pkef]qmfx? of t cgofo ;x]/} a;]sf of t Gofofnosf] ; f cgoq} hfg] u/]sf] tyo phfu/ u/]sf 5g\. 1 Gofokflnsfsf] d"ne"t zlqm eg]sf] o;k ltsf] hgcf:yf xf]. elgg5 Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf]{ts[i6tf o;nfo{ k bfg ul/psf] clvtof/lsf] cfwf/df xf]og, o;k lt hg;fwf/0fn] JoQm ug]{ ljzjf;sf] cfwf/df kl/if0f ug]{ ul/g5. 2 Gofokflnsfk ltsf] hg;fwf/0fsf] ljzjf; o;af6 k jfx x'g] ;]jf / sfd sf/jfxldf lge{/ ub{5. ;]jfu fxlx? k ltsf] Gofokflnsfsf] b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/ Pj+ ltglx?nfo{ k bfg ul/g] ;]jf k ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :t/ s:tf] 5 egg] s'/fn] Gofokflnsf k ltsf] hg;fwf/0fsf] b[li6sf]0f agg] xf]. jt{dfg cj:yfdf Gofokflnsf k ltsf] hgcf:yfsf] l:yltsf af/]df j}1flgs cwoog gepsf] x'fbf o:t} 5 eg]/ oslg ug{ ;ls+b}g t/ a]nfjvt ;~rf/ dfwodx?df 5flkg] clejolqm Pj+ k ltlqmofx?nfo{ cfwf/ dfgg] xf] eg] Gofokflnsf 1 g]kfn sfg"g ;dfhåf/f ul/psf] Pp6f cwoogn] d'2fdfldnfsf] ;fdgf ug'{kbf{ o;sf] l5gf]kmfgf]sf nflu!% k ltztn] dfq cbfntl ;+ogqsf] pkof]u u/]sf] kfopsf] 5 ægofo;dkfbgdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf / k efjsf/ltf ljifos hgcledt ;j]{if0f, @)%( k[=!)!, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh, sf7df08f}. 2 Strategic plan of the Nepali Judiciary 2004-2008, p. 31, Supreme Court of Nepal.
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 2 k ltsf] hgcf:yf ck]iff ul/psf] :t/df g/x]sf] tyo a' g ;lsg5. o;}n] Gofokflnsf k ltsf] hgcf:yf j[l4sf] k Zg cfhsf] oif k Zg xf]. d'n'sdf b]vf k/]sf] b 'tt/ /fhgllts kl/jt{gn] Gofokflnsfsf r'gf}tlx?nfo{ yk udel/ agfpsf] 5. goff sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f, gjlgtd xs clwsf/x?sf] l;h{gf / pkrf/sf] Joj:yfn]3 cbfntx?df d'2fsf] rfk a9\g] k j[lq b]lvpsf] 5 eg] goff /fhgllts kl/jt{g;fu} cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qdf h:t} Gofokflnsf k ltsf] hgcfsfª\iffdf klg Jofks?kn] j[l4 epsf] 5. t/ a9\bf] hgsf+ª\iffsf] t'ngfdf Goflos sfd sf/jfxlnfo{ jfl~5t ultdf cufl8 a9fpg g;lspsf] l:ylt Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ltgsf sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ / tb\cg'?k ;'wf/sf k of;x?nfo{ cjndag ug]{ k j[lq klg sd} b]lvg5. jf:tjdf Goflos sfd sf/jfxlsf ljifodf cwoog cg';gwfgn] sd}dfq k fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf] kfog5. k :t't cwoog log} k[i7e"lddf /x]/ ul/psf] ;fgf] k of; xf].!=@ cwoogsf] cfjzostf / dxtj dgfl;j ;doleq Gofo kfpg' k To]s JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/sf]?kdf :yflkt eo;s]sf] 5. 4 x'g klg l9nf] Gofo lbg' Gofo glbg' a/fa/ dflgg5. Gofo k jfxdf x'g] l9nfon] ;DalGwt kifsf] ;do, ; f]t / ;fwgsf] cgfjzos vr{ x'g] dfq xf]og, Gofosf] p2]zo :jo+ g} klg k/flht x'gk'ub5. To;f] t Goflos sfo{sf] k s[lt cfkm}df a9l k lqmofd'vl 5. Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ :jr5 ;'gjfo{sf] l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ tyo cfd?kdf :jlsfl/psf] dfgotf xf]. :jr5 ;'g'jfo{sf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fgt s] /x]sf] 5 eg] lgisif{ hlt;'s} ;xl ep klg olb pqm sf/jfxldf k lqmofut q'6l epsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] q'6ln] lgisif{nfo{ cdfgo t'nofpf5. To;}n] Goflos k lqmofdf lg0f{ostf{sf] JolQmut 7DofO{, b[li6sf]0f jf lgisif{n] vf;} cy{ /fvb}g ha;dd pgsf ol lgisif{x? j:t'ut cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'fb}gg\. Gofosf] of] dfgotf ægofo u/]/ dfq x'fb}g u/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg' klg kb{5æ egg] sxfjtdf cfwfl/t 5. cyf{t Goflos k lqmof æ;fwgn] ;fwosf] cf}lrto k dfl0ft ub{5æ 5 egg] dfgotfdf cfwfl/t 5. t/ o;sf] cy{ k lqmof k"/f ug]{ gfddf hlt;'s} ;do nufp klg IfDo x'g] egg] rf+lx xf]og. ;dosf] cgt/fnn] Gofosf] cf}lrtonfo{ ;dfkt kfb{5. 6 To;}n] cfhsn sfg"gsf] k lqmofn] o;sf] p2]zonfo{ k/flht ug'{ x'fb}g egg] dfgotfsf] klg ljsf; epsf] 5. j:t'tm l56f]5l/tf] Gofo cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu xf]. Gofofnon] ljgf cg'lrt ljnda Gofo k jfx u/]/ hg;fwf/0fsf cufl8 ;do d} Gofo k bfg ug{;sg] lgsfosf]?kdf cfkm"nfo{ k dfl0ft u/fpg] ljifo ljzjsf clwsf+z Gofokflnsfx?sf lgldt r'gf}tl ag]sf] 5. 3 goff sfg"gx?sf] ;+Vof a9\g] / clwsf/ tyf pkrf/x?sf] Joj:yf ylkg] of] l:yltnfo{ Harry Jones n] sfg"g lj:kmf]6g (Law Explosion) sf] ;+1f lbpsf 5g\ A handbook on Case flow Management 2004-2008, p. 1, Philippine Judicial Academy, 2003. 4 gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cgt/f{li6«o k lt1fkq,!(^^ sf] wf/f ( /!$. 5 Means justify the ends. 6 Justice is lost with the passage of time- Case flow Management : The Heart of Court Management in the New Millennium, David C. Steelman, p. xviii, 2000
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 3 g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf lgldt of] r'gf}tl cem udel/ 5. d'2fsf] sfdsf/jfxldf l9nf;':tlnfo{ g]kfnl Gofokflnsfsf] ljz]iftfsf?kdf lrq0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. jf:tjdf Pp6f d'2fsf] sf/jfxl 6'lËg slt ;dofjlw nfug] xf] ;f] sf] hjfkm lglzrttfk"j{s lbg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g. t/ o;sf ;fy;fy} slt ;do ;Ddsf] ljndanfo{ æl9nfo{æ dflgg] xf] ;f] sf] kl/efiff klg ul/psf] 5}g. cd]l/sl af/ P;f]l;ozgn] l9nfo\ {nfo{ d'2fsf] sf/jfxlsf nflu dgfl;j?kdf cfjzos kg]{ egbf a9l ;do nufpg'7 eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5. g]kfndf k fo l9nf;':tlsf] s'/f p7l/xg] u/] klg slt l9nf] l9nf] xf] / slt l56f] l56f] xf] < slt ;doleq km};nf ubf{ plrt ;doleq Gofo lbopsf] x'g5 < ;f] sf] :ki6 dfkb08 lgwf{/0f epsf] kfob}g. ;fy} l9nf;':tl k4ltut sf/0fn] epsf] 5 jf cgo sf/0fn] < s'g} d'2fsf] sf/jfxldf l9nfo{ x'g'sf] dtnj cbfntsf] dfq lhdd]jf/l 5 jf c? lgsfo jf kbflwsf/lsf] klg < ol kifx?df s'g} cwoog epsf] kfob}g. cem d'votm sfg"gl k lqmof k"/f ug{ nfug] ;dofjlw / km};nf ug'{kg]{ ;dofjlwsf alr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ ljj]s;ët cfwf/sf] ljsf; klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. jf:tjdf d'2f k jfxsf] cj:yfsf af/]df cwoog ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf o;} ;Gbe{df dx;'; ul/psf] xf]. d'2fsf] sfd sf/jfxlnfo{ l56f] 5l/tf] t'nofpg] pkfox?sf] klxrfg ug]{ p2]zon] o; cl3 klg cwoogx? x'fb} gepsf xf]ogg\. t/ xfn;ddsf tl cwoogx? a9l ;}4flGts / glltut kifdf s]lgb t /x]sf] kfog5. h:t} cbfntsf] tx slt x'g'kg]{, s'g s'g txsf cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ slt x'g], hgzlqm slt /fvg] cflb. Gofokflnsf;Ddsf] hgtfsf] kx'frnfo{ ;'lglzrt ug{ / cbfntsf] ;d:t Joj:yfkg ;'wf/sf nflu ol cwoogaf6 lbopsf ;'emfjx? lgzro g} dxtjk"0f{ 5g\. cbfntl ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/, GofofwLzsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 tyf sfo{ljlwut lgodx?df kl/jt{g u/]/ d'2fsf] ultnfo{ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg5 egg] ;f]r /flvpsf] lyof]. clxn] cfp/ lj:tf/} of] ;f]rfodf kl/jt{g cfpsf] 5. cbfntl ;+/rgf, ; f]t ;fwg Pj+ sfo{ljlwut lgodx?sf] ;'wf/df dfq hf]8 lbg'sf] abnf l9nfo{ Go"lgs/0fsf nflu d'2fsf] btf{ b]lv km};nf gx'fbf;ddsf] alrdf ckgfog] jf:tljs sf/jfxldf ;'wf/df Wofg lbg' cfhsf] cfjzostf xf]. d'2fsf] sf/jfxldf ul/g] k ultaf6 dfq d'2fsf] cfo'nfo{ 5f]6\ofpg ;lsg5 egg] dfgotf o;n] /fv]sf] 5. d'2f k jfxsf] cwoog d'2fsf] sf/jfxldf ckgfog] log} r/0fa4 k lqmofsf] cwoog;fu ;DalGwt 5. Pp6f d'2fsf] btf{b]lv km};nf gx'fbf ;Ddsf alrdf ckgfog] sf/jfxlsf ljlegg r/0fx?dwo] sxf+lg/ slt l9nf] x'fbf] /x]5 / l9nfo{ epsf] ep s] sf/0fn] x'fbf] /x]5 ;f] sf] jf:tljs l:ylt kqf nufpg d'2f k jfx cwoog dxtjk"0f{ pkfo dflgg5. k :t't cwoog o;} ;Gbe{df ul/psf] 5. g]kfndf of] egbf klxn] Ps k6s ;jf]{rr cbfntdf /x]sf d'2fsf ;Gbe{df /fli6«o Goflos k lti7fgåf/f d'2f k jfx cwoog u/fopsf] kfop klg lhnnf cbfnt txdf /x]sf d'2fsf ;Gbe{df of] egbf klxn] o; k sf/sf] cwoog epsf] kfob}g. ;fy} lhnnf cbfntx?dwo] d'2f ;+Vofsf] rfk, hl6ntf / l9nf;':tlsf] cf/f]ksf lx;fjn] 7 The American Bar Association defines delay as any elapsed time other than reasonably required for Case Flow Management Guide, p. 2, Michigan State Court Administrative Office, 2003.
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 4 pktosfsf cbfntx? a9l hf]lvddf /x]sf kfog5g\. log} tyox?nfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lhnnf txsf] d'2f k jfxsf] klxnf] cwoog sf7df08f} pktosf l:yt lhnnf cbfntx?af6 k f/de ul/psf] xf].!=# k"j{ cwoogsf] ;dliff cbfnt Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/l Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfo{ l56f] 5l/tf] / k efjsf/l t'nofpg] p2]zon] o; egbf cufl8 klg ;/sf/l Pj+ u}/;/sf/l txdf w]/} cwoog cg';gwfgx? epsf kfog5g\. tl cwoogx? cf}nofopsf ljifox?nfo{ ;+If]kdf lgdgfg';f/ pnn]v ul/g5m!=#=! prr:t/lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k ltj]bg, @)@* g]kfn clw/fhoe/ a9\b} upsf] d'2fdfldnfsf] km5\of}{6 a9l biftf / ttk/tf ;fy l56f]5l/tf] ;Dkfbg x'g;sg] cfjzos pkfox? kqf nufpg ;+jt @)@& ;fn >fj0f @* ut] ttsfnlg >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 k wfg GofofwLzsf] cwoiftfdf ^ ;b:olo prr :t/lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g epsf] lyof]. pqm cfof]un] d'2fsf] km5\of}{6nfo{ l56f]5l/tf] t'nofpg b]xfosf] ;'emfjx? lbpsf] lyof] o ;fgfltgf d'2fx?sf] sf/afxlsf] nflu ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g agfo nfu" ug]{ o d'2fx?df PsLs[t ;'gjfo{ (Consolidated Hearing) k 0ffnL nfu" ug]{ o ax;sf] ;do cfwf 306f lgwf{/0f ug]{ o l6kf]6 lstfj agfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ o Dofb tfd]nl k lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{!=#=@ zfxl Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k ltj]bg, @)$) g]kfn clw/fhodf Gofo lgikif, ;/n / ;j{;'ne u/fpg k rlnt Gofo Joj:yf tyf sfo{k4ltdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/ ug{ cfjzos 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf oyfy{ cwoog u/l ;'emfj k ltj]bg k]z ug{ ttsfnlg >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 @)#( ;fn c;f]h! ut] ;/bf/ >L O{Zj/L/fh ld>sf] cwoiftfdf % ;b:olo cfof]u u7g ul/psf] yof]. cfof]un] Goflos sfo{k 0ffnLdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ljifonfo{ lnp/ Jofks ;'emfjx? k :t't u/]sf] 5. tldwo] d'2fsf] sfo{k 0ffnLnfO{ lnp/ k :t't s]xl ;'emfjx? b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\M o ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]gnfO{ p2]zod"ns 9Ëdf nfu" u/fpg ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ k s/0f $=#! o ;a}k sf/sf l/6 lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ If]qLo cbfntnfo{ lbo{ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] sfo{af]em sd u/fpg] k s/0f $=$@-3_ o l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwL 5' } sfo{ljlw P]gsf] th'{df x'g'kg]{ k s/0f &=!#=( o lhnnf cbfntn] u/]sf ;a} lg0f{o pk/ c~rn cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;'? km};nf ;b/ epdf lglzrt lauf] b08 hl/jfgf;ddsf d'2fdf ;f]xl km};nf clgtd x'g]u/l k'g/fj]bg gnfug] Joj:yf ug]{ k s/0f $=#* o Dofb tfd]nl k lqmofdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ k s/0f &=@=$
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 5!=#=# prr:t/lo cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, @)%$ cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kifdf lj:t[t cwoog u/l ;'emfj k ltj]bg k]zug{ @)%$ ;fndf ;jf]{rr cbfntsf ttsfnlg dfgglo GofofwLz >L s]zj k ;fb pkfwofosf] cwoiftfdf Ps prr:t/lo cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g epsf] lyof]. pqm ;ldltn] @)%% ;fndf k :t't u/]sf] ;'emfj k ltj]bgdf d'votm b]xfosf s'/fx? pnn]v ul/psf lyp o /fh:j Gofoflws/0f / k zf;slo cbfntsf] jt{dfg :j?knfo{ kl/jt{g u/l /fh:j tyf k zf;slo k'g/fj]bg cbfnt u7g ug]{, o ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slnks pkfo cjndag ug]{ o d'2fsf] k s[lt cg';f/ kmff6 ljefhg u/l ;dfg k s[ltsf d'2fx? Pp6} Ohnfzdf k]z x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ o sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf ;/nls/0f ug]{ o Goflos cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/l nfu" ug'{kg]{ o GofofwLzx?nfO{ sfg"gl lziff k bfg ug{ Goflos k lti7fg :yfkgf ug]{ o sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df GofofwLz / sd{rf/lsf] b/agblsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ o Gofo ;Dkfbg l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] e"ldsf k efjsf/l agfpg]!=#=$ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf /x]sf d'2f ;do d} km5\of}{6sf nflu David C. Steelman n] lbpsf] k ltj]bg, @)%^ (Feb. 2000) ;jf]{rr cbfntdf /x]sf d'2fx? ;do d} km5\of}{6sf nflu pkfox? ;'emfpg] p2zon] USAID n] @)%^ ;fndf cd]l/sf l:yt National Center for State Courts sf David C. Steelman / Timothy F. Fautsko nfo{ k/fdz{bftf lgo'qm u/l cwoog u/fpsf] kfog5. pqm cwoogaf6 cgo s'/fx?sf cltl/qm b]xfosf ;'emfjx? lbopsf] kfog5m o Gofokflnsfsf lgdtl lziff / tflndsf] Joj:yf o d'2f btf{b]lv km};nf gx'fbf;ddsf ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxl cbfntsf] lgogq0fdf x'g'kg]{ o d'2f km5\of}{6sf] nio / ;dout dfkb08 tf]lsg'kg]{ o /0fgLlts of]hgf agfo{ sfof{gjog ul/g'kg]{!=#=% n}l s ;dfgtf / GofofwLz ljifos cwoog, @)%^ -@)))_ k f]= klansåf/f u/fopsf] pqm cwoog ljz]ift n}lës ljifo;fu ;DalGwt ep klg o;n] n}lës ;dfgtfk lt Gofo k 0ffnL / GofofwLzx?sf] wf/0ff phfu/ ug'{sf cltl/qm Gofodf dlxnfx?sf] kx'fr clej[l4sf nflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf s]xl If]qx?sf] klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5.
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 6!=#=^ Gofo ;Dkfbgdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf / k efjsf/ltf ljifos hgcledt ;j]{if0f, @)%* g]kfn sfg"g ;dfhåf/f @)%* ;fndf ul/psf] pqm ;j]{if0fsf] glthf k ltj]bg @)%( ;fndf k sfzg ul/psf] lyof]. k ltj]bgn] d'2fdfldnfsf] l5gf]kmfgf]sf nflu!% k ltzt hgtfn] cbfntl ;+ogqsf] pkof]u u/]sf] bzf{pg'sf cltl/qm cbfntnfo{ ;dod} d'2f lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg] lgsfosf?kdf ;'b[9ls/0f ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbpsf] 5.!=#=& cbfnt ;'b[9ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)%* cbfnt ;'b[9ls/0fsf ljljw kifdf cwoog u/l k ltj]bg tof/ ug{ @)%* ;fndf Gofo kl/ifbsf ttsfnlg ;lrj >L sfzl/fh bfxfnsf] cwoiftfdf ;/sf/åf/f cbfnt ;'b[9ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof]. pqm ;ldltn] Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ k efjsf/l agfo zflgt / ljsf;sf] clei6 k"/f ug{ b]xfosf] kifdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbpsf] kfog5 o sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf ;/nls/0f o cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwdf k'glj{rf/ u/l ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ o Goflos / k zf;slo sfo{sf] ljlzi6ls/0fsf] nflu ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ o k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+/rgftds Pj+ ;+VofTds kifdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ o Goflos k lzif0f ;DaGwL ;+:yfsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{.!=#=* ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx?df l56f] 5l/tf] sf/jfxl lsgf/f ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfo ;DaGwdf ul/psf] cwoog k ltj]bg, @)^) ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx?df l56f] 5l/tf] sf/jfxl lsgf/f ug{ ckgfpg'kg]{ pkfo ;DaGwdf cwoog u/l ;'emfj k]z ug{ @)^) ;fndf ;jf]{rr cbfntn] dfgglo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdLsf] ;+of]hstjdf Pp6f ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof], of] ;ldltn] b]xfosf ;'emfjx? lbpsf] kfog5m o k zf;slo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ a9fpg], o sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df b/agbl Joj:yfkg ug]{ o cg'udg / lgl/if0fnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg] o d'2fnfo{ ljifout cfwf/df jul{s/0f u/l shlni6 Joj:yfkg ug]{ o Lead lawyer concept nfu" ug]{ o l6kf]6 lstfj ;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" ug]{!=#=( Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^! g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] Oltxf;df klxnf]kn6 @)^! ;fndf k~rjilf{o /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/l nfu" ul/psf] 5. of]hgfn] Gofokflnsfsf] ;du ljsf; / ;'wf/sf] nflu Gofokflnsfaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] lgoldt sfo{x?sf] cltl/qm s]xl cgo /0fgLlts
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 7 pkfox? klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5. vf; u/]/ d'2f km5\of}{6df lz3 tf Nofpg b]xfosf pkfox? cjndag ug]{ k lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5M o d'2fx?nfo{ @ jif{ leq / l/6x?nfo{! jif{leq km5\of}{6 ug]{ l:ylt l;h{gf ug]{ o d'2fsf] asof}{tfnfo{ %) b]lv &% k ltzt ;Dd sd ug]{ o km};nf sfof{gjogsf] Ifdtf a9fpg] o cg'udg / ;'kl/j]if0fnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg] o cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ o Gofok 0ffnLdf d]nldnfk k lqmofnfo{ ;'b[9 ug]{ o d'2f Joj:yfkg k4ltnfo{ k efjsf/l t'nofpg]!=#=!) Gofokflnsfk lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cwoog ;ldltsf] k ltj]bg, @)^$ Gofokflnsfdf b]lvpsf ;d:ofx?sf] cwoog u/l o;k ltsf] hgcf:yf clej[l4 ug]{ pkfox?sf af/]df cwoog ug]{ p2]zon] ;jf]{rr cbfnt af/ Pzf]l;o;gåf/f @)^# ;fndf jl/i7 clwjqmf >Lxl/ cof{nsf] ;+of]hstjdf Gofokflnsfk lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cwoog ;ldlt u7g ul/psf] lyof]. ;ldltn] Gofokflnsfk lt hgcf:yf clej[l4sf nflu cgo s'/fx?sf cltl/qm d'2f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf klg s]xl ;'emfjx? k :t't u/]sf] 5. tl dwo] d'vo s]xl ;'emfjx? b]xfo c'g;f/ 5g\M o kmf}hbf/l tyf b]jfgl sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL sfg"gdf Jofks ;'wf/ u/l ;do;fk]if 5' } ;+lxtf agfpg'kg]{ o Dofb tfd]nl ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ o d'2f km5of}{6sf ;DaGwdf lglzrt dfkb08 agfo sfof{gjog ul/g'kg]{ o k]zl egbf cufj} jx;gf]6 k]z ug]{ / o:tf] l:yltdf k]zl x6fpg gkfpg] ul/g'kg]{ o jx; Joj:yfkgsf nflu k]zl x6fpg] k j[lqdf /f]s nufpg] o Gofo ;Dkfbgsf qmddf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ;do;fl/0flåf/f Jojl:yt x'g'kg]{ o tfl/vk yf qmdzm x6fpfb} nug'kg]{ o k]zl k yf j}1flgs x'g'kg]{ o d'2f Joj:yfkgsf nflu GofofwLzx?nfO{ ;d"xs[t ug]{.!=$ cwoogsf] p2]zo k :t't cwoogsf] d'vo p2]zo lhnnf cbfntx?df d'2f k jfxsf] jf:tljs l:ylt kqf nufpg' xf]. d'2f k jfx eggfn] Pp6f d'2f btf{ epb]lv ;f] sf] km};nf x'g] cj:yf ;Dd k'ubfsf alrdf ckgfog] r/0fa4 sf/jfxlsf] cj:yfnfo{ a'lemg5. a'fbfut?kdf of] cwoogsf] p2]zonfo{ lgdgfg';f/ pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5m
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 8 o lhnnf cbfnt txdf d'2fdf km};nf ug{ nfug] u/]sf] ;dofjlw kqf nufpg] o l9nfo{ x'g] u/]sf]df l9nfo{sf sf/s ttjx? klxrfg ug]{ o k4ltut l9nfo{ (System delay) / Joj:yfksLo l9nfo{ (Managerial delay) sf] l:ylt olsg ug]{ o d'2f k jfxdf k efj kfg]{ ttjx? klxrfg ug]{ o l9nfo{ Go"lgs/0fsf nflu cjndag ug'{kg]{ pkfox? l;kmfl/z ug]{.!=% cwoogsf] ;Ldf / If]q k :t't cwoog lhnnf cbfntx?df /x]sf d'2fx?sf ;DaGwdf s]lgb t /x]sf] 5. lhnnf cbfntx? dwo] klg pktosf leqsf sf7df08f}, nlntk'/ / eqmk'/ lhnnf cbfntx?df dfq of] cwoogdf ;d]l6psf] 5. cwoogsf nflu ol # j6} lhnnf cbfntx?sf hddf!%)) yfg d'2fx? gd"gfsf?kdf lnopsf 5g\. lhnnfsf] 5gf}6 / d'2fsf] ;+Vof cg';gwfgstf{x? :jo+n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geo{ k fkt sfof{b]zdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5. cwoogdf ;dflji6 ;a} lhnnf cbfntx?sf] tyofí ;Íngdf Ps?ktf xf]; / ltglx? alrsf] d'2fsf] k jfxut k j[lqnfo{ t'ngftds?kn] ljzn]if0f ug{ ;lsof];\ egg] p2]zon] ;a} cbfntx?af6 cf=a= @)^$ )^% sf] cjlw leq km};nf epsf d'2fx?nfo{ o; cwoogdf ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. ;do ;Ldfsf lx;fjn] k :t't cwoogsf nflu # dlxgf tf]lspsf] lyof].!=^ cwoogdf ckgfopsf] ljlw k :t't cwoogdf ckgfopsf] ljlwnfo{ lgdgfg';f/ pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5!=^=! ;"rgf ;ª\sng lhnnf cbfntx?df /x]sf d'2fsf] k jfx cj:yfsf af/]df o; cl3 s'g} cwoog epsf] kfob}g. k :t't cwoogsf nflu cfjzos kg]{ ;a} ;"rgfx? k fylds ; f]taf6 ;Íng ul/psf 5g\. ;"rgfsf] ; f]tsf]?kdf gd"gf 5gf}6df k/]sf d'2fsf ldl;nx?nfo{ k of]u ul/psf] lyof].!=^=@ gd"gf 5gf}6 ljlw pktosfsf tlgj6f lhnnf cbfntx?df /x]sf d'2fx?sf] d'2f k jfx cwoog ug]{ qmddf ;j{k ydtm tlg}j6f lhnnf cbfntx?af6 cf=j= @)^$ )^% df km};nf epsf hddf d'2fx?sf] nut ;Íng ul/psf] lyof]. o;/l ;Íng ubf{ ol tlgj6f cbfntx?df km};nf epsf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] kfoof]
]] \\ cf=j= @)^$ )^% df km};nf epsf] ] d'2fsf] ;ª\ \VofTds ljj/0f qm=;+= cbfnt km};nf epsf] ;+Vof!= sf7df08f} lhnnf cbfnt 3416 @= nlntk'/ lhnnf cbfnt 1082 #= eqmk'/ lhnnf cbfnt 627 hddf 5125 s}lkmot kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 9 k :t't cwoogdf hddf!%)) d'2fx?sf] cwoog ug]{ nio ;a} cbfntsf d'2fx?sf] ;dfg'kflts?kdf k ltlglwtj x'g ;sf];\ egg] p2]zon] ;a} cbfntsf] hddf km};nf ;+Vof -%!@%_ nfo{ gd"gfdf 5gf}6 ul/g] ;+Vof -!%))_ n] efu ubf{ x'g cfpg] cg'kft -#=$@_ ;+Vofn] k'gm ;DalGwt cbfntaf6 km};nf epsf] ;+VofnfO{ efu ubf{ x'g cfpg] a/fa/sf] ;+Vof 5gf}6 ul/psf] lyof]. of] ;"q cg';f/ 5gf}6 ubf{ b]xfosf cbfntaf6 b]xfosf] ;+Vofdf 5gf}6 x'g] b]lvpm ljlegg cbfntaf6 gd"gf 5gf}6 ul/g] d'2fsf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f qm=;+= cbfnt hddf d'2f ;+Vof 5gf}6 ul/g] ;+Vof s}lkmot!= sf7df08f} lhnnf cbfnt 3416 999 @= nlntk'/ lhnnf cbfnt 1082 316 #= eqmk'/ lhnnf cbfnt 627 183 hddf 5125 1498 # cwoognfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg cg';gwfg ;d"x;fu b'o{j6f r'gf}tlx? lyp 5gf}6 ljlwnfo{ k"jf{u xaf6 d'qm (Bias Free) s;/l t'nofpg] / k s[ltut lx;fjn] d'2fx? ljlegg k s[ltsf epsfn] ltgsf] k ltlglwtj s;/l u/fpg] < o;sf nflu ;DalGwt cbfntdf btf{ epsf] clen]v btf{ gda/sf] ;xof]udf ;j{k yd s'g btf{ gda/sf d'2f 5fGg] xf] ;f] sf] olsg ul/psf] lyof]. o;f]ubf{ ;DalGwt cbfntsf] hddf d'2f ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xl cbfntaf6 5gf}6 ul/g] ;+Vofn] efu ubf{ x'g cfpg] efukmn #=$@ sf] cg'kftdf kg{ cfpg] btf{ gda/sf d'2fx? 5gf}6 ug]{ ;"q k of]u ul/psf] lyof]. efukmnsf] cg'kft bzdnj ;+Vofdf cfpsf] l:yltdf )=% ;DdnfO{ tnnf] cí / )=% egbf dflysf]nfo{ dflynnf] cí dfg]/ 5gf}6 ul/psf] lyof]. k s[ltut lx;fjn] k ltlglwtj x'g ;sf]; eggsf nflu ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k sflzt x'g] aflif{s k ltj]bgdf ul/psf] jul{s/0fnfo{ cfwf/ dfgl hddf @% j6f k s[ltsf d'2fx? ;dfj]z x'g] k agw ul/psf] 5. # hddf d'2f ;+Vof %!@% nfo{!%)) n] efu ubf{ #=$@ sf] cg'kft sfod u/l ;f]xl cg'kft cg';f/ lhnnfut cfwf/df d'2f ;+Vof 5gf]6 ubf{ hddf!$(* sfod x'g cfpsf] xf]. eqmk'/ lhnnf cbfntsf]!*# yfg d'2f gd'gf 5gf}6 eo{ x]l/g'kg]{df! yfg d'2fdf el/psf] k ZgfjnL q'6lo'qm epsfn] To;nfO{ ab/ u/l hddf!*@ yfg x]l/psf] d'2f ;+Vof sfod ul/psf] 5. o;/l hddf cwoog ul/psf d'2f ;+Vof!$(& sfod epsf 5g\.
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 10!=^=# k ZgfjnLsf] tof/l / k of]u k :t't cwoog cgtu{t cfjzos kg]{ ;"rgfx?sf] ;Íngsf nflu k ZgfjnLsf] tl/sf ckgfopsf] lyof]. d'2fsf] kmf}hbf/l / b]jfgl k s[ltnfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k ZgfjnL klg ;f]xl adf]lhd tof/ ul/psf] lyof]. k :t't cwoog d"ntm ldl;naf6 b]lvpsf tyox?sf] ;Íngdf s]lgb t /x]sf] x'fbf agb k ZgfjnL (Closed Questionaires) df cfwfl/t 5. k ZgfjnLnfO{ clgtd?k lbg'egbf klxn] cbfntsf clws[tx? / g]kfn sfg"g ;dfhsf kbflwsf/lx?;fu 5nkmn ul/psf] lyof] eg] k ZgfjnL eg]{ k lqmof z'? ug'{ egbf cufl8 ;"rgf ;Ínsx?nfO{ e]nf u/fo{ k ZgfjnLn] rfx]sf] ;"rgf / eg]{ tl/sfsf af/]df ;+lifkt cled'vls/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/psf] lyof]. 8 8 k ZgfjnL / ;f] eg]{ lgb]{lzsf cg';"rl @, # / $ df lbopsf] 5.
@ kl/r5]b d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff @=! cjwf/0ff ;fdfgo cy{df d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg eggfn] cbfntdf bfo/ ul/psf ;a} d'2fx?sf] sf/jfxlsf] k ultsf af/]df ul/g] cbfntl ;'kl/j]if0f egg] a'lemg5. 9 o; cjwf/0ff cgtu{t d'2fsf] btf{b]lv km};nf x'fbf ;Ddsf alrdf ckgfog] sf/jfxlsf] k To]s cj:yf / ;dosf] Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo ;dfj]z x'g5. o;n] d'2fsf] km5\of}{6 l8;ld;, vf/]hl jf cgo s'g k sf/n] eof] egg] s'/fdf egbf klg d'2f km5\of}{6sf] txdf k' ofpg / km5\of}{6 ug{ cfjzos k lqmofsf] Joj:yfkg ;xl 9Ëaf6 eof] ls epg egg] s'/fdf ;/f]sf/ /fvb5. o; cy{df d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ k zf;lgs k s[ltsf] b]lvg5, d'2fsf] km};nf s] eof] cyjf cd's sfg"gsf] JofVof s] ul/of] egg] kifdf o;n] vf;} jf:tf ub}{g. 10 d'2f Joj:yfkgsf csf{ lj1 Mark Segal eg5g\ "Case management is the full range of processes and procedures used by courts to advance, monitor and control the progress of cases from initiation through final disposition. 11 d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgn] o cbfntl sf/jfxldf kf/blz{tf NofpF5 o Goflos sfd sf/jfxlnfo{ k"jf{g'dfgof]uo (predictable) agfpf5 o Goflos k lqmofnfo{ u'0f:t/lo t'nofpf5 o d'2fsf] sf/jfxlnfo{ ;dout dfkb08df cfwfl/t t'nofpf5 o sf/jfxldf x'g;sg] cgfjzos l9nfo{nfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ d2t u5{. 9 Case flow Management is the court supervision of the case progress of all cases filed in that court- Case Flow Management Guide, p. 1, State Court Administrative Office, Michigan, 2003 10 Ibid 11 Case Management Implementation Manual, P. 2, Prepared by Mark Segal, 2008.
kl/r5]b @ d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff 12 o cbfntl ; f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbg5 o Goflos sfd sf/jfxlnfo{ hjfkm]xl / pq/bflotjk"0f{ agfpf5. @=@ d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; a]nfotl bfz{lgs ljlnod UNof8:6f]gn] pggfo;f}+ ztfabldf eg]sf lyp æl9nf] Gofo lbg' Gofosf] OGsf/L xf].æ jf:tjdf Gofodf l9nfo{ cfh ;+;f/e/sf Gofokflnsfn] v]kg' k/]sf] cfif]k xf]. s] ljsl;t s] ljsf;f]gd'v ;a} d'n'sdf Goflos l9nfo{ k lt plqs} rf;f] / ;/f]sf/x? JoQm epsf kfog5g\. cd]l/sf h:tf] ljsf;sf] prrtd lzv/df k'u]sf] d'n'ssf lgldt klg Gofo k 0ffnLdf l9nfo{ Go"lgs/0f k d'v r'gf}tlsf] ljifo agb} cfpsf] 5. cd]l/sl Goflos ;'wf/ cleofgsf lktfsf?kdf dflgg] /:sf] kfp08n] ;g\!()^ df cd]l/sl af/ Pzf]l;o;gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf ægofo k zf;g k lt hgc;gt'i6lsf sf/0fx?æ ljifos k jrg lb+b} eg]sf lyp æcfdhgwf/0ff cbfntx? c;ifd 5g\ egg] /x]sf] 5.Æ 12 /:sf] kfp08sf] cd]l/sl Gofo k 0ffnL k lt la;f}+ ztfablsf] k f/delt/ JoQm of] ljrf/n] cd]l/sl dfq xf]og, cgoqsf Gofo k zf;g k ltsf] hgwf/0ffnfo{ ;d]t k ltljldat ub{5 / s]xl ckjfbftds cj:yfdf afx]s of] l:ylt xfn;dd klg sfod} /x]sf] 5. gf]efs / ;f]d/n6sf] lgisif{ 5 "A long standing criticism of American courts is that litigation takes too long and costs too much. Recent studies document the public's perception that high costs and excessive delays hinder access to the courts, result in unfair advantages to certain litigants, and interfere with the equal distribution of justice. This perception is not illusory. Congestion in our courts causes palpable injury to litigants, the public and the justice system itself. 13 g]kfndf d'2f km5\of}{6df nfug] u/]sf] ;dofjlw / Gofokflnsf k ltsf] hgwf/0ffnfo{ lnp/ 7f]; j}1flgs cwoog epsf] gkfop klg cfd ;~rf/sf dfwod dfkm{t k ;f/ x'g] u/]sf k ltlqmof / l56k'6?kdf epsf cg';gwfg k ltj]bgx?nfo{ cfwf/ dfgbf g]kfnsf] Goflos ;]jfsf] l:ylt cem yk udel/ r'gf}tlx?sf alr u'h L/x]sf] kfog5. d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg Goflos l9nfo{nfo{ sd u/l l56f] 5l/tf] / u'0f:t/lo ;]jf k bfg ug]{ pkfosf?kdf ljsl;t Pp6f cjwf/0ff xf]. obkl Goflos ;'wf/ k of;x?sf] k f/de ;g\!()^ df /:sf] kfp08n] cd]l/sl af/ Pzf]l;o;gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf lbpsf] k jrgaf6 epsf] dflgg5 t/ Goflos ;'wf/sf nflu ul/psf ljlegg k of;x? dwo] d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\!(&) sf] bzsb]lv dfq cftd;ft ul/psf] kfog5. cd]l/sl ;Gbe{nfO{ lnp/ 8]le8 l;= l:6nd]g n]v5g\ "The principles of case-flow management were first articulated and tested in the 12 David C. Steelman, Case-flow management, p. xii, National Center for State Courts, 2000. 13 R. Novak and D. Somerlot, Delay on Appeal : A Process for Identifying Causes and Cures, 1990.
kl/r5]b! k f/ldes 13 1970s and 1980s. 14 jf:tjdf!(&) sf] bzs;ddsf] Goflos ;'wf/sf k of;x? cbfntl ;+/rgf, cbfntl ; f]t / ;fwg tyf sfo{ljlwut lgodx?sf] ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gdf a9l s]lgb t /x]sf] kfog5. Toltj]nf ljzjf; s] ul/psf] lyof] eg] d'2fsf] ult (pace of litigation) l9nf] jf l56f] egg] s'/f cbfntnfo{ k fkt ; f]t / ;fwg tyf sfo{ljlwut lgodx?n] lgwf{/0f ub{5g\. ;g\!(&) sf] bzskl5 cbfnt Joj:yfkgn] Pp6f 5' } k]zfsf]?kdf dfgotf k fkt u/]sf] dfq xf]og sl d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff leq d'2fsf] btf{ b]lv km};nf ;Ddsf sf/jfxldf x'g] k ultsf jf:tljs k lqmof (The actual process of how cases progress from filling to disposition) nfo{ ;d]6\g yflnof]. jf:tjdf d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg leq tl ;a} sf/jfxlx? kb{5g\ h'g Pp6f d'2fsf] btf{ b]lv km};nf gep;ddsf alrdf ckgfog] sf/jfxlsf ljlegg cj:yfx?nfo{ cbfntn] cg'udg / lgogq0f ug'{kb{5 tf ls ;do d} Gofo lbopsf] s'/fsf] ;'lgzrt ug{ ;lsof];\. d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] d'vo p2]zo Goflos sfd sf/jfxldf x'g] l9nfo{nfo{ sd ug'{ xf]. xfdln] Goflos ;'wf/sf hlt k of;x? u/] klg ha;dd cbfntl sfd sf/jfxldf x'g] l9nfo{nfo{ Go'lgs/0f ug{;sb}gf}+ / d'2fsf kifx?nfo{ ;do d} Gofo kfpsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg ;Sb}gf}+ ta;dd tl ;'wf/ k of;x?sf] s'g} cy{ /xfb}g. lsgeg] Goflos lgsfosf] ;Ifdtf / k efjsf/ltf w]/} xb;dd of] slt l56f] 5l/tf] 5 / r':t 5 egg] s'/fdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'g5. l9nfo{ Go"lgs/0fsf] dxtjdf hf]8 lb+b} k f= Ernest Friesen eg5g\ Justice is lost with the passage of time... no matter how you look at it, whether it's civil or a criminal matter, delay undermines the very purposes of courts. d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] oxl dxtjsf sf/0f cfhsn o;n] ;du cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] s]gb Lo ljifoj:t'sf?kdf dfgotf k fkt u/]sf] 5. d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] kifnfo{ k/ ;f/]/ cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] kl/snkgf ug{ ;ls+b}g. xfdln] cbfntl ;+u7gsf af/]df Tolta]nf dfq k"0f{?kdf a' b5f}+ hltj]nf ToxfFsf] d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgsf] af/]df a' g ;Sb5f}+. lsgeg] cbfntaf6 k bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] :t/lotf d'2fsf] sf/jfxl dfkm{t clejoqm x'g] xf] / d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkgn] cbfntaf6 k bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] oxl kifdf hf]8 lbpsf] x'g5. km]l/ Ps k6s k f= Ernest Friesen sf] zabdf - "We study caseflow management because caseflow management is the way get rid of the waiting time, (by) which we control delay, (and by) which we enhance the purposes of courts. Caseflow management is what we're about in controling delay." @=# d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL k rlnt sfg"gl Joj:yf d'2f k jfx Joj:yfkg cgtu{t d'2fsf] btf{b]lv km};nf gx'fbf ;Ddsf alrdf ckgfog] sf/jfxlsf] ljlegg r/0fdf ul/g] k ultnfo{ a'lemg5. To;}n] d'2fsf] sf/jfxlsf] ult s'g 9Ëdf cufl8 a9l/x]sf] 5 / k lqmof slt Jojl:yt 5 egg] s'/fn] d'2f k jfx 14 Supra note 12