Grape Berry Moth, Spotted Wing Drosophila, an other late season insect pests

Grape Berry Moth, Spotted Wing Drosophila, an other late season insect pests Michael C. Saunders Department of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA, 16802

Life Cycle of Grape Berry Moth 1 to 4 Generations per Year 5-6 mm long 11-12 mm wingspan 0.50-0.75 mm 4 Instars 5-6 mm 4th Instar: 9-10 mm

Life Cycle of Grape Berry Moth 1 to 4 Generations per Year

Modeling insect development: how long does it take to develop from egg-to-adult? Insects are poikilotherms; development is a function of temperature Insects develop within some range of temperature; There are minimum and maximum base temperature thresholds

Total Days Developmental Rate (Days -1 ) 200 100 0.04 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature ( o C) 0.00 10 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature ( o C) Temperaturedependent development response curve for Grape Berry Moth (egg-larva-pupa-adult)

Estimating a minimum base temperature threshold Developmental Rate (Days -1 ) 0.05 8.4 o C 47.14 o F 0.00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature ( o C)

The Concept of Degree Days Using the min BT, we can relate insect development in terms of degree days instead of simply days. Degree Days = Daily Average Temp - min BT Historically, max-min thermometers were used. Thus DD = (Max Temp + Min Temp) 2 - min BT

Egg-Adult Field Development of Grape Berry Moth (BT=8.4 o C) 1.0 Females Cumulative Proportion 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Males Range 250.3-658.2 DD N = 338 individuals 50%; 419.6 DD 755.3 DD F 90%; 465.9 DD 0.0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Accumulated Degree Days

When do you first see them in the field? Field monitoring through baited traps (sugar water, sex pheromone) Grape berry moth overwinters as pupae, and emerges as adults in Spring Determine the rate at which overwintering pupae emerge in the Spring

Pheromone Trap Catches of Grape Berry Moth in Erie County, PA, 1996-98 (BT=8.4 o C) Number of Trapped Males 500 0 1996 1997 1998 0 400 800 1200 1600 Accumulated Degree Days

Cumulative Pheromone Trap Catches of 1st Generation Grape Berry Moth, 1996-1998 Cumulative Proportion 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 90%; 387.3 DD 50%; 264.2 DD Concord Grape Bloom 0.00 100 200 300 400 500 600 Accumulated Degree Days

When do you last see them in the field? Determine which stage makes the decision to enter diapause, which may or may not be different than the actual overwintering stage Determine the environmental variables that trigger a diapause response (i.e., temperature, daylength, humidity, host plant quality)

What causes Grape Berry Moth to enter diapause? 100 % in Diapause 80 60 40 20 0 0 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 14.5 15 16 Hours/Day of light exposed to Grape Berry Moth Eggs Diapause induction in Grape Berry Moth is influenced by daylength.

Photoperiods in Erie, Pennsylvania (Latitude 42.08N) Daylength (hours) 16 14 12 10 8 Never Enter Diapause 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Calendar Day Always Enter Diapause 21 Mar 21 Sept

Diapause Induction in Grape Berry Moth Proportion in Diapause 1.0 N=1192 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 15:00 90%; Aug. 3; 14 hr, 21 min 50%; July 22; 14 hr, 45 min (North East, PA; Latitude, 42 o 13 N) 14:45 14:30 14:15 14:00 13:45 13:30 Photoperiod (h:m) at which Eggs are Laid Range: July 2 - Aug. 13

Grape Berry Moth Life Cycle Photoperiod Egg Stage Adult Stage Larval Stage Nondiapausing Pupal Stage Overwinter Diapausing Pupal Stage

When we spray insecticides for GBM control, what are we really controlling?

GBM Life Stages

Insecticides used for GBM Control Traditional Contact Insecticides Up-Cyde (Cypermethrin) Guthion (Organophosphate) Sevin (Carbamate) Imidan (Organophosphate) Pounce (permethrin) New Chemistries (usually must be eaten) Altacor (rynaxypyr) Delegate WP (neonicotinoid) Success 480 (spinosad) Assail (neonicotinoid)

The GBM larva is the feeding stage

Pheromone Trap Catches of Grape Berry Moth in Erie County, PA, 1996-98 (BT=8.4 o C) Number of Trapped Males 500 0 1996 1997 1998 0 400 800 1200 1600 Accumulated Degree Days

Malaise Traps

Total Malaise Trap Catches of Female Grape Berry Moth Comparing Degree Days With Woods and Field Catches 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 Number of Female Moths 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Female GBM Field Female GBM Woods 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2.52 24.4 51.1 85.9 96.9 117 159 243 349 408 479 577 659 748 849 937 1013 1108 1197 1275 1357 1435 1502 1567 1643 1705 1763 1825 1860 Degree Days Lab

Total GBM Catch in Malaise Trap Total Grape Berry Moth Catches in Field Malaise Trap GBM-M GBM-F 25 20 15 10 5 0 5-May 11-May 18-May 24-May 30-May 4-Jun 9-Jun 14-Jun 19-Jun 24-Jun 29-Jun 7-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 8-Aug 13-Aug 18-Aug 23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-Sep 22-Sep 27-Sep 2-Oct 7-Oct Number of Moths Date

Total GBM Catch in Malaise Trap 2007 Total Female GBM Captures in Light and Malaise Traps Total Female Moths Malaise Traps Total Female Moths Light Traps 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5/5/2007 5/8/2007 5/11/2007 5/14/2007 5/17/2007 5/20/2007 5/23/2007 5/26/2007 5/29/2007 6/1/2007 6/4/2007 6/7/2007 6/10/2007 6/13/2007 6/16/2007 6/19/2007 6/22/2007 6/25/2007 6/28/2007 7/1/2007 7/4/2007 7/7/2007 7/10/2007 7/13/2007 7/16/2007 7/19/2007 7/22/2007 7/25/2007 7/28/2007 7/31/2007 8/3/2007 8/6/2007 8/9/2007 8/12/2007 8/15/2007 8/18/2007 8/21/2007 8/24/2007 8/27/2007 8/30/2007 9/2/2007 9/5/2007 9/8/2007 9/11/2007 9/14/2007 9/17/2007 9/20/2007 9/23/2007 9/26/2007 9/29/2007 10/2/2007 10/5/2007 10/8/2007 Number of Female Moths Date

Standard Spray Timing for High Risk Vineyards (Hoffman and Dennehy) Apply insecticides: 10 days post bloom Late July/Early August Late August

Proposed Spray Timing Apply Intrepid just prior to second flight of females Relatively long residual activity Clusters still relatively well exposed to spray residue Time spray with phenology model Choose easily determined biofix to initiate degree day accumulations Re-treat after approximately 400 DD to control next generation of GBM.

PA Annual Temperature

Implications New insecticide chemistries will require more precise spray timing Only neonate larvae eating into the berry will be affected Further research and registration of soil applied insecticides may assist in GBM control as this appears to target mature larvae and pupae A phenology driven protocol for spray timing is responsive to changes in climate, avoiding calendar based treatments and early data suggest that it is an effective approach to managing GBM

If you want to monitor GBM degree days, but don t have access to the model: 1. Beginning from (50%) bloom date of the earliest occurring grape variety in your area (likely a wild grape such as V. riparia, V. labrusca, V. cordifolia) record the daily high and low temperature. Add these and divide by 2 to get average daily temperature 2. Subtract 47.12 from the daily average temp. This results in the degree day total for that day. 3. Continue to calculate daily degree days and maintain a rolling total. 4. When you accumulate 810DD, the second flight of GBM will require treatment. 5. Repeat for next generation. At 1620DD, it will be time to treat the third flight of GBM. Etc.

Pest Status Pest Management If 1620 DD occurs prior to August 5, you can expect continuous pressure from grape berry moth through harvest. Model results are not good predictors of timing of population pressures. Multiple additional insecticide applications may be necessary in high pressure vineyards to address the extended egg-laying and overlapping generations. Continuous coverage is necessary to avoid excessive crop loss. NOTE: Insecticide applications after mid September will have limited effectiveness in preventing damage. NEWA web site advisory

Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) West Coast 2008, Florida 2010, PA 20

SWD is a recent invasive pest from Asia Feeds on berry crops, cherries, grapes, and other tree fruit Females can cut into intact fruit to lay eggs!! Adults live for about 2 weeks. Females can lay up to 300 eggs. Up to 13 generations/year (Japan).

Monitoring Traps 32 ounce plastic cup with lid with several 3/16-3/8 inch holes drilled around the sides. (leave part of circumference undrilled to help with pouring out contents) Pour 1 to 2 inches of pure apple cider vinegar Add small yellow sticky trap. Hang in shady location. Check weekly and change vinegar solution Send in suspected SWD to PDA or PSU diagnostic lab for positive identification

Signs of possible infestation include: Spotted Drosophila flies with a pale black spot at the leading edge of the wing (only the male flies of this species have this marking). Small puncture wound on hanging fruit, where female drilled in to lay her eggs. Soft fruit on plant, starting at puncture scar. Secondary decay can establish at this point. Small pale maggots in intact fruit on the plant.

Oviposition wound on fruit

SWD Management Considerations: No established management protocol as yet. SWD are most active in cool temps (68F is ideal temperature) Reduce breeding sites by removing all infested, leftover, or wild fruit hosts of SWD such as wild brambles, grapes, etc. Insecticides labeled for fruit fly control can be used. Be aware of preharvest restrictions

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Brown marmorated stink bug Images from Steve Jacobs Distinctive: White bands on antennae Pattern around abdomen

Brown marmorated stink bug Native to China, Japan, Korea Pest of fruit, soy, homes Discovered near Allentown (1998) High populations first reported in 2001 One generation in mid-atlantic but will be more Overwinter as adults (reproductively inactive) Active in late April, eggs in mid-june, adults in July/Aug

Brown marmorated stink bug In spring, lay eggs on undersides of leaves 250 400 eggs per female Wide host range (like most stink bugs) Ornamental shrubs Hardwood trees Fruits Veggies Soybean Prefer to feed on reproductive tissue Karen Bernhard Lehigh Co., PSU

Brown marmorated stink bug blackberry peach sweet corn apple

Brown marmorated stink bug Images from Steve Jacobs & Gerald Brust, UKY, UDel

Brown marmorated stink bug Images from Gerald Brust & UDel

Brown marmorated stink bug Images from Steve Jacobsl

Degree-Days Egg to Adult 538 Pre-Oviposition 148 Egg-to-Egg 686

Brown marmorated stink bug Blacklight trap capture of adults in Allentown Neilsen and Hamilton 2009

Current distribution - 2011 Slide from ARS, Kearneysville, 2011

Aggregration pheromone work in progress Prototype Monitoring Trap, Kearneysville, 2011

Work is underway to identify Natural enemies from Asia for BMSB control http://coo.fieldofscience.com/ Biological Control: Cross-over from natives at 5 to 10% Species from Asia reach 50-80% Imported material in quarantine

BMSB in Grapes All instars and adults feed on host plants Feeding damage can continue through harvest BMSB cause direct damage to grape berries This damage can also lead to damaging rots

BMSB in Grapes Crushing BMSB in the clusters may taint juice BMSB frass can also produce a bad taste Because this is a new pest, we do not know its actual impact on wine No thresholds have yet been established

BMSB in Grapes There are some insecticides that are effective and have a short (0,1) days to harvest interval.

BMSB Management from Timely Viticulture, Dr. J. Fiola, University of Maryland Sort fruit in the vineyard to remove BMSB Sometimes shaking the wire will disperse them Always sort fruit before crushing

BMSB Management from Timely Viticulture, Dr. J. Fiola, University of Maryland If you notice populations in the clusters at or near harvest, a directed fruit zone spray may be all that is needed Many insecticides do not appear to have much activity against BMSB Pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids have good activity and short preharvest intervals

Stink bug materials ranked highest in lab trials Trade Name Common chemical name Chemical Class Lannate methomyl carbamate Brigade, Sniper bifenthrin pyrethroid Orthene, acephate acephate Organo-phosphate

Brown marmorated stink bug - Insecticide options Summary of insecticide knowledge Brown marmorated stink bugs are: More susceptible to pyrethroids than OPs (true for other stink bugs) Highest susceptibility in lab tests to: Bifenthrin (e.g., Talstar, Bifen I/T) Lamda-cyhalothrin (e.g., Cyhalocap CS) Cyfluthrin (e.g., Tempo SC, Cy-Kick CS)

Suggested BMSB treatment in blocks that are ready to harvest. from Timely Viticulture, Dr. J. Fiola, University of Maryland Product Active Ingred. IRAC Restricted REI PHI Danitol fenpropathrin 3 Restricted 24 h 21 days Lannate methomyl 1A Restricted 7 d 14 days Thionex endosulfan 2A 24 h 7 days Baythroid cyflurthrin 3 Restricted 12 h 3 days Assail acetamiprid 4A 12 h 7 days Clutch clothianidin 4A 12 h 0 days Belay clothianidin 4A 12 h 0 days Venom dinotefuran 4A 12 h 1 day Provado imidacloprid 4A 12 h 0 days Prey imidacloprid 4A 12 h 0 days PyGanic pyrethrin (1.4 or 5%) 12 h 0 days Pyola* pyrethrum (0.5%) 12 h 0 days